DEC/86 %1.50
usmnrpDLumer- Sinclai- users чгпир
пехт Meeting: INSiDe
шаа at EE) ПЕВ ea pan eo a 2
URNCOUUER - BLFTSu& a BTEGES: Zur 252255; 2
3 MEETING CALENDAR............. 3
FRIDAY 3 БЕК PERRA o Ed IE 4
DECEMBER 12, 1986 | 1000 PROGRAMM. 12.2 a5 cecus 4
7 P.M. 3 GATALOBS S. те, ызаға ыы 4
u BYTE2ZPOWERS Z О Л тИ 2525 5
COMPUHTJERESEZ2 Z XZ ortis deas 6
GERD GORKEGHS LI 4 Vs er REOR 8
ZXAPPEAL IS A MONTHLY кое асу igit ч
РР PLAYING WITH ELECTRICITY..... 10
NEWSLETTER PUT OUT BY THE
VANCOUVER SINCLAIR USERS GROUP. PROGRAM LANGUAGES............ 12
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE СЕОСКО. алоца рысы] 13
CLUB AND ZXAPPEAL SEE THE ВАСКСОУЕВ, 1000 PROGRAM 13
THES S-SSURE W eee, кушу» wo жаши» е ө
Ho Ho Ho...its that time of year
again. When we start leaving
mail-order catalogs lying around
with certain pieces of software апа
hardware highlighted...just in case
anyone is interested. In this issue
I'm including the addresses of some
catalogs that arrived at my door by
random this month. The number of new
products recently brought on the
market for Sinclair and related
machine is impressive. Back with us
in this issue are two contributors
well known to loyal reader: Harvey
T. gives us another chapter of his
ongoing saga for the QL of 'Playing
With Electricity'; Ken A. supplies
a couple of neat little programs
'sure to baffle and amuse one and
all'. Hugh P. writes from Cowtown
with a problem I'm sure one of you
will let him know the answer to.
Take special note of our advertisers
this month. BYTEPOWER presents
themselves again for you for your
consideration. I've read that this
product is well worth the money.
Weymil has finally come up with the
impossible...a program that allows
MULTI-TASKING on a 1000 (ZX81). I
saw it - otherwise I wouldn't
believe it. Ме round out this
month's ZXAppeal with assorted odds
and ends as well as the usual select
articles from the NETWORK.
BITS. & PIECES - vv Wee. eR S.»
...Sad news this month fellow
Sinclairions, another valued TS
publication is calling it a day.
QUARTERS, published by WMJ DATA
SYSTEMS four times a year tells us
in the just arrived FALL edition
that the forthcoming WINTER edition
will be the last. Bill says the
cause was less available time due to
an increase in business. Sadly, the
jump was due to his expansion into
'other' computer lines.
... the new CANADA COMPUTES mag is
here and will be handed out to
everyone at the meeting.
2
... the Pacific Coast Computer Fair
Association's swap meet was a
roaring success. Our Group put on a
most impressive display of three
generations of Sinclair
machines...the 1000, the 2068, and
Harvey's QL. Many old newsletters
were passed out and much interest
was shown by the public. There was a
crowd in front of the booth almost
all day. A few machines even changed
hands. A little old lady came up to
us with a box containing 5 1000's
for sale. Harry S. would have taken
the lot if I hadn't grabbed one for
myself. Many thanks to: Wilf, Glenn,
Harvey, Ken, Gerd, Harry, John, and
me for manning the tables.
...last month we warned gentle
reader that if,as a result of a
hardware article in the newsletter,
smoke was observed coming from
Whence it shouldn't, thats the way
She goes. I decided to wire in the
Tantalum cap in the Reset button
article for the 2068 in backwards.
Just as a test of the TIMEX repair
System, you understand. Now we'll
see how long TIMEX takes repairing
my machine.
... the QL Kit group purchase is
moving ahead with increased speed.
Doug Dewey called from Carrboro, NC,
the other day to say that the price
lists and other info will be going
out to the 15 individuals in our
area who signed up. Doug said that
the total number of kits ordered
topped 60. This qualified us for
dealer pricing on certain items that
he will detail in his letter to
those on the list. Eg:..flat screen
TV. .. $50.00.
...for all those interested in other
languages that can run on our
machines, Jack Brown of the
Mathemetics Dept., B.C.I.T., will be
leading several classes on various
levels of FORTH starting in January
at B.C.I.T. for 12 weeks. Mr. Brown
gave a very interesting tutorial on
FORTH at the swap meet.
...І have seen the promised land!!!
Multi-tasking on a 10001 3
different programs running
simultaneously on the same screenll
Make sure you read the advert from
WEYMIL then read it again. This has
to be the biggest breakthrough in
real applications for TS machines
since Harvey came up with MINI-XMOD.
I'm told that multi-tasking on the
2068 is only days away.
RENEWING MEMBERS:
B.Holden, N.Trylsson, B.Hoffert
G.Winterburn, C.H.Key, B.G.Watts,
K.Gamey, H.Polley.
NEW MEMBERS:
Vince Lee, Vancouver, В.С.
Ken Duda, Northlake, Illinois
If you received notice that your
dues are due,please pay at the
next meeting or reiit by mail. The
club can only remain in existence
SO long as interest remains.
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DECEMBER
Has anyone seen the Club 1000?
Sometime back, the Club TS1000 and
Rampak were loaned to a member and
now the lender can't remember who
the lendee was. If you have it or
know who has, please bring it to
the next meeting. We intend to
raffle it off, proceeds to the
Club treasury.
Speaking of raffles...what do you
think of the Club buying a QL Kit
and raffleing it off to the
membership at, say, two bucks a
ticket? As long as a minimum
number of tickets were sold to
cover the cost, someone would come
up with a OL real cheap and the
Club might make a few extra bucks.
Let's have your input at the
meeting.
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HELPHELPHELPHELPHELPHELPHELPHELPHELP
HUGH POLLEY writes:
I have a radio shack М100 and away
like to use it with my TS 2065€ but
have some problems with MTERMII.
1/ I have МТЕКМ11, Rotronics
Vafadrive, and modem. After loading |
МТЕКМ11 should I try to return to basic
the system crashes.
2/ I would like to be able to
transfer a basic program from the TS to
the MTERMII text file.
3/ І would like to be able to
transfer a program written in авс11
formatt to sinclair basic and vic versa
one line at a time inorder to make
required changes.
INFO:
The system uses a spectrum rom, and
the operating system lies between 23734
and 26026 plus channel buffers.
I would like to hear from anyone with
Partial or total solutions to any of the
above problems.
HUGH A. FOLLEY
1635 MARANDA CL.
CALGARY, ALTA. ·
T2T SE7
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GENERRTIQNS
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10 FRINT TAB ©; "BRAAI eer"
20 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM SHOWS H
OW THE"
50 FRINT "NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN
YGUR FAMILY"
40 PRINT "UILL INCREASE OVER ©
EUERRL'
“GENERATIONS IF EACH
50 ЕБІМТ
PERSON HAS"
SQ FRINT "2.35 CHILDREN (ON TH
E RUERRGE),."
70 FOR М-1 TO 200
80 HEXT М
эс CLS
100 LET
110 LET
120 LET
150 LET
140 LET
150 РБІМТ n
160 PRINT ,"
170 FRINT TR
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180 FRINT TAB 5;"
190 LET Г-г«С
с00 LET Y=Y+T
210 РРІМТ TAB =; Y ,D
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сас SAVE “GENERATION”
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GOODIESGOODI ESGOODIESGOODI ESGOODIES
This month the mailperson has pushed
5 very tempting TS mail-order
catalogs thru my door. One of these
is even Canadian!
---Beaver Computer Products
756 Fleming Ave.,Winnipeg, Man,
R2K 1V5
....а WP for the 2068 they call
"Beaver Writer' plus other neat
stuff. They have a great demo Їаре you
can send for.
---WMJ DATA SYSTEMS
4 Butterfly Drive
Hauppauge, NY 11788
-.. business programs, games,
utilities, graphics, books, and
much more.
---Thomas B. Woods
P.O. Box 64,
Jefferson, NH 03583
...Рго/Ғі1е, MemoNotes, Extended
Basic, 8K ROM upgrade, & lots
more. My orders already gonel
---Knighted Computers
707 Highland St.
Fulton, NY 13069
...а11 the good stuff for the
2068 and QL.
---E-Z KEY
225 Beach Street
Wollaston, MA 02170
**.16 pages of goodies - most of
it for the QL. A better
selection I've yet to see.
They have KEYTOPS for the 206811
$4.00 gets you a set of keytops
for that decent 2068 keyboard.
I've already received the PCB for
the keyboard interface.
Send for these catalogs. You'll be
glad you did! Surprisingly, most of
the items they carry are not
expensive. Have you priced programs
for 'Big Blue'
lately?
EE At Last’ a computer
an mum magazine: on:cassett
the. Finex. ou have to 985
ҮТЕ P a SOFTWARE. Aye |
Magazine. ith: aver: 438: Pra pan
рег years most: 1432 th
ма
Plus POTE gat картош e
and Harduare for your 152068 and
tips to help: ypu design. betten т
prograns?. T 2 |
BYTE. : POWER 7
- 1748. Meadouvieu ААТ
Pickering; Ontario, Canada.
| fav 368 |
A PHRASE BOOK OF COMPUTERESE
...WES BRZOZOWSKI, SINCUS (MAR/APR 86)
YOU'VE PROBABLY SEEN DOZENS OF GLOSSARIES OF COMPUTER TERMS. NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES, MAGAZINES, AND EVEN SOME COMPUTER MANUALS CONTAIN LISTS THAT WILL LET
YOU LOOK UP THE MEANING OF WORDS SUCH AS BYTE, RAM, FLOPPY DISK, ETC.
BUT YOU CAN'T LEARN FRENCH BY READING A FRENCH DICTIONARY, AND YOU CAN'T
UNDERSTAND COMPUTERESE BY SCANNING A GLOSSARY. ALTHOUGH A TRUE UNDERSTANDING OF
A LANGUAGE REQUIRES PRACTICE WE COULD REALLY USE A PHRASE BOOK. YOU KNOW, THE
KIND TOURISTS TAKE WITH THEM WHEN THEY TRAVEL. THE LITTLE BOOK THEY OPEN AT
THE RESTAURANT IN CHINA, JUST TO MAKE SURE THEY DON'T ACCIDENTIALLY ORDER A
STIR-FRIED TRACTOR.
HERE'S A SMALL LIST OF USEFUL COMPUTER PHRASES,...AND WHAT THEY REALLY MEAN:
“THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --IF ENOUGH PEOPLE ACT INTERESTED
WE MAY START DESIGNING ONE.
«ТТ PRINTS NEAR-LETTER QUALITY Ru. a MATRIX IS LARGER THAN
*YOU WON'T BE CONSTANTLY REFERRING TO THE
MANUAL --WE DON'T PROVIDE MUCH
DOCUMENTATION,
*THE'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --THE COMPETION HAS ANNOUNCED
ONE, AND WE DON'T WONT YOU TO
BUY THEIRS.
*OURS IS EASIER TO LEARN --OURS DOESN'T DO AS MUCH.
*TT'S PORTABLE --WE PUT A HANDLE ON IT.
*NEW LOW PRICE --WE GOT THIS DEAL ON A LOAD OF
REJECT PARTS THAT USUALLY
WORK OK.
*THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --WE'RE TRYING TO HIRE A DESIGNER
WHO KNOWS WHAT THE HECK HE'S
DOING.
*WE'VE IMPROVED IT --МЕ THINK IT'S FINALLY DEBUGGED.
*THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --THE PROTOTYPE STILL DOESN'T
WORK FOR SOME REASON.
*[T'LL UPGRADE YOUR SYSTEM --NoW YOU WON'T CRASH AS OFTEN.
*IT'S FULLY COMPATIBLE --WE HEARD THAT SOMEONE GOT IT
WORKING, ONCE.
I
*THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --МЕ FORGOT TO WRITE SOFTWARE FOR
*THE OWNER INSTALLS IT --YOU DO THE WORK AND SAVE US THE
LABOUR COSTS.
*IT'S THE BEST ONE AROUND --YOU EXPECT WE'D SAY IT ISN'T?
*THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --WE'VE GOT TO REDESIGN IT. WE'VE
BEEN FIDDLING WITH IT SO LONG
THAT THEY'VE STOPPED MAKING SOME
OF THE PARTS.
*IT'S WIDELY SUPPORTED BY THIRD PARTIES AND
USER GROUPS --IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS WE
DON'T WANT TO HEAR THEM.
“THEY'LL BE AVAILABLE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS --THERE'S A SUCKER BORN EVERY
MINUTE. ;
*IT'S COMPATIBLE WITH EARLIER MODELS --WE TOOK THE GUTS AND PUT
THEM IN A NEM BOX.
*TT'S NEW AND INNOVATIVE --IT'S NOT COMPATIBLE WITH ANYTHING
*WE WONT BE MAKING IT AVAILABLE:
THERE'S NOT ENOUGH OF A MARKET --THE ONLY GUY WHO UNDERSTOOD THE
THING LEFT US TO WORK FOR A MORE
ORGANIZED OUTFIT.
AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE'S MORE TO COMPUTERESE THAN JUST WORD MEANINGS. NOTE THAT
THE MEANING OF SOME PHRASES CHANGES DEPENDING ON HOW MANY TIMES THEY'RE
REPEATED. WE CAN ALSO BE SURE THAT THOSE WHO ANNOUNCE SHIPPING DATES F OR
COMPUTER PRODUCTS FULLY AGREE WITH EINSTEIN THAT TIME IS RELATIVE.
=ч" “атала:
ES
Sae 9. 9 9.
LAS VEGAS — More speed and memory
аге the major thrusts of the microcomputer
industry at this `s Comdex show.
ing to Vancouver companies exhi-
biting here, the computer market looks
headed for an excellent year.
William Lowe set the tone of this year's
show by telling 80,000 dealers tu “‘lasten
their seatbelts.”
He said 1987 would be the most exciting
year the industry had ever seen.
Lowe, president of IBM's entry sysiems
- i gave the keynote speech at Com-
X. :
He sent а collective wave of relief through
the show by reaffirming IBM's intention to
maintain an open architecture with its per-
sonal computers.
In other words, IBM does not intend to
lock out hardware competitors by devel-
oping a proprietary, IBM-only, personal
computer.
Much of the interest to date at this year's
show has centred on the high-speed 80386
microprocessor.
Compag set the pace by releasing the first
80386-based computer in September, but
already there are imitators, including
upgrade kits for IBM AT computers.
other development unveiled at the
show includes a substantial pe to make
the IBM PC suitable for desk-top publish-
ing.
t high-resolution monitors, with both
color and black-and-white capabilities, are
al! over the 3
ol systems are demonstrated
"T sa printers that have come down
in price and have improved in quality over ,
the past ycar. i
One other trend that business users will
probably appreciate is a continued influx of
clones that are bound to keep hardware
prices competitively kw.
Noticeable by its absence, however, is
multi-user software using the Unix operat-
ing system.
Dealers looking for multi-user systems in
the main had to be content with improved
networking software and hardware.
Canada ts well represented with two gov-
ernment-sponsored display areas and a
number of individual corporate displays.
Walter Steel, president of Vancouver-
based Sydney Development Corporation,
said he was pleased а! the response to the
company's display.
Sydney is stressing its new communica-
tons protoco! that was developed at the
University of British Columbia.
Tom Flaherty, president of Bedford Soft-
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ware о! Burnaby, said the Canadian dis-
plays, with a distinctive maple leaf theme,
seemed to attract buyers.
Greg Boorman, president of Daetech Elec-
tronics of Burnaby, said orders hal way
through the frst two days had made atten-
dance at Comdex worthwhile.
One loca! disappointment at the show was
for Synex Systems, whose SQZ! spreadsheet
compression program made it on to the list
of candidates for an outstanding technical
achievement award from PC Magazine.
In its cat о -ons, SQZ!
was beaten t's Best and HAL, both
enhancements for Lotus 1-2-3.
Hardware awards went to for its
Deskpro 386 while Zenith and Toshiba
shared portable computer honors.
The award for а software application went
to NewViews, billed as a new approach to
accounting software.
Gerd says that the schematic of the one chip NVM in the
Jul/Aug newsletter was slightiy incorrect.
He assures
me that it will work as shown but feels that the slight
change as shown below is more correct.
JMO Рротєст
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WEYMIL presents...
A small collection of truly innovative products for Sinclair computers
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MULTI-TASKING ОН THE TS 1000 ?
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BELLINGHAM
WEYMIL CORPORATION
Sae $ 5 , Ü Ü when you order the combination of THRUST, RIGTER JOYSTICK INTERFACE, әгі KANCER 1000 and pau
SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS Bease enclose $2 .0 0 shipping and handling wth your orden,
10
PLAYING WITH FLECTRICITY
Nov 14/86
How do you represent, .5 in binary? How about .75? That
is a teaser for next time.
What 1 want to talk about this month is getting оп the
QL bus, а 6821 expansion board. The 68008 addresses one
megabyte directly; іп hex that is Ø -> $OFFFFF. The memory
map looks roughly like this:
$0FFFFF — ІМ - Top of address space
— 128K ROM expansion
$0DFFFF - 896K -
— 8 - 16K Expansion cards
$ØBFFFF - 768K
— 512K Expansion Ram
SO3FFFF - 256K -
- 128K On board ram
$01FFFF - 128K -
- 1/0 Hardware
$09FFFF - 64K -
- Plug in КОМ '
$0O0BFFF - 48K - е
— Оп board КОМ
со – - Bottom of address space
From this brief outline you can see that we have to aim
for the 768K-1M slot. If we look at the address lines in
binary we see:
A19 A18 А17 А16 А15 А14 RANGE FUNCTION
1 1 x x x x 768K-1M Hardware expansion
1 @ х х х х 512K-768K Ram expansion
0 1 х х х х 256К-512К Ram expansion
If we аге to design a circuit to Het into this slot we will
have A19 & A18 Һійһ; while the other address lines will narrow the
range in that slot. In particular, what I chose to do was use this
decoding.
A19 AJB A17 A16 A15 A14 A13 ........ Al Ад
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 R R which is $ØEEØØR
The 6821 uses the two low address lines to differentiate 4 of
its internal registers. Looking at the circuit dingram, you see
that lines A19.A17 но directly to the 741521 which has dual 4
input. AND gates. A16 is first inverted by the 741.5905 and then goes
to the 741,521. Note that the 741,505 is an open collector device &
БО needs n pull up resistor at its output. The output of the first
AND ante ік fed to the other side which also watches А15 A13.
This positive signal 1 have called board select. One of the
intricacies of the QL is that the internal hardware will grab any
address above 256К un]ess it is told not {о via an open collector
input line called confusingly Data Strobe Master Chip; DSMCL where
the L indicates active low. One other restriction has to do with
timing. DSMC must be driven low before Address Strobe (ASL)
becomes active. On the board this is accomplished by the 2N3993
transistor which is driven by board select.
So far we have generated a board select & told the QL we are
interested. The ASL signal is used to qualify board select to
generate a Chip select signal for the 6821. Note that Motorola
recommends that Chip Select (CSL) be qualified as well by the E
signal; which 1 have not done. Now the 6821 knows the QL is
talking to it, the board has to be able to tell the QL to
continue. This is done with the Valid Peripheral Address (VPAL).
Note that VPAI. is an open collector line , so that по pullup
resistor is used for this connection.
All of the other connections are straightforward; such as the
Data lines & power grid. I >
This 15 a hardware expansion which ignores QDOS completely.
There 15 no way for the operating system to know that this board
is attached. А11 driving software must therefore be particularly
written for the $ØEEØØR address.
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12
Selecting a Programming Language Made Easy
Danie! Salomon & David Rosenblueth
Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
With such a large selection cf programming languages it can be difficult to choose one
for a particular project Reading the manuals to evaluate the languages is a time consuming
process. On the othe: hand, most people already have a fairly good idea of how various auto-
mobiles compere. So in order to assist those trying to choose a language, we have prepared a
chart that rnatches programming languages with comparable automobiles.
Assembler —
FORTRAN II —
FORTRAN IV —
FORTRAN 77 —
COBOL =
BASIC ==
PL/I —
С —
ALGOL 60 —
Pascal —
Modula II —
ALGOL 68 —
LISP —
A Formula I race car. Very fast, but difficult to drive and expensive to
maintain.
A Model T Ford. Once it was king of the road.
A Model A Ford.
A six-cylinder Ford Fairlane with standard transmission and no seat belts.
A delivery van. It's bulky and ugly, but it does the work.
A second-hand Rambler with a rebuilt engine and patched upholstery.
Your dad bought it for you to you to learn to drive. You'll ditch the car as
soon as you can afford a new one.
A Cadillac convertible with automatic transmission, a two-tone paint job,
white-wall tires, chrome exhaust pipes, and íuzzy dice hanging in the
windshield.
A black Firebird, the all-macho car. Comes with optional seat belts (lint)
and optional fuzz buster (escape to assembler).
An Austin Mini. Boy, that's a small car!
A Volkswagen Beetle. It's small but sturdy. Was once popular with intel-
lectuals. ,
A Volkswagen Rabbit with a trailer hitch.
An Aston Martin. Ап impressive car, but not just anyone can drive it.
An electric car. It’s simple but slow. Seat belts are not available.
PROLOG/LUCID — Prototype concept-cars.
Maple/MACSYMA — All-terrain vehicles.
FORTH =s
LOGO —
APL —
Ada —
A go-cart.
A kiddie's replica of a Rolls Royce. Comes with a real engine and a work-
ing horn.
A double-decker bus. It takes rows and columns of passengers to the same
place all at the same time. But, it drives only in reverse gear, and is instru-
mented in Greek.
An army-green Mercedes-Benz staff car. Power steering, power brakes and
automatic transmission are all standard. No other colors or options are
available. If it’s good enough for the generals, it’s good enough for you.
Manufacturing delays due to difficulties reading the design specifications
are starting to clear up. |
Speaking of O1d Friends, look who
popped up in a recent Sinclair/QL
World....Original Member Rois.
Sinclair/QL World August 1986
It was good to receive my June
Sinclair QL World and to find
some sympathy in an article
describing the loss of files due
to “VO incomplete? or "invalid
Quill file” ypes of error
messages.
With my JM VERS QL, 1 have
not been able to sive апу
documents longer than about
5,650 words or 64 sectors. In
vour Open Channel was a letter
from lan Tait suggesting that he
could store files on Microdrive
up to 10,000 words in length. I
am asking how that is so, in the
light of my system's limitation.
Could someone please explain
how he can reach that great
length?
Incidentally, I have а PCML
256K memory add-on and have
never had any real problem
with my system. Lam interested
in any information or letters
from anvone knowing a little
more about this “сше” kind of
storage svstem.
Rois Harder £15,
P O Box 491, Yanbu,
K. of Saudi Arabia.
FRANK & ERNEST BOB THAVES
COMPUTERS
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260 FRINT AT 15,0; "FOR ANOTHER
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13
CLOCKING THE 2068
Our 2068's have a built-in clock, sometimes called
the Frame counter. This clock starts at zero
every time the computer is turned on, It
increments the value at the variable address 23672
every 1/60th of a second until it reaches 255.This
takes about 4 1/4 seconds and then resets to zero
and increments the value at 23673. This counter
will also go up to 255 but only every 18 minutes.
At that time it, in turn, increments the final
Counter at address 23674. The final counter
reaches 255 after about 3 days and 6 hours.
The counters can be reset to zero or any other
value by POKEing the number into three addresses.
The accuracy of the clock Ís .01 percent (*/- 10
seconds per day). The clock counts up as long as
the 2068 15 left on, with three exceptions:
- During a BEEP,
- During tape operations (SAVEing and LOADIng),
- During printing on the printer.
Under the above three conditions, time will
stand still and continue when the condition is
completed. The following expression gives the
present count on the clock:
(65536 * PEEK 23674 + 256 * PEEK 23673
* PEEK 23672) / 60
When using this expression in a program it 15
possible to PEEK 23673 just as 22672 resets to
zero. This wil! give a false reading of 23673
because 1% should have been incremented at that
moment, between reading the two addresses. To
overcome this situation, use the above expression
twice successively, and take the highest reading.
from : SPECTRUM Users manual, Chapter 18
compiled by Fred Schakel
London T/S Users Group
T++++++i+i+i++++++ii+++++iiii+i+i+i+iiiiiiiTiiTiTiiiiiiiiiTTiTT4TTTTTTTTT TT +++ ++
BASICALLY "ІҢ"
An advantage of uslng the IN function instead of
INKEY$ 15 that multiple keys can be sensed, |f
the
keyboard was to be divided into 8 groups so that
each group was half a row containing 5 keys, then
these groups would be represented by
as follows:
IN 65278 = keys CAPSHIFT to V
IN 65022 * keys A to G
IN 64510 = keys Q to T
IN 63486 = keys 1 to 5
IN 61438 = keys O to 6
IN 57342 * keys P to Y
IN 49150 = keys ENTER to H
IN 32766 * keys SPACE to B
IN addresses
When IN 65278 equals 31 (btnary 11111), none of
the keys from CAPSHIFT to V are being pressed. If
one of these keys was pressed, 1t would Change the
binary 1 to a zero. The least significant digit
represents the key closest to the outside of the
keyboard. For example, IN 61438 15 19 (Binary
10011) indicating that both keys 7 and 8 are
pressed. Check this by RUNning this one-line
program: (press keys 6 to 0)
10 PRINT AT 1,1: IN 61438: GOTO 10
This only uses the 5 least Significant digits of
the address. The 6th least significant digit 15 the
bit which presently appears at the EAR socket. IN
251 handles the data for the printer as does OUT
251. OUT 254 colours our border on the 3 least
significant bits while it's 4th and Sth bits are
used for the MIC socket and the BEEPer
respectively.
from: SPECTRUM Users Manual, Chapter 23
compiled by: Fred Schakel
London T/S Users Group.
—————————Á
— ———
————]
SUBROUTINE TO CLEAR A PORTION OF A SCREEN
WHEN DESIRED (2X81 BASIC)
100 GO SUB 3000
120 PRINT АТ 15,9;"YOU HAVE CLEARED THIS PART OF
THE SCREEN"
3000 FOR H = 13 TO 21
3010 PRINT AT H,0;" (32 spaces)
3020 NEXT H
3030 RETURN
14
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