Full text of "Micro 6502 Journal Issue 20"

See other formats

' APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET AIM A
I ATARI SYM OSI A TARI AIM PET KIM APPLE SYM APPLE KIM

KIM ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM C^t KTTi''

JSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSt AIM t*j ■/ 1 ■ '
5VM AIM APPLE KIM PET AIM ATA f
<.IM PET APPLE AIM APPLE ATARI t
\PPLE OSI KIM AIM SYM OSI PETATmF9mtm>t'^Rt
MM APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET AIM A
I TARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM PET KIM APPLE SYM APPLE KIM
a ET KIM ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM PEJ^M /r^iE A

i *+1

7ARI ( • J

M PET APPLE AIMWPmMA^fti KIM^^L

\PPLEOSI KIM AIM SYM OSI PET ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM

\AIM APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET AIM A

{ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM PET KIM APPLE SYM APPLE KIM

TARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM KIM Apt
PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM
KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET Alh
AIM PET KIM APPLE AIM APPLE AT
KIM APPLE PET ATARI SYM OSI AT/
PET AIM A TARI OSI SYM A TARI PE7
SYM PET OSI KIM ATARI APPLE AT.
TARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM KIM API
PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AW,
ATARI KIM OSI PET KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET Alh
Rl 5WOSI ATARUUAU>EJ KWI APPLE AIM APPLE AT

osi MiwmMAWMmWkMtJ\M atari sym osiat,
t s IIAIiiilfiilfflnis/ symata ri pe i

PET KIM APPLE AIM AIM SYM PET OSI KIM ATARI APPLE AT.
TARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM KIM APF

a LE OSI AIM KIM AI!>J

Human Physiological Parameters

LET YOUR
MICRO HELP YOU
GET INTO SHAPE

[AIM APPLE KIM PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM KIM APPLE PET A TARI SYM OSI ATARI A

tPET APPLE AIM APPLE ATARI KIM APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APR

\E OSI KIM AIM SYM OSI PET ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM PET KIM APPLE AIM AIM SYM PET OSI KIM ATARI APPLE ATARI K

APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM AtfLMKItLfWMM ^ttlJUf ATARMP&tfW^ 1 AIM KIM AIM KIM APPLE P

<IMAVQtJb*Md$*TARtAIM l UTJfl41S^# #A WMl WMOSI pmt9&P%mYMAPPLEh&&MlAT/

>YM A TARI PET APPLE OSI AIM KIM AIM KIM APPLE PET ATARI SYM OSI A TARI AIM PET KIM APPLE AIM APPLE A TARI C

J AIM APPLE KIM PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APPLE OS! AIM KIM AIM KIM APPLE PET ATARI SYM OSI ATARI A

\PET APPLE AIM APPLE ATARI KIM APPLE ATARI KIM OSI PET SYM APPLE KIM PET AIM ATARI OSI SYM ATARI PET APP

\E OSI KIM AIM SYM OSI PET ATARI SYM OSI ATARI AIM PET KIM APPLE AIM AIM SYM PET OSI KIM ATARI APPLE ATARI j j

softside
software

305 Riverside Dr " " •~-^--"""" -^^

tit

305 Riverside Drive New York. N.Y. 10025

program.

1 GRAPHICS PAC 2 Quadruple your PET's graphic resolution. Why be

New Version stuck with the PET's cumbersome 25 x 40 1000 point

display. With Graphics Pac you can directly control
(set and clear) 4000 points on screen. It's great for graphing, plotting, and gaming. Graphics
Pac allows you to plot in any combination of two modes: 4 Quadrant graphing with (0,0) center
screen, and Standard graphing with (0,0) plotted in the upper left hand corner. Complete docu-
mentation shows how you can merge this useful routine with any of your own programs with-
out retyping either one! All this on a high quality Microsette for only $9.95.

2 ASSEMBLER 2001 A full featured assembler for your PET microcompu-

ter that follows the standard set of 6502 mnemonics.
Now you can take full advantage of the computing
abilities of your PET. Store and load via tape, run through the SYS or USR functions. List and

edit too with this powerful assembler. No other commercial PETassembler gives you all these
features plus the ability to look at the PET'S secret Basic ROMs all in one program. This valu-
able program is offered at $15.95

3 BIKE An exciting new simulation that puts you in

charge of a bicycle manufacturing empire. Juggle
inflation, breakdowns, seasonal sales variations,
inventory, workers, prices, machines, and ad campaigns to keep your enterprise in the
black. Bike is dangerously addictive. Once you start a game you will not want to stop. To
allow you to take short rest breaks. Bike lets you store the data from your game on a tape
so you can continue where you left off next time you wish to play. Worth a million in fun,
we'll offer BIKE at $9.95.

4 Dynamic usage of the PET's graphics features

when combined with the fun of the number 1 arcade
game equals an action packed video spectacle for
your computer. Bumpers, chutes, flippers, free balls, gates, a jackpot, and a little luck
guarantee a great game for all. $9 95.

Authors: Our royalties are unbeatable

itttrkirk MUSICAL MADDNESS ttrkirtrk
SPECIAL add an exciting new dimension to your PET computer
with Soundware's soundsational music box
and sonicsound software from Softside & Soundware

SOUND

& THE SQUNDWORKS -&
The Soundware music box for your PET
comes complete with controllable volume,
an earphone jack, a demo tape with two
programs, an instruction book, and a one
year warranty, this sturdy unit is enclosed
in an attractive plastic case. Notes tell
how to program your own sound effects.
All this during our musical madness for
just 29.95

WORD FUN: Speller: fun ways to practice
spelling + Scramble + Flashcards 9.95

& MUSICAL SOFTWARE &
ACTION PACK: Breakthru + Target +
Catterpillar: non stop graphic action 9.95
PINBALL: a video action spectacle with
real time flippers, chutes gates, bumpers,

tags etc 9-95

CLASSICS: Checkers + Backgammon
Board +Fiano Player; checkers vs. com-
puter or friend. Piano plays Minute Waltz

9.95
MUSIC MANIA: Try to repeat a growing
sequence of tones. With graphics. Chal-
lenge to the best ear 9.95

Skylcs Electric Works

The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit

For PET Owners Who Want More Fun
And Fewer Errors with Their Programming

Here are Ten Comands you'll need, all on a single chip you can install,
in a minute without tools, on any PET or PET system. 2 KB of ROM
firmware on a single chip with a collection of machine language
programs available to you from the time you turn on your PET to the
time you shut it off. No tape to load or to interfere with any running
programs.

AUTO DELETE
STEP OFF

RENUMBER HELP TRACE
APPEND DUMP FIND

10 GOSUB 99

15 PRINT I

16 GOTO 10
99 INPUT J

100 IF J=0 THEN END
200 l = SQP. JuRETURN
READY

RENUMBER 100.10

100 GOSUB 130
110 PRINT I
120 GOTO 100
130 INPUT .
140 IF J = THEN END
150 l = SQRIJi:RETURN
READY.

ON BY ZERO ERROR IN 500

Can be placed in main board socket or with precision-engineered PCB
connector to attach to data bus... depending on the model of your PET
and additional memory systems.

Now available to interface

8N/8B, 16N/16B, 32N/32B PET... chip only $50.00*

2001-8.. .chip and interface PCB 80.00*
With Expandamen, PME 1

R. C. Factor or Skyles Electric Works systems 80.00*

With Computhink Disk System 85.00*
With Commodore's Word Processor II, for original 2001-8 PETs 90.00*

With Commodore's Word Processor II, for new PETs 72.50*

With Skyles Macro TeA 50.00*

'Shipping and handling, California sales tax where applicable must be added. See order
form attached.

'California residents: please add 6% or 6.5% sales lax as required
VISA, MASTER CHARGE ORDERS CALL (800) 538-3083 (except California residents)
CALIFORNIA ORDERS PLEASE CALL (408) 257-9140

Skyles Electric Works

10301 Stonydale Drive
Cupertino, California 95014
[408]735-7891

16K MEMORY

K-1016

ADDRESSED AS CONTIGUOUS 16K
STARTING AT ANY 8K BOUNDARY
LOW POWER — 1.6 WATTS TOTAL
K-1016A — $340 6 MONTH
WARRANTY

SYSTEM EXPANSION

12 PROM SOCKETS — 2708/TMS 2716,
USES THE POWER OF ONLY 1 PROM.
32 BIDIRECTIONAL I/O LINES
FULL RS-232 ASYNC SERIAL
COMMUNICATIONS, 75-4800 BAUD
PROM PROGRAMMER
K-1012A — $295

881

EXlSWIISIiQil

HIGH RESOLUTION
GRAPHICS

320 x 200 BIT MAPPED GRAPHICS

8K RAM AVAILABLE FOR USE

EACH POINT INDIVIDUALLY

ADDRESSABLE

K-1008A — $240, PET — $243

(PLUS PET INTERFACE)

MULTI-HARMONIC
4 VOICE MUSIC

K-1002-2 K-1002

MODEL FOR ALL PETS MODEL FOR KIM, AIM, SYM

• FORIER SYNTHESIZED WAVEFORMS
— UP TO 16 HARMONICS

• 4 VOICES PLAY SIMULTANEOUSLY

• QUALITY D/A CONVERTER, 6 POLE
FILTER AND AMPLIFIER

• HARDWARE — $40-50,
SOFTWARE — $20

Sip

fe*S*i

m*m

MesupniEawnHFua oOcumentA:

CSfSfTHE HWVCTRY-V MANUALS MAY
iWtY... • -•-■',,.■•.. .

Micro Technology Unlimited

p.o. Box A&aeMt&t^fy** ■ - r

Manchester N.H. Q3tt»?."* W : ^X -\ "'■
603-627;i464 ;■:;'.' .;'...', Jii^M : ; :X-? ;:j

Call Or Write For Our Pu\£ite&£aia^

1 i^JJ s;j u j

January 1980
Issue Number 20

Table of Contents

Tape Execute File • Create and Use

by Alfen J. Lacy
Why A piT.APRtE, 6502 BASIC Compiler?

by Bruce M. Beach
Human Physiological Parameters

by. Dr. L. S. FJeich
Lifetime of a Non-Renewable Resource

by Marvin L IpeJong
\ Editorial ~ Thejtbneiiness of the Microcomputer
Sweetie Programming Using Macros '■' l

i";:bi^FJ^rtfXa?VileV'ii>r. : - ■'''■■''*■/'■'

$creeh;WrTte/R|e Routine ■
:' by fa^E^Etaxter '".-
SYWt-*Tapeyer||ication

by Jack. Gteruic *,'* ;

Microbes ami Miscellanea ;'
SymjSottabteSirter/Printerfor the AIM Assembler

I Trig l^»C%i^ftware Catalogue: XVi . . ■■ '

i. ' >by|l^®f^>wer : , ,"-;■"" »'■ . j: ''■'•<. .;'"'i"- i ■-■•<

SeafcrtrCha^eHi Applesoft ^ • ---M >■-''. •

K / : &&^*rfij#ei»' ' , : " "", ; ■?. i- v i- • > ; ;

SYM-t Staged Loading Technique for Segmented Programs

j^'-b£^b^Afl»ek:,.,- '':;-i r:'- ' "U . : : : . ;

6502 Bibliography: PartXVI f J

by Vtflif^im R.fDiat

it;

23
25

39
43

! 5i:l

I'55'J
59
61

Staff

Edltm/Publisher

Robert M.Tffpp ;'^'|
Assistant Editors ., :]

Mar^yKm^GurK^l./i
Evelyn MiiH^&ft^ : '\
Business Martageir

• Maflgi&'E'Efilfefe';''-
Circulailort Managst-

ProduetfonAssislant

L Catherine f^and-

For air iMK\a^o^t^>ndamMl'^*3r''''
! I jiiiiii ciii miliii'i il|ji.liinlt>'Wjti!li|ljiiiV.^i|ir<i fii A
HKMW. Pkk liiTii "pliftMri iiro'i WiC'rfif*'''

01824. c> ; H: ^' ^,f^?Jl^» |iC :

i-iNiLincy;. ';, i- t" '! ;^v^w. "/■

Andromeda Compuff r Systems

Apple Sttoppe

Balcan

Beta Computer Defies

c&h Micro . ,,;

Classified Ads '

COMPAS r

The Computerfat, Infe.

Computer World

Connecticut micro$vnputers

Excert t Inc.

Galaxy ■■•'•'•''

H. Geller CornputerfSysterns

Home Computers

Hudson Digltat-Efetirohics 1

Information Unttmii ad Software

MICRO v.rr.->:- --.,...

Micro-Music,' Inc.

mmm

Advertiser's Index

i ; Micro Technology Unlimited ■ ^. ;:

4"*#!^ : 2i!B*':-

>j,yf ' S*

'!. . ' Mighty Byte Computer, inc. ,

•"•"•' mv< s&

MuseSottware ' .*■..>"'>

'"•' V *A :',"', BS

On-Line

•J'..&f*s«^*<fe

i Perry Peripherals

--*:■'*•/.. r- 54:

22,37

Powersoft, Inc.

...-i?i-^ '4

v 8

Programma. International --■,•;

•^■^••^.■•■if-BG

%«'<•'

Progressive Software '.-'.r^ "

i>-. : -:.--• -5, ;^S3-:

. 32

Rainbow Computing, Inc. . ".':..

'. ''ViBC

Raygam, Inc.

, <.j- ■- ";v--'3a"

RNB-Enterprises •■ . '.j, .

:. ', -v'^' m

Shepardson Microsystems, Inc.; .:.;-.'

i ^ < ■».. *, 3g

: Skyles Electric Works "'•• ; ;

>>':■: i-V>-^JZ0. r

Softsfde Publications V ;i

v'-. ^'^i ' s-.42 :

34 •■■'

Sofiside Software - ,*■

* .K-^rt -IPC-

Southwestern Data Systems - , «";;.

^.«^i-ij^B:

;$0

i s:p,a.r.c: , *

'^ "i'^V^SI''' 1

. United Software of America

••■ ;l; w v^5o. t

._ ■.'':_•. "';'!. 1 "'*" *"■.'■*' •*" , ' '*>' ■;.'." "■'; i'c\ : vy

*' : ' $$$•'*&'• ■''' '■*'■

Software for the Hpple II s£;

SCORE =198

SCORE =185

DYNAMAZE— a dazzling new real-time game. You
move in a rectangular game grid, drawing or erasing
walls to reflect balls into your goal (or to deflect
them from your opponent's goal). Every ball in
your goal is worth 100 points, but you lose a point
for each unit of elapsed time and another point for
each time unit you are moving. Control the speed
with a game paddle: play as fast as ice hockey or
as slowly and carefully as chess. Back up and re-
play any time you want to; it's a reversible game.
By Don Stone. Integer Basic (plus machine lan-
guage); 32 K; $9.95.

ULTRA BLOCKADE- the standard against which
other versions have to be compared. Enjoy Block-
ade's superb combination of fast action (don't be
the one who crashes) and strategy (the key is
accessible open space— maximize yours while min-
imizing your opponent's). Play against another
person or the computer. New high resolution
graphics lets you see how you filled in an area— or
use reversibility to review a game in slow motion
(or at top speed, if that's your style). This is a
game that you won't soon get bored with! By
Don Stone. Integer Basic (plus machine language);
32 K; $9.95.

What is a REVERSIBLE GAME? You can stop the play at any point, back up and then do an "instant
replay", analyzing your strategy. Or back up and resume the game at an earlier point, trying out a different
strategy. Reversibility makes learning a challenging new game more fun. And helps you become a skilled
player sooner.

WORLD OF ODYSSEY— a new adventure game utilizing the full power of Disk II, which enables the player
to explore 353 rooms on 6 different levels full of dragons, dwarfs, ores, goblins, gold and jewels. Applesoft II
48K; $19.95 includes diskette.

PERQUACKEY— an exciting vocabulary game which pits the player against the clock. The object of the
game is to form words from a group of 10 letters which the computer chooses at random. The words must
be 3 to 10 characters in length with no more than 5 words of any particular length. Each player has only
3 minutes per turn. The larger the words the higher the score. Applesoft II 16K; $9.95.

APPLESHIP— is a naval game in which two players enter their ships in respective oceans. Players take turns
trying to blast their opponent's ships out of the water. The first player to destroy their opponent's ships
may win the game. A great low-res graphics game. Applesoft II 32K; $14.95.

Available at your
local computer store

Call or write for our free
SOFTWA RE CA TA L OG

Apple II is a registered

trademark of
Apple Computer, Inc.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

POWERSOFT, INC.

P. O. BOX 157

PITMAN, NEW JERSEY 08071

(609) 589-5500

Programs Available on Diskette
at $5.00 Additional

Check or Money Order
Include $1.00 for
shipping and handling
C.O.D. ($1.00 add'tl. charge)
Master Charge and VISA
orders accepted
New Jersey residents add
5% sales tax

Tape Execute File
Create and Use

Once upon a time, a computerist wanted to convert his
integer BASIC programs to Applesoft BASIC. He read
about a great technique - but it required a disk. He did
not have a disk, but did have cassettes. Could the
technique be modified for tape? And, what other
changes would be required for the complete conver-
sion? Some interesting things were discovered, and are
reported here.

Alien J. Lacy

1921 Oglethorpe Avenue

Albany, GA 31707

For a long time, I had been trying to
find a way to convert Integer programs
to Applesoft. So it was with great in-
terest that I read the How to Section ti-
tled "Disk Magic;; in Contact 5. A short
summary follows for those who didn't
get Contact 5. It was a way to list the In-
teger programs on to disk and then load
it into Applesoft. This was done by pla-
cing the following line in the program:

PRINT"® OPEN X":POKE 33,33:
PRINT"@WRITE
X":LIST:PRINT" ©CLOSE X":END

(Where ©means Control D)

When this line is entered type "RUN"
and press "RETURN". When the opera-
tion is complete, enter Applesoft and EX-
ECute the file.

The only problem with this method

is that I do not have a disk yet.

I started to think about how this
could be done with just a tape. During a
normal "SAVE" both Integer and Ap-
plesoft write the program to tape the
way it is stored in memory, not the way it
is listed. The program is stored as
tokens; and since the tokens do not
match, Applesoft cannot load Integer
programs.

So I wrote two routines which link
into the input and output hooks CSW
and KSW at $36-$39. (This article uses
"$" to indicate a hexadecimal number.)

The output routine gets each byte
as the Apple outputs it and stores it in a
buffer before the actual output. When
the Apple outputs a carriage return, the
routine writes the buffer to tape. This
continues until the Apple outputs a car-

riage return as the first character, the
routine then resets the output hook.

The buffer is 256 bytes long. This
number was chosen because that is the
length of the Apple's input buffer. Note
the buffer is from $3F00 to $3FFF
(decimal 16128 to 16383). This is
because my Apple has 16K. For different
memory sizes this can be changed. If
you have an assembler, change the
SAVE address to the values in table 1. If
you do not have an assembler, change
the locations shown in table 2.

The input routine reads the tape
records back into memory and passes
the bytes through the input hooks. This
continues until a record comes in which
contains a carriage return as the first
byte, the routine then gives control back
to the keyboard.

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:5

MEMORY SIZE

32 K
48K

SAVE ADDRESS

$7F00
$BF00

Table I

HIMEM

32512
—16640

The first version used the tape write
routine at $FECD, which writes a 10 se-
cond header; therefore, the write took
about 11 seconds, 10 for the header and
1 for the data. However, I noticed that at
$FECD the instruction is LDA #$40
followed by JSR HEADR. Therefore
when I want to write a record to tape, I
load the accumulator with $20 and enter
the monitor at $FECF. This causes the
Apple to write a 5 second header, which
means each record takes 6 seconds.

To use:

Load the routines into memory

Enter Integer Basic

Type "HIMEM:16128"

Press "RETURN"

Load the Program

Type in the following line:

POKE 33,33:CALL 769:LIST:END
Type "RUN"

Set the recorder in record mode
Press "RETURN"

The program will now list to tape
and the TV. When this has finished, the
prompt » will reappear.

Now enter Applesoft
Rewind the Tape

Warning: Since the headers are only 5
seconds long, you must set the tape as
close to the beginning of the first one as
you can.

Type"HIMEM:16128"

Press "RETURN"

Type "CALL 772"

Start the recorder in play mode

Press "RETURN"

The program will come into Ap-
plesoft as if you had typed it in. When
the Applesoft prompt Q) appears with
just the cursor behind it, control is back
at the keyboard.

Now what you have to do is change
the things which are different between
Applesoft and Integer. This will have to
be done whether you use the disk or
tape.

All "TAB" statements have to be chang-
ed to 'HTAB"

All computed "GOTO" and 'GOSUB"
have to be changed to "ON"
"GOTO" or "ON" "GOSUB".

Example:

Where N can vary from 1 to 4
Integer
GOTO 400 + N * 100

Applesoft

ON N GOTO 500,600,700,800

All multi statement "IF"s will have to be
broken into two lines because of dif-
ference in the way Integer and Applesoft
handle ifs.

Example:

100 IF A = B THEN A = A + 1:C = C + 1

In Integer C always has one added
to it, whether or not A equals B. This
same line in Applesoft will cause C to
have 1 added to it only if A equals B. So
for the program to work like the Integer
program, the line will have to be broken
into two lines.

100IFA = BTHEN A = A + 1

101 C = C + 1

The random number functions are
different between Integer and Applesoft.

Example:

Integer

A = RND(16)

MEMORY SIZE $30C $322

32K
48 K

$7F
$BF

$7E
$BE

Table II

$34 D

$7F
$BF

$369 HIMEM

$7E
$BE

32512
-16640

Applesoft

A = 16 * RND(1)

In Integer either "#" or 'V' can be
used to mean not equal, in Applesoft on-
ly "&' can be used.

Example:

Integer
IFA#BTHEN 10

Applesoft
IFAOBTHEN 10

MOD" operation in Ap-
have to calculate the

There is no '
plesoft, so you
modulus.

Example:

Integer

B = A MOD C

Applesoft

B = A - INT(A/C) * C

Variable names may have to be
changed. In Integer all letters are signifi-
cant; in Applesoft only the first 2 letters
are significant. To Integer PAY1 and
PAY2 are different; to Applesoft they are
the same variable.

Example:

Integer

PAY1 = PAY2 + PAY3

Applesoft
P1 = P2 +

Another difference is the way str-
ings are handled. In Integer "DIM A$(20)"
means set up 1 string which can be up to
20 characters long. To Applesoft, it
means set up 20 strings each of which
can be up to 255 characters long. So all
string dims should be removed from the
program.

A/so to get specific characters out
of a string, you have to use the MID$
function in Applesoft.

Example:

Integer

B$ = A$(2,5)

Applesoft

B$ = MID$(A$,2,3)

The last difference that I have found
is that all variables should be converted
to Applesoft integer variables. This is
not always needed, a lot of programs
will run without this being done.

Example:

Integer
A = B

Applesoft
A% = B%

20:6

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

1000

*********************************

1010

1020

TAPE EXECUTE FILE *

1030

CREATE & USE *

104

1050

* MAIN USE TO CONVEFT INTEGER *

1060

* PROGRAMS TO APPLESOFT II *

1070

1080

BY *

1090

ALLEN J LACY *

1100

AUGUST 1979 *

1110

1120

*********************************

1130

*********************************

1140

1150

* 256 BYTE BUFFER TO STORE TEXT *

1160

* FROM ADDRESS S3F00 TO S3FFF *

1170

* CHANGE

FOR LARGER APPLE II *

1180

1190

*********************************

1200

SAVE

.EQ

S3F00

1210

.EQ

S300

1220

ttsw

.EQ

SFD1B

1230

.EQ

SFECF

1240

• EQ

SFEFD

1250

COUT

• EQ

5FDD0

1260

XSAV

.EQ

$47

1270

.OR

S301

1280

1-290

*********************************

1300

1310

* SET UP

FOR OUTPUT OF FILE *

1320

1330

*********************************

0301-

1340
1350

STP

J MP

1360

*********************************

1370

1380

* SET UP

FOR INPUT OF FILE *

1390

1400

*********************************

0304-

1400
1420

STK

J MP

1430

*********************************

1440

1450

•SUBROUTINE TO SET TAPE POINTERS*

1460

1470

*********************************

0307-

1480

SET

LDA

#SAVE

0309-

1490

ST A

5 3C

030Q-

1500

LDA

/SAVE

3 0D-

1510

STA

S3D

030F-

1520

LDA

#SAVE+255

0311-

1530

ST A

S3E

0313-

1540

LDA

/SAVE+255

0315-

1550

ST A

$3F

0317-

1560
1570

RTS

1580

*********************************

1590

1600

* BYTE OUTPUT ROUTINE *

1610

1620

*********************************

0318-

1630

PPT

srx

XSAV STORE X PEG

031A-

1640

INC

031D-

1650

LDX

0320-

16 6

ST A

SAVE-l.X STORE BYTE

0323-

16 70

CMP

f$8D CP?

0325-

1680

3EQ

0327-

1690

LDX

XSAV RESTORE X REG

0329-

1700

JSR

COUT

032C-

1710

RTS

032D-

1720

LDA

0330-

1730

CMP

0332-

1740

BEQ

NPT

0334-

1750

JSR

SET

0337-

A 9

1760

LDA

»$20 5 SEC HEADER

33 9-

1770

JSR

WR WPITE TO TAPE

033C-

1780

LDX

XSAV RESTORE XREG

0335-

1790

LDA

#$89 OUTPUT CR

0340-

1800

JSR

COUT

0343-

1810

LDA

*0 RESET PT

0345-

1320

STA

034 0-

18 3

RTS

0349-

1840

NPT

LDA

#$80

034B-

1850

STA

PAVE

034E-

1860

JSR

SET

0351-

18 70

LDA

#$20

0353-

1880

JSR

WR WPITE LAST PEC

0356-

1890

LDA

JCOUT RESET PRINT

0358-

1900

ST A

$36

035A-

A 9

1910

LDA

/COOT

035C-

1920

STA

$37

035E-

1930
194

RTS

1950

*********************************

1960

1970

* BYTE INPUT ROUTINE *

1980

1990

*********************************

035F-

2000

RED

STX

XSAV

SAVE X REG

0361-

2010

INC

0364-

20 20

LDX

036 7-

2030

LDA

SAVE-l.X

GET BYTE

036A-

2040

C"P

#$8D

CR?

036C-

2050

BNE

NCR

036E-

2060

LDA

0371-

2070

CMP

037 3-

2080

BEQ

NKEY

0375-

2090

JSR

0378-

2100

LDA

037A-

2110

STA

037D-

2120

RCR

LDA

#$8D

LOAD CR

037F-

2130

NCR

LDX

XSAV

RESTORE X REG

0381-

2140

RTS

0382-

2150

NKEY

LDA

IKSW

GIVE CONTROL

0384-

2100

STA

$38

TO KEYBOARD

0386-

2170

LDA

/KSW

0388-

2180

STA

$39

038A-

2190

JMP

RCR

038D-

2200

LDA

#RED

GIVE INPUT

038F-

2210

STA

$38

CONTROL TO

0391-

2220

LDA

/RED

RED

0393-

22 30

STA

$39

0395-

2240

JSP

READ 1ST REC

0398-

2250

LDA

039A-

2260

STA

039D-

2270

RTS

039E-

2280

LDA

#PRT

GIVE OUTPUT

03A0-

2290

STA

$36

CONTROL TO

03A2-

2300

LDA

/PRT

PPT

03A4-

2310

STA

$37

03A6-

2320

LDA

»0

03A8-

2 3 30

STA

03AQ-

2340

RTS

03AC-

2350

JSR

SET

3AF-

236C

JSP

33 2-

2370
2380

RTS

.EN

Sterol

^gcite^®^

JOURNAL OF APPLE APPLICATIONS Vol No.

EDITED Br
DAVID E. SMITH

\ PUBLISHED Br CQMPUk

\ ! Mutator*

rou SOUGHT THE BEST! NOW LEARN TO USE IT)

AT LAST!

A magazln* d«vot«d to AppHemilonm as
w«ll aa Taohnlqua far tha Appla Computai

THE APPLE SHOPPE WILL TEACH YOU HOW TO
DO ALL THOSE FANCY THINGS ON THE APPLE.
LEARN HOW OTHERS ARE USING THEIR
APPLES IN THE HOME, SCHOOLS AND BUSI-
NESSES.

I I YES I want to learn how to get the most out ol my Apple. Send me a one year

subecriptlon. I enclose S12.

ADDRESS:
CITY

D NO, I already Know It all, but send me a Ires sample ol next issue.

Send ctiecx or money order to: Apple Shoppe, P.O. Box 701, Ptacentia. CA 92670
or call (714) 99*0*41

microsystems

P.O. Box 687

224 S.E. 16th Street

Ames, Iowa 50010

DPim

DAIM is a complete disk operating system for the ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL
AIM 65. The DAIM system includes a controller board (with 3.3K operating system in
EPROM) which plugs into the ROCKWELL expansion motherboard, packaged power
supply capable of driving two 5 1/4 inch floppy drives and one or two disk drives
mounted in a unique, smoked plastic enclosure. DAIM is completely compatible in
both disk format and operating system functions with the SYSTEM 65. Commands
are provided to load/save source and object files, initialize a disk, list a file, list a disk
directory, rename files, delete and recover files and compress a disk to recover
unused space. Everything is complete — plug it in and you're ready to go! DAIM
provides the ideal way to turn your AIM 65 into a complete 6500 development
system. Also pictured are CSB 20 (EPROM/RAM) and CSB 10 (EPROM programmer)
which may be used in conjunction with the DAIM to provide enhanced functional
capability. Base price of $850 includes controller board with all software in EPROM,
power supply and one disk drive. Now you know why we say —

There is nothing like a

Dflim

Phone 515-232-8187

Why a PET, APPLE, 6502 BASIC
Compiler? A Simple Explanation

BASIC, on almost all 6502 microcomputers, is run with
an Interpreter. A more efficient method of running
BASIC is through a Compiler. This article discusses
what a Compiler is, how it works, and discusses a
BASIC Compiler currently under development.

Bruce M. Beach

Homing's Mills

Ontario, LON 1JO

Canada

A group of Canadian PET users are
developing a compiler for the PET that
will also be usable on the APPLE or any
6502 based computer. This may be a very
significant step in regards to the
usefulness of the PET.

This article answers the questions
indicated in its sub-headings. So as not
to waste your, the reader's, time, you
should just go to those sub-headings to
which you do not know the answer.

The Topics Being Covered are:

1. What is a compiler?

2. What is the difference between a com-
piler and an interpreter?

3. What is the difference between a
direct compiler and a p-code compiler?

4. Why would a BASIC compiler be so
useful on a PET?

5. What is the status of the CANPET
BASIC compiler?

What is a Compiler?

A compiler is a computer program
which takes a set of instructions, written
according to some set of rules, and
transforms it into a machine language
computer program, a string of binary
characters. This is the real machine
language. Everything actually stored in
the machine can be represented by a
combination of 1 and digits.

Early computers built in the I950's
were programmed with strings of binary
numbers and it was extremely difficult
to tell where an error had been made in a
long binary string as, 10111010110101.
There are convenient methods of conver-
ting binary numbers to other number
bases such as octal, hexadecimal, or
decimal. Thus programmers were able to
use more recognizable numeric strings
such as, 73 (Octal) or A2 (Hex) to repre-
sent their Instruction Code. Operations
performed by a computer (such as add,
subtract, or move data from one location
to another) have specific operation
codes assigned to them. Some com-
puters have as many as four hundred dif-
ferent operations (op-codes) in their in-
struction set.

Because it was still easy for a pro-
grammer to become confused about
what the numbers represent, a still more
simplified method of representing pro-
grams was developed using what are
called mnemonics (nuhh-monics). For
example, the letters AD might be used
for add, SB for subtract, and LDA for
load register A. This method of writing
programs is sometimes mistakenly call-
ed machine language programming; in
fact, together with symbolic addressing,
it is Assembler Language Programming.

A program has to be available that
will recognize the mnemonics of the
assembly language instructions,
translate them into the appropriate op-
codes, and allocate actual storage loca-
tions for those Represented by the pro-

grammer as symoolic names. Such a
program is called an assembler. If such
a program (an assembler) is not
available and the operating instructions
are written using only numeric code, the
program is said to have been "hand
assembled".

More powerful assemblers keep
track of address locations in programs
and may provide various helpful debugg-
ing aids. However, even the most power-
ful assemblers still require an
understanding of assembly language in
order to use them; and more importantly
still, the more powerful they are the
more likely they are to be untranspor-
table. That is to say they are unlikely to
be able to move from one model of a
machine to another because they usual-
ly gain their "macropower" from
features inherent in a particular
machine.

Because a great deal of skill and ef-
fort is required to write a program in
assembly language, new languages call-
ed higher level languages were designed
to make life easier. The first widely used
such higher level language was FOR-
TRAN (FOR-mula TRAN-slater) used
mainly by the mathematically oriented.
The FORTRAN compiler allowed the pro-
grammer to express his problem in
rather conventional looking
mathematical notation and then took
the program SEE BOX and converted it
into assembly language instructions or
directly into Machine Code.

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:9

Another high level language,
COBOL (Common Business Oriented
Language), was developed tor accoun-
tants and the business community
which allowed these professionals to ex-
press their computer programs in ex-
pressions easily learned by them. The
COBOL compiler (a program written in
machine language) took the user's pro-
gram written in COBOL and compiled it
into an executable machine language
program. Other well known languages
which require compilation are "C",
FORTH and PASCAL. Compilers have
been or are being developed for the PET
for the languages "C", FORTH and
PASCAL, but to date there has been no
compiler for the full BASIC language.
The following discussion will point out
the usefulness of such a compiler and
tell you when and where one will be
available.

What is the Difference Between
a Compiler and an Interpreter?

The code which a programmer
writes in a higher level language is call-
ed the source code and the output from
the compiler, which processes that
code, is called the object code. In the
process of making the conversion a
compiler may have to make several
"passes", i.e., complete scans through
the source code, so compilers are often
distinguished as being single or multiple
pass compilers. It usually takes a multi-
ple pass compiler longer to compile than
a single pass compiler but the multiple
pass compiler might be preferable if, for
example, the object code it generates is
more efficient.

In any case, once the compiler has
completed its task the object code can
be saved and used over and over again
without recompiling. Interpreters, such
as the BASIC Interpreter found in the
PET and other popular micro-computers,
do not work in this manner. They take
the user's source program, written in the
higher level language (the BASIC
statements), and analyze (interpret) each
statement one at a time to determine its
equivalent machine code, and then ex-
ecute this code. Moreover, and this is
the chief drawback to interpreters, they
do not save the object code. The next
time that BASIC statement is executed
the machine again has to interpret that
line of code. For example, if there is a
FOR.... NEXT loop in the program that
contains six statements between the
FOR and the NEXT and the loop is to be
executed 100 times, then each of those
six lines of code will be interpreted
(translated) into machine language 100
times. This results in a total of 600
translations made by the interpreter,
whereas the compiler would have made
only six. In both cases, the machine
code is performed 600 times; but in the
interpretation, the analysis represents a

significant overhead which is absent in
the compiled version.

Purists may object that this is a
somewhat simplified explanation
because, in fact, the interpreter stores
token (numbers) for the BASIC
keywords, and often jumps to predefin-
ed specific runtime routines rather than
assembling new code. However, in prin-
cipal the interpreter works in this man-
ner and for this reason interpreted pro-
grams are 10 to 100 times slower in ex-
ecution than compiled programs.
Another factor which often slows down
an interpreter is that it must repeatedly
do much error checking that a compiler
does only one time.

The advantage of an interpreter,
however, is that one need not wait for
the compile to take place before execu-
tion. So long as high speed in program
execution itself is not needed, an inter-
preted program may perform quite fast
enough; and although there may be
other reasons (some of which will be
described later) that may make compila-
tion desirable, it is apparent that an in-
terpreter will reduce the time required
for program development.

There are advantages to an inter-
preter besides convenience in program-
ming. Source code requires much less
memory than object code. A single con-
cise BASIC statement such as:

If X = (Y * L) / M THEN R = X + (M - L),

expands through compilation into many
machine language statements. Conse-
quently a much longer program can be
written in BASIC and stored in a small
computer that interprets each line and
"throws away" the object code im-
mediately after it is used, than in a
machine that has to store all the object
code before execution begins.

Incidentally, there are many high
level languages that are not general pur-
pose programming languages. RPG's
(Report Program Generators), for exam-
ple, are high level languages used to for-
mat reports. There are also many DBM
(Data Base Management) languages
(such as ADABAS, MARK IV, etc.) that
are used to access large files of data. On
the surface these programs appear very
similar to the languages processed by
compilers as regards the syntactical
rules they require for input. That is to
say the user writes a "program" for his
application that is in many ways like a
computer program that he would write
for a compiler. However, while these
systems do what they are designed to do
very well (i.e., access some particular
data base), they are not general purpose
languages and cannot be used efficient-
ly for many purposes that a compiled
language can.

To summarize then, a compiler
translates the source code into object
code one time which is then used over
and over again; whereas an interpreter,
such as PET's BASIC, "throws away"
the object code after each execution and
then must re-translate again from the
source before an instruction can be us-
ed again. The advantage of using an in-
terpreter is that it takes much less
memory to store a whole program in
source format rather than in object for-
mat, and execution takes place im-
mediately rather than waiting for a com-
plete new re-compile after each program
change. However, among its other ad-
vantages, a compiled program can be
executed at more than ten times the
speed of an interpreter and this is often
critical in certain applications.

What is the Difference Between a Direct
Compiler and a P-Code Compiler?

A compiler then, takes the source
language code of a particular high level
language and translates it into object
code-that is to say, into the machine
language op-codes. Because a computer
always automatically executes the next
instruction following the one it is
presently executing (unless there is a
branch), it is much faster not to have any
branches. However, code written
without branches would usually require
more memory than is available internally
to the computer. Also, it would not take
advantage of the "conditional" branch-
ing or decision making power of the
computer which is the essence of a pro-
gram.

Consequently, one of the major
design decisions in designing a com-
piler is the trade-off between using
memory-consuming repeating code "in-
line" to save branches and increase
speed, or making time-consuming
repeated branching to the same sub-
routines in order to conserve memory. A
JSR (Jump-to-Sub-Routine) requires the
computer to save from the PC (Program
Counter) the next address it would have
executed in sequence, and load instead
in the program counter the address of
the sub-routine instruction. On RTS
(Return from Sub-routine) the instruction
address that was originally saved must
then be restored to the PC. If there were
only a few instructions in the sub-
routine, there will be no saving of
memory and time will be wasted in going
to the sub-routine. The computer instead
simply could have processed the next
couple of instructions. However, if the
sub-routine contains many instructions,
memory will be saved by going there at
the expense of a little time for making
the branches. It all depends on the
relative value of speed and memory in a
particular system.

A compiler designer soon finds that

20:10

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

certain large blocks of code are used
repeatedly. Therefore, every time a
source program requests a certain type
of activity the compiler causes the ob-
ject code to jump to the specified block
of code that can handle that activity.
Sometimes two activities are similar,
although not identical; but if the code for
each is very long and the differences are
minor, it is frequently more efficient to
generalize the code and then to
distinguish between the differences of
the activities within the block of code.
Now again, there are some trade-offs
most likely requiring some additional
branches for each of the activities that
would not be necessary if they had their
own unique code. We are in fact "inter-
preting" at execution time some of the
code within the compiler-generated
code. This then is not true object code
for what was the source statement but is
in a very limited -sense Pseudo Code
(P-Code).

While this type of approach is pre-
sent to some extent in almost all com-
pilers, some compilers make heavy use
of this approach. The generalized code
that will interpret the specific
statements generated as object code by
the compiler amounts to an "overhead"
in both usage of memory and in execu-
tion time.

Some FORTH and PLM compilers
currently available for the PET are so
heavily dependent on these techniques
that the resulting object code executes
as little as 3 times as fast as the BASIC
Interpreter. These same compilers re-
quire several K overhead in memory for
the specialized routines that conse-
quently become a part of all programs,
whether they are actually used or not.
This can be very detrimental in some im-
portant situations.

It is possible to write a compiler
that is resident in memory and interprets
all of the code at execution time. In such
a case we have come full circle and have
what we started with-an interpreter.
This is indeed why many of the so-called
compilers perform little better than an
interpreter.

How, then, can one tell whether or
not they have a "true" direct compiler or
a largely P-code simulator? The answer
is by benchmarking. Because there are
different design philosophies behind dif-
ferent compilers, one must take a com-
piler and compare it to the other alter-
natives (i.e., other compilers or the inter-
preter). One does this by writing a test
program with statements similar to the
type they use in actual applications.
Perhaps for one user there are lots of
loops and string handling. Another user
may particularly use math functions and
arrays. The particular test program is
then run using both products and the
results are compared. Only in this way

will you know which of the two products
will perform better in terms of compile-
time and/or execution-time. Other impor-
tant considerations may be
maintenance, direct access to the object
code to allow modification, types of
statements available, ease of operation,
documentation, support, expected im-
provement or obsolescence, etc.

To summarize this section then, a
"direct-compiler" uses relatively less
pseudo-code and executes faster than
straight P-code compulers. Performance
can only be determined by benchmark-
ing for specific applications.

Why Would a Basic Compiler be So
Useful on a PET?

Aside from the considerable speed
improvement that can be obtained from
a well compiled program, are there any
other advantages to using a BASIC com-
piler? Most definitely, yes. However,
before elaborating let us pursue the
question of speed itself. For many ap-
plications the PET's BASIC interpreter's
speed is entirely adequate. It is in real
time applications (such as process con-
trol, where the PET is monitoring some
other device attached to it through an in-
terface such as the IEEE-488 Port,
located on the back of the machine) that
greater speed is needed. Since only the
PET among popular personal micro-
computers has the necessary IEEE Port
for attaching many laboratory and
technical devices, faster programs are
also more significant to PET users.

There are a number of S-100 bus ap-
plications that could benefit from in-
creased program speed and these can
be implemented on the PET through
available S-100 interface boards. Often
only a few specific routines need the
higher speed afforded by assembly
language programming and this could
be accomplished by writing those few
routines in assembly language and do-
ing a SYS call from the BASIC program
to them. This latter approach, however,
still requires that the programmer
understand assembler language;
whereas, by using a BASIC compiler, he
needs only know BASIC.

Where a BASIC compiler can really
shine is in the development of
marketable systems. There are now
available for less than $300, systems
that interface directly with the PET that
can be used for burning PROMS (pro-
grammable read only memories) and
E-PROMS (ultra violet erasable proms).
These chips will fit into socket holders
inside the new 16K PETS, or the socket
holders in the expansion boards on the
old 8K PETS, and can hold a machine
language program in readiness for a
user, even when the computer is turned
off-they are called non-volatile.

This makes it convenient for users
still to be able to use their computer in
just the same way as any other PET user.
But at the same time, they are able to
step up to a PET that contains a PROM
programmed for a specific task and im-
mediately access the special program
without having to wait for it to load from
a tape or disk. In addition to making the
computer easier for the user to use, this
is also a very convenient way for the
developer to distribute his program and
makes copying of it much more difficult
than if it were on tape. The producer's in-
cremental cost of duplicating programs
for distribution using PROMS should be
well under $20 each.

More importantly, we can go one
step further and take a program that has
been written on the PET in BASIC, com-
piled, and stored in PROM and use that
PROM along with a 6502 micro-
processor to build up an entirely
separate device that no longer involves
the PET at all. In this way the PET has
become a very powerful development
tool for the garage or basement inventor
that is comparable to similar develop-
ment systems that have been used in in-
dustry for the last several years but that
have cost many thousands of dollars. A
true BASIC direct compiler will therefore
allow serious PET users to develop from
PROMS, faster and more memory effi-
cient object code while using the power
of the present PET BASIC interpreter for
rapid program development.

What is the Status ol the CANPET
BASIC Compiler?

In June 1979 work was begun on a
PET BASIC direct one-pass compiler.
The language supported by this com-
piler is intended to be identical with that
supported by the PET BASIC interpreter
with the exception of dynamic array
declaration/allocation.

The Co-ordinators of the project,
Mr. Bruce Beach and Mr. Brian Beswick,
have retained the service of a Toronto-
based consulting firm with nearly 15
years of software experience and exper-
tise in compiler design. Assistance is
also being given by interested and
knowledgeable individuals in the Cana-
dian PET community, such as Mr. Jim
Butterfield.

The first pre-releases of the com-
piler should be available for use by the
time this article appears in print. Initial
users will be sought in a wide diversity
of applications so that the compiler's
performance can be critically evaluated.
Any persons who feel they would like to
participate in the early evaluation pro-
cess are invited to contact the Author.

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:11

Article Summary

A BASIC direct compiler that makes
minimal use of P-code is being
developed for the PET and APPLE or any
6502 based computer by a private Cana-
dian group. It is anticipated that the
resulting object code will require more
storage than the source BASIC provided
to the interpreter but less than that
generated by other presently available
compilers.

The chief advantage of the new
compiler is that its resulting code
should execute many times faster than
the speed obtained by using the PET or
APPLE'S BASIC interpreter.

The new compiler in combination
with the present powerful PET and AP-
PLE BASIC interpreters should greatly
facilitate the development of new
systems that take advantage of the
PET's and APPLE'S 6502 microprocessor
and the PET's IEEE-488 Port com-
patabilities.

DO 300 1=1 ,N

IF (CR(I) .EQ.O) GOTO 300

IF (STRTSW(I) .EQ.O) GOTO 4

CR(I)=0
C CHECK IF INFORMATION COMING

IF (STEP(I) .GT.6) GOTO 301

BFPTR(I)=BFPTR(I)-1
C YES INFORMATION

TrSTEP(I)

DO 300 J = 1 .BFPTR(I)

INFOU.T, J)=BUFFER(I, J)
300 CONTINUE

STOP

END

Figure 1: Example of Fortran Routine

Serious users who would be willing
to help benchmark and critically
evaluate the performance of this new

BASIC compiler are invited to contact
the author, Mr. Bruce M. Beach,
Homing's Mills, Ontario L0N 1J0,

Canada, (519)925-6035, or Mr. J. Brian
Beswick, 1755 Rathburn Road, Unit 45,
Mississauga, Ontario L4W 2M8
(416)624-5225.

IF FEMALE GO TO WOMAN

ELSE GO TO MAN.
WOMAN. IF WEIGHT < MIN- FEMALE- WT (J)

SUBTRACT WEIGHT FROM KIN-FEMALE-WT (J) GIVING LBS-U (NU)

GO TO SKINNY.

IF WEIGHT > MAX-FEMALE-WT (J) SUBTRACT MAX-FEMALE-WT (J)

FROM WEIGHT GIVING LBS-OV (NOV)

GO TO FAT.

GO TO NORMAL.
MAN. IF WEIGHT < MIN-MALE-WT (J)

Figure 2; Example of Cobol Routine

Bringing Music Home

Being a spectator is great
. . .but why not participate?

• Sing along

• Compose

• Play
\ \ • Learn from Specialists

LET MICRO MUSIC TURN y6uR APPLE ][ ® INTO A FAMTCY MUSIC CENTER!

VISIT THE APPLE DEALER NEAREST YOU AND ASK FOR A
DEMONSTRATION OF MMI'S MICRO COMPOSER™
The MICRO COMPOSER LETS YOU—

• Play up to 4 simultaneous voices

• See all 4 voices at the same time you're hearing the music — a
must for music editing!

• Enter music notes by a fast, simple and well-tested coding
system.

• Program the pitch, rhythm, and timbre of the music. Tempo is
varied by the Apple paddle.

• Choose 7 different tone colors for each voice or create your
own tone color.

• Compose, edit, display, and play music through an interactive,
command-driven language that's easy to learn.

• Save your music on disk or cassette.

• Hear quality music sound at low cost through the MICRO MUSIC
DAC card. No amplifier needed! Designed for MMI by Hal
Chamberlin and Micro Technology Unlimited.

• Select from future MMI music instruction software to accompany
the MICRO MUSIC DAC.

Ask your local dealer for information on MMI products, or contact:

The MICRO COMPOSER is an APPLE II® compatibile, low-cost
music system designed by the folks at MMI. Our music software was
designed by leading experts in music education. A simple step-by-
step instruction manual leads you through entering, displaying,
editing, and playing music with up to four voices — soprano, alto,
tenor, and bass. You can change the sound of each voice to reed,
brass, string, or organ sounds and you can even color your own music
sounds!

HAVE FUN! THE MICRO COMPOSER comes complete with on instruction manual,
software disk or cassette — in either Integer or Applesoft ROM BASIC, and the MICRO
MUSIC DAC music card. Just plug the MICRO MUSIC DAC into the APPLE extension slot
and connect the audio cable to a speaker.

Suggested retail price $220.

VliCrO MUSiC InC 309 Beaufort, University Plaza, Normal, IL 61761

APPLE II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc

Human Physiological
Parameters

One of the most common complaints about the home
computer is that it does not really do much for the
average consumer. After you balance your checkbook,
then what? Here is a program, based on scientific data
and studies, which calculates the proper weight for an
individual as a function of height, body build, and sex.
Written in Applesoft BASIC, it should be easily adapted
to any other reasonable BASIC.

Dr. L.S. Reich

3 Wessman Drive

West Orange, NJ 07052

Introduction

The focus of public interest in nutri-
tion has changed markedly during the
past decade. In the past, the emphasis
was on eating more of everything. In-
creasingly, the message is to eat less.
The reason for the turnabout is that
many foods are believed to be factors in
causing or promoting such degenerative
diseases as heart disease, diabetes, etc.
Diet is also involved in an especially
prevalent disease, obesity (excessive
weight).

Excessive weight is associated with
cardiovascular and renal diseases,
diabetes, degenerative arthritis, gout,
etc. On the basis of life insurance
statistics, the most nearly ideal weight
to maintain throughout life is that which
is proper at age 25 for one's height and
body build. Thus, height-weight tables

no longer indicate figures beyond ages
of 25-30 years. A deviation of not more
than 10 percent above or below the
desirable weight for a given individual is
not considered significant. The term
overweight is applied to persons who are
10-20 percent above desirable weight;
obesity is applied to persons about 20
percent or more overweight. Under-
weight generally applies to those in-
dividuals who are more than 10 percent
below the established standards. Those
who are more than 20 percent below
such standards are considered to be
seriously underweight.

Height-weight tables provide only
approximations on the degree of
fatness. More accurate measures of
body fatness include measurements of
thickness of subcutaneous tissue at
designated body locations using
calipers or by determination of body
density by means of underwater

weighing. If has been estimated that
about one-half of all men over 30 are at
least 10 percent overweight and that
one-quarter are obese. The incidence is
higher for women, about 40 percent be-
ing obese by the age of 40.

Generally, the percent water in lean
individuals is higher than in obese per-
sons. The opposite is true in regard to
body fat. The human body generally con-
sists of 55-60 percent of body weight as
water, about 17 percent as lipids (which
includes fats), about 15 percent as pro-
tein, and about 1 percent as carbohy-
drates, about 5 percent of other
materials. The total body water relative
to body weight is usually lower in
females than in males. Also, the
predicted total body water has been
found to be closely related to predicted
surface area. Generally, the higher the
weight-% of body water, the lower the
weight- % of body fat.

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:15

PROGRAM LISTING

The Program

The program that follows indicates
what a person should weigh based on
height, body build and sex. The ideal
weights given are generally for men and
women of ages 25 and over. Besides
ideal weights, this program estimates
whether a person is obese, the percent
that a person's weight is above the max-
imum ideal weight, the weight-% of body
fat and of body water, and the body sur-
face area. These physiological para-
meters are applicable to those over the
age of 16.

Obesity is estimated by a critical
obesity index based upon Quetelet's in-
dex (Ql). This critical index is reached
when the individual's weight is about 18
percent above the maximum ideal
weight. Also, Ql is used to estimate body
fat (BF). The BF via Ql is in good agree-
ment with the value from weight-%
water (BW) using the expression:
100-137*BW (however, another expres-
sion for BF is used in this program).

In the program listing that follows,
REM statements are to be found in line
numbers 20, 96, 100, 132, 138, 143, 148,
162, 200, and 490. Line numbers 500-600
contain height-weight data for females
only while numbers 750-860 contain
height-weight data for males only. In line
number 50, W$(J,K) denotes an array for
heights and weights corresponding to
small, medium, and large body frames.
Line numbers 97-99 and 137 express the
program limitations for females (must
not have height below 5'0" or above
5'10", and if body frame is small,
physiological parameters will not be
given); while, lines 197-199 and 237 ex-
press the program limitations for males
(must not have heights below 5'4" or
above6'3", and if body frame is small,
physiological parameters will not be
given). Line numbers 133 and 233 deter-
mine the percent that an individual's
weight exceeds the maximum ideal
weight and, numbers 145, 150-160, 245
and 250-260 calculate Ql which is used
to determine body fat and whether or not
a person is obese.

Line numbers 165, 170, 175, 265,
270, 275 allow the estimation of body fat,
body surface area, and body water both
in men and women. Applesoft II BASIC
in ROM was employed and the program
required about 8.5K free bytes. (It may be
noted here that a BASIC master com-
mand list has been published ((flecrea-
tional Computing, Sept-Oct, 1979))
which is applicable to SOL-20, PET 2001,
APPLE II, and LEVEL II TRS-80 com-
puters.)

2 HOME

3 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM TELLS YOU WHAT T0U SHOULD WEIGH BASED ON
DATA ADAPTED FROM THE BOOK (WEIGHTS IN THIS BOOK WERE SUBTRACTED
BY 3 TO GIVE WEIGHTS IN BED CLOTHING, WHICH WERE USED IN THIS
PROGRAM), 'NORMAL & THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION' (13TH EDITION), »;

4 PRINT "BY C.H. ROBINSON, 1972, P.848 (MACMILLAN). HEIGHT
LIMITATIONS ARE, FOR WOMEN: 5-0 TO 5-10; FOR MEN: 5-4 TO 6-3
(NO SHOES). IDEAL WEIGHTS GIVEN ARE FOR BED CLOTHING AND ARE
FOR ";

5 PRINT "MEN AND WOMEN OF AGES 25 AND OVER (FOR GIRLS 18-25,
SUBTRACT 1 POUND FOR EACH YEAR UNDER 25)."

6 PRINT "BESIDES IDEAL WEIGHTS, THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES OBESITY,
BODY FAT, BODY SURFACE AREA, AND TOTAL BODY WATER. THESE ARE
APPLICABLE TO THOSE OVER THE AGE OF 16. GENERALLY, THE % TOTAL
BODY WATER IS LOWER IN FEMALES THAN IN MALES. ";

7 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT "PRESS 'CONT' TO CONTINUE!"; :PRINT: STOP:
PRINT

8 PRINT "FURTHER, THE * OF WATER IN LEAN PERSONS IS HIGHER THAN IN
OBESE PERSONS. ABOUT 55-60* OF THE BODY WEIGHT IS WATER. A
DEVIATION OF NOT MORE THAN 10* ABOVE OR BELOW THE DESIRABLE
WEIGHT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL IS NOT ";

9 PRINT "CONSIDERED SIGNIFICANT. THE TERM 'OVERWEIGHT' IS GENERALLY
APPLIED TO PERSONS WHO ARE 10-20* ABOVE THE DESIRABLE WEIGHT.
'OBESITY' IS APPLIED TO PERSONS WHO ARE ABOUT 20* OR MORE OVER-
WEIGHT. ";

10 PRINT "IN THIS PROGRAM, OBESITY IS DETERMINED BY A CRITICAL
OBESITY INDEX BASED UPON 'QUETELET'S INDEX' (Ql). THIS
CRITICAL INDEX IS REACHED WHEN THE PERSON'S WEIGHT IS ABOUT
18* ABOVE THE MAXIMUM IDEAL WEIGHT. ALSO, Ql IS USED TO ";

11 PRINT "ESTIMATE BODY FAT (BF). THE BF VIA Ql IS IN GOOD
AGREEMENT WITH THE VALUE FROM TOTAL BODY WATER USING: *BF-100-
(137* WT. WATER/BODY WT.).": PRINT: PRINT "PRESS 'CONT' TO
CONTINUE!": STOP: PRINT

12 PRINT "MORE REFERENCES: HUME & WEYERS, J. CLIN. PATH. , VOL. 21* ,
PP. 234-238 (1971); JAMES, (A DHSS/MRC REPORT) HER MAJESTY'S
STATIONERY OFFICE, LONDON, 1976 (ISBN 11 450034 7). REMARKS
ARE TO BE FOUND IN LINE #'S 20, 96, 100, 132, 1 38 , 143, 148, 162,
200, 490."

20:16

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

►a

,-a

O
Eh

«i

X
CO

<=*

►J

• »

•—

■v

■ ■

■

J-

•«>

►J

•

►J

•

.—

■ —

■

►J

< —

•■'

^-*

•

••

►J

^-N

••

■ •

^"N

—

C--

►J

—

(\J

5fc

=«

■<

• *

©»

■ —

►J

l-H

«—

—

^-N

••

M
W

>H
O

1*.

pa
a

<
>

•

M
CK

, fc

►J

M
CO

CK
O

^-N

-a-

rij

<\J

rij

l_3

^"N

*—

•«

*—

•"

•

t»

po.

^-^

• •

^— s

■—

(\J

^-N

oil

• •"

•—

•

•—

^-N

be!

•—

rij

<\J

■-•

*»

*—

«A

•—

*—

•

*—

^-N

■

•«

CS*

•■>

•

<? ;- s

Eh
O

fc>

•«

fifl

•—

►J

•

fc>

ft E-

• Eh

■

*^f

•a!

*^*

n_ £ Z

• •

• 4

►J

«A

^«* ~

4 M

—

►J

■

e n

■

w O ■

—

•

■

&• f^

■

to pa

s £

: a

* 5

M S

c C5

■<

cs*

(\J

C^-

<NJ

-3/

-3-

-a-

J-

v£>

CO
CK

•<
►J

(\J

■

••

*— V

St
Eh

••>

►J

a
cs

X
O

■

J fc

pa
a

— ■

^-*

■ cc

<\i

■

►J

f->

.—

■

•<

»-3

•■

^rf»

►J

*^s

^-N

• •

•»

f->

^-N

•A

J-

^-N

•

^ — *

•"5

l-H

•^

*^>

r—

•—

«ft

•-3

—

••

• •

■

^-»

Eh
Z

".)

SB
M

•A

J-

•~

(\J

KN,

J-

Eh
O
ft

rA
00

CK
ft

<
>
+

■

CK
g

M
Eh

<
Eh
M
X
M
►J

CK
C3

CO
CO

on
on
I

«o

O Hi

3 g

M
►J

CK
O
ft

z
o

CO Eh

pa •<

►J Eh

I 5

CK
ft

Eh
Z

CK
ft

O
VD

CO
M

CO
CO

Q
Z

a
►j

- x

o
00

Eh
O

CK cs
ft ft

o «

X Eh

CO o

o —

< I

Eh
Z

Q
Z

ft
ft

Eh
CK

Eh CO

Z M s
M

? ^ 3

ft a o

o M

Z M Eh

g S g g

CK O

§ g
X M

Q O

z z

o
o

J X
5 CK

to ft
ft
o

.J z

z <

o o

a
a

Eh m

3 S

CK
ft

O
Cn-

a.
o

►J

<
pa

u ck

CO s

E> O

■a! X
O

a o

Z X

Eh
O

CK
C5
O

CK
ft

^ M

J-

Eh
O

mom

CO ON On

x
►J
z
o

<
x
pa
ft

O
O

a
a

M
CO

S5
O

CO
CO
V.

o
o

<? g

cu ^^

a
a

j-
kn.

(\J

E-i

g
6-i

9 s

vs l>-
QI rvj

a.
a.

W
Eh

SB
O

i-3

■a!
55
O

-3-

IA
rvj
o

O
M

>
+

OO —

rvj

o w

o *<*
ca Q

•• X

£ ^^

- i-3

» <<

O >

■
o

Eh IS

O
-3"
rvj

>A
LA

-3-

O IA O

O f\J O

CO CO

S3 § 1

o
o

IA O
J- IA
r\J rvj

cs o

I
I

CB
Ch

IA
VD
rvj

I"
Eh

: CO

5 §
55 O

g B 3

MHO
CB O M
Ch Eh

33
Eh

I
I

X CB

I"
O

O
I"

o •

= CO

B =

g 8

2 s

IA
OJ

o
o

CO
Eh

•
o

y — »

«<

•

■ —

■a!

rvl

•

CB
O

•

■-

£.

•^f

•

N-^

•

M
Ch

o
o

IA K\

• O

-3-

i ?

•

= IA

CB C>-

O VD

•

-3-

H
Eh

s
s

IA
VD
OJ

IA C>-

CO O

ca m

o o
> S

9 2^

* — »
VD

*r\
IA

J-

8 X

B
S

9
i
i

CB
H

<!
*

O O
00 CT>

OJ -3"

— LA

J-

<
Eh

On rA

T 7

tv- o

o —

aj
o

IA
O

ON ^ —

<? 7 <V

LT\ IA IA

o o o

O ~ CM

IA IA LA

Eh
O

-3

i-3

Eh
O

LA W

<
Eh

>h
O

CB
Ch

-3"

1A
OO

O
O

o
o

<!
O

■ >H

a a

Eh
Eh

&
CO

p3 v.

-3"

•
-3"

-3"
fA

<!
O

CB
Ed
Eh

("
O

s
s

I B

OO H
oo P«

i-3

O
00

O
£h

o
o
o

*
*

a =

egg

J is

: I Ph

Ch
CO

a CB

M p.
X

3 g

> B

+ Ch

(M SB

r g

^ Eh

y — »

— -3"

• VD

*» >■

SB Eh
^^

o S

M ■«!

Eh
O

55
O

CB
Eh

CB
Ch

Ch
CO

K
Eh

Eh —

>
Eh

■
Eh

O
oo
<\J

B EH*

B Si

B 3

Eh
O

W
CO

s
o

r>-
A

>
Eh

CB
O

-3-
VD

M
Eh

-3"
rvj

»A
C\J

CB
O
Eh

i-3

CB
ta
O
in

CB
Ch

fA
fA
M

Eh «
M 5r

i-3
W -*
CB W
<! a

o s
"J I

I M
■ X

CO
CO

o
o

O
O

o LA
oo o>

o o o

O — rvj
rvj rvj rvj

fA
rvj

fA
»A
rvj

a
o

Eh
CO

PC
CO

g o

— UN

a a

o w

Eh ^

r a

a
o

l-H

9
O

KN
UN

r<N

3 3

i
i
i

X
W

O
1-1

CO
SB
O

OO
OO

n %

YOU J
CONGI

M
OO

s
s

Eh
«

•
UN
UN

9
i
■

a
j

<
W

EH
M

«<

•7
i
r

r<N

<\i

—

■

1
3

o
co

d s

E-i
CO

•a!
O

■*

■ <

1=1

s s

& e

o o

ON
VO

1-1

►3

CO £

-. s

OO Eh

o o

9
i
i

ONKNC"- — UNOUNC^ONKNCOKN?- — C^-OO^) — ^) —
KNJ-J-UNUNVOVO — -3-UNUNV0V0C-- — —000N0NO

_,— ,— »-,— .— .— I »— .— .— •—•— »— I I •— •— •— AJ

iiriiiioi'i 111 ^)— i i i r

OJvO O 4 OO l\l vfl UNAJ UNON-d-OOOJ UNvOUNO UNON

(^J(^JlAKN^r^J-J■^KNKNKNJ-J-uN^---vo^-^-^-
C^rvivoO-d-oorviUNvoO-d-ONKNC^vovorviC^rviC*-

OJKNKNJ-J-J-UN — KNJ-J-J-UNUN--.-C , -C , -0000

77T777T^7777T7t>-^*T*TT7

KNC--^UNONKNC , -J-J-C , -^UNa\KN-HrUNUNON-HrON
r- ^nj (VjrviKNKN — 'M'MKNI'NKN-tf'- ^-UNUNvOvO

io^ob^f-^--Hrvboj-obf\i5^uNUNONj-obi\J

i-MmnjKlK\4-^nlKllTilf\4-4'7'ririvOvON

7777777un777777^un7777

00 — UNONKNC--'-KNoO!-UNON!<NC 1 -J-J-ONKNC--' -
0»-«-«-f\Jf\JKN— *-<\Joj(\iKNKN— — -H^UNUNV^

JNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNliNUNUNUNvOvi3^)vXJtS]

oooooaoooooooooooooo

OOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOQOOQO
KNJ-UNVOC--OOONOUNVOC , -OOONO — (ViNNJ-UNvXlO
UNir\UNUNUNir\UNvi3C^C v -C^C^C v -o0O000000000o0»-

O
O

CO
CO

OO
CO
5s

►3

Eh
CO

O
O

o
o

CO
CO

SB
M
Q
«
O

Kn :

a s i a g

B - O fl -

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:19

Skylcs Electric Works

PET 2001-8 PET owners:

Do You Want Your PET

To Be a Word Processor, Too?

Well, it can be. ..with Skyles Electric Works' new Word Processing PCB
designed especially for the 2001-8. You'll need Commodore's new Disk
Drive, of course. And you'll need an additional 8K of RAM memory. (We
recommend the Skyles Memory Expansion System, of course.)

Skyles then supplies the interfacing PCB on which you can put the
Commodore Word Processor chip. Or, even better, you can buy from Skyles
the PCB complete with Commodore's Word Processor in place.

But wait: you can add the Toolkit at the same time; the Toolkit with the so
important ten commands. Here's the lineup:

The PCB, to accept the Word Processor only
The PCB, to accept both Word Processor and Toolkit
The PCB, to accept Word Processor; Toolkit tested and installed
The PCB with the Word Processor tested and installed
The PCB with both the Word Processor and Toolkit tested
and installed.

$ 30.00*

40.00*

90.00*

140.00*

190.00*

From S.E. W. only: custom designed for your PET 2001-8 to interface with
most memory expansion systems. Or, even better, with the 8KB Skyles
Memory Expansion System.

PET LOVERS SPECIAL:
S.E.W. MEMORY EXPANSION SYSTEMS

8KB Memory Expansion System $225
16KB Memory Expansion System $425
24KB Memory Expansion System $625

SPECIAL PRICE WITH PURCHASE OF ANY WORD
PROCESSOR OPTION ABOVE

This offer Expires February 14, 1980

2001-8 owners, you can now use your PET for word processing. Skyles
Electric Works didn't forget you...

'California residents: please add 6% or 6.5% sales tax as required
VISA, MASTERCHARGE ORDERS CALL (800) 538-3083 (except California residents)
CALIFORNIA ORDERS PLEASE CALL (408) 257-9140

Skyles Electric Works

10301 Stonydale Drive
Cupertino, California 95014
[408J735-7891

Lifetime of a Non-Renewable
Resource

One of the great problems facing the world today is the
conservation of resources, particularly those which can
not be readily renewed. The simple program is a good
model of an interactive BASIC simulation.

Marvin L. DeJong
Dept. of Math & Physics
The School of the Ozark s
Point Lookout, MO 25726

Are you interested in doing something
simple, serious, and of educational
value with your computer? Estimating
the lifetime of a non-renewable resource
such as coal, oil, or natural gas is often
a difficult calculation involving calculus
and the use of exponential or
logarithmic functions. The computer
makes it short and super simple, as you
will see. The results have serious impli-
cations. An editorial in our local paper
claimed that we have enough coal to last
for centuries. This may or may not be
true. Read on.

Suppose there are R tons of coal still
unmined. Also suppose that we use C
tons of coal per year. At the end of one
year we will have R - C tons left. The
next year we subtract C tons again, and
so on until our coal is gone. If we kept
track of the number of subtractions, we
would know how many years the coal
would last. This is the lifetime of the
resource.

However, we must take into account
that, typically, the production and con-
sumption of resources increases over
time. Our demand for electrical power,
fuel oil, natural gas, and gasoline grows.
The gross national product, or GNP, in-
creases in a healthy (?) economy.
Growth implies increases in the con-
sumption of resources, and this must be
taken into account when calculating the
lifetime of a resource.

Assume that consumption of a
resource grows by G percent per year. If
C tons of coal are consumed this year,
then next year we will consume C tons of
coal plus the increase, which is G/100
multiplied times C. Anyone who has
calculated interest compounded annual-

ly knows how to do the arithmetic. A sim-
ple example may help. If we use 500
million tons of coal this year, and our
growth rate in the consumption of coal
is 10 per cent per year, then next year we
will consume 500 million tons plus 10 per
cent of 500 million tons.

The calculation of the lifetime of a
resource is much the same as outlined
above, except that C increases by G per-
cent each year if the growth factor is
taken into account. A flowchart of the
entire process is shown in Figure 1, and

10 PRINT "THIS IS A PROGRAM TO CALCULATE HOW LONG A NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCE WILL LAST."

20 PRINT "TYPE IN THE ESTIMATED RESERVES OF THE RESOURCE."

30 PRINT "RESERVES-";

40 INPUT R

50 PRINT "TTPE IN THE ANNUAL RATE AT WHICH THE RESOURCE IS CONSUMED."

60 PRINT "CONSUMPTION RATE-";

70 INPUT C

80 PRINT "TYPE IN THE ANNUAL PERCENT INCREASE IN THE CONSUMPTION RATE."

90 PRINT "GROWTH RATE OF CONSUMPTION-" ;

100 INPUT G

110 G-G/100

120 Y=0

130 R-R-C

140 C-C+C*G

150 Y-Y+l

160 IF R > THEN 130

170 PRINT "YOUR RESOURCE WILL LAST"; Y; "YEARS."

180 END

Table 1: Resource Depletion Program

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:21

INPUT R.
| RESERVES

INPUT C.
CONSUMPTION

1-0
YEARS

R = R - C

Subtract

Consumption

from Reserve

C - C + C«G

Increase

Consume* ion

I - I + 1
Increment I

Figure 1: Flowchart to calaulate

the Lifetime of a Non-Renewable

Resource

the corresponding BASIC program is
given here. There is only one
approximation in the calculation. I
assumed that the consumption changes
abruptly at the end of a year, whereas it
actually changes more or less con-
tinuously throughout the year, much like
interest compounded daily. The approxi-
mation has little effect on the results.
The error is usually less than a year or
two.

Next we need some data to put into
the computer. This can be a bit tricky
because companies that sell the
resource tend to overestimate the
reserves, while conservationists are pro-
bably biased in the other direction. The
truth is most likely somewhere in the
middle. My data (and the inspiration for
this project) came from an article by Pro-
fessor Albert A. Bartlett in the
September 1978 issue of the American
Journal of Physics. The data, which I
have taken the liberty to round off to one
significant digit, appears in Table 1.
Other references you might want to
check are: Dr. M. King Hubbert, A
National Fuels and Energy Policy Study,
Serial 93—40 (92—75) Part I, U.S. GPO,
Washington, D.C., 1973, $2.35; and Dr. M.
King Hubbert, "Energy Resources of the
Earth" in Scientific American,
September 1971.

Almost any computer should take the
simple BASIC program given here. Mine
ran on my Microsoft BASIC for the
KIM-1. Since almost every step is il-
lustrated in the flowchart, no further ex-
planation of the program is necessary.
Load it and type in the data as they are
requested. When the last item is
entered, hit RETURN and wait for the
answer.

Now experiment with the input data.
Suppose the estimate of the reserve was
half as large as it really is. How does this
change the lifetime of the resource?
Does doubling the reserve double the
lifetime? Calculate the lifetime with a
per cent growth rate; a 10 per cent
growth rate. Get data on natural .gas,
copper, or other non-renewable
resources and run the program. What
are the actual conditions under which
coal will last for centuries?

Resource

U.S. Coal
U.S. Oil
World Oil

Reserves

500 billion tons
lOObillion barrels
2000 billion barrels

Current Consumption Rate Growth

0.7 billion tons per yr. 7%

6 billion barrels per yr. 8%

20 billion barrels per yr. 7%

Table 2: Data on Reserves, Consumption & Growth of 2 Resources

■■■ni

ssasl

immmmm

^raf^ : ep«^iff|^^ia|iKt'; '-'

'|m^^^^c^^.ir^t||rf'fefe^t^r;
gram's "arid 'Tepc^^^^aa:r'S0!(
^Tembefsftip $15.00. ■:': ', -^ ;"'" « 'W&d'i
; -' A^'Gfeaussey, M;D , " „'*; '

Medical GomputerJo

42 E. High Street ";"-..»; *'^1
■ E«arnptom,CT 06424 > >
? . • ' tefc (203f 26 . r ^^ii

:•%*''■'* APPtE%bFTlMWES- ; >iy^!
Optimization Library $20. ^

Structured BASIC ? " ; : "$25; ^ v
iii^ \ - APPLESOFT GAMES" * " l
FARES Lunar 'lander $12. (24K)i

INTEGER BASIC GAMES . -
2rDfayeV faster jiaze'. .,'■ ■ >'4p}0^
On disk or taro frofB: •.'•' <•* £ : ^
5 •'■/• SENSIBLE SOFTWARE ^ "t
: .' T P.O;Box 2395 :-- : •^■ ; i

,. Dearborn, Mi 48123 — ,

Weal" Tennis for DAPPLE It 16«C
TEtE^TEHNtS: a sophisticated, tf&-
dt© game tor two pfayersi S^de view
game features scoring,- numerous
serves, votteys, lobs, eta "Grefi&jr*
based, ideal gift! $9.95; checks oftFy.
* A2Devices

1370-D Baflena Blvd.

Alameda; CA 94501 ■• "

tef. (415) 763-4064

f. PET CONTEST!! $10.00 prize ■;
Mach. L Othello— must beat 5 times
'and doc. Multiply search by. D.
Schaeefcter, $15.00 entry fee. ':,

J.K. Johoson

9304- Emory Grv. Rd- '...-.*''-■:■. ■.:■"']
."!..' ©atttershufft. MD 20760 •
Challenger (25— Matches) A - f «W
screen video graphics and sound
game. Ptay your computer ora.ff$Bridt
For OST C— 1P and C^2P:-speeifr
system. 300— Baud' cassette "and
BocumentaUortOrty $5.00 post paid.

DW A Software .>■■•••. ..'■./■^iy'i

'4G£Rallcrest 7 '■.■■■'■£'-' -\

Mid»and r Mi 48640

iDGt Softwar&Curcor 2tback space
and etear screen from, keyooat<d> for
atf camp with DJC/W/M on bceafc
iBas. Clwsa tfuu graphlcsKi $19#pV
Word Process, (cassette) $9 ? 95;.
Backgammon- $9.95; (3> cate'&ws~j
fwcfc $*5.95,: Utility prog's, rrter^y
maps, «tc Catalogue $1:00; "
'<■' J. EndtefProgresslw Coroptrt^jg
3336 ftvoRdate Ct WHndsoik^ ."J
Ontario, Canadai, N9E1XBA;£v ?<:\

More- on page 37.

The Loneliness of the Microcomputer

While most of us would agree that the microcomputer is a
pretty great device, it is not without potential problems. One of
the possible drawbacks to the microcomputer which I have not
seen discussed is that of its almost exclusive "one-on-one"
utilization. Much has been said about this type of problem with
television. Instead of getting together with friends, family or
neighbors after dinner, how many people now just sit in front
of the "boob tube"? How much human interaction has been
given up in order to watch TV?

Microcomputers seem to be used in a mode very similar to
TV watching. One person interacts with the microcomputer.
Other people are not required and, unless you are showing off
your latest program, are generally not wanted! Hardly a
socialable device. Think about the things you do with your
micro. How marjy of them involve another human? Balancing
your check book, playing chess or life, solving equations ... the
list goes on. Most of the programs which have been listed in
the Micro Software Catalog and many of the programs
presented in articles have been of the single individual variety.

Assuming you agree that it would be nice to make the micro
more socialable, how can this be done? Some micro uses are
inherently individual. You do not necessarily want a friend

helping you balance your checkbook. Other areas can be
modified to permit multi-individual use and interaction. The en-
tire games area is open to the generation of games which
several people play, not just one. In a multi-person game, the
micro can be used to generate and maintain a very complex
playing situation, can generate sophisticated environments
and display them in a variety of forms, can be the score keeper
and when necessary the arbiter, can inform and assist the
players, can be a time keeper, and so forth. The micro is this
type of game is not the opponent. I hope that we will see more
games of this type in the near future.

Other multi-person micro applications are starting to ap-
pear. A number of systems are being set up which permit in-
dividuals to communicate with one another through their
micros. There should be other areas developed which permit
the multi-person utilization of micros. I feel that it is important
for every computerist to occasionally question how he is using
his equipment, and to determine what the secondary effects of
the uses may be.

•j6L6t*-'*f- < 4*yf

Subscription: One Year = 12 issues. Circle correct cate-
gory and write amount in space provided.

Surface:

United States $15.00

PO Box 6502
Chelmsford, Mass 01824

617-2S6-SS15

"The BEST of MICRO Volume 1" contains all of the impor-
tant material from the first six issues of MICRO in book
form.

"The BEST of MICRO Volume 2" contains all of the impor-
tant material from the second six issues [#7 to 12] of
MICRO in book form.

Back Issues:

All Other Countries

Air Mall:

Central America
Europe/So. America
All Other Countries

"BEST of MICRO Volume 1"
Surface
Air Mail

$18.00

$27.00
$33.00
$39.00

$7.00
$10.00

$9.00
$13.00

Issues 7 to 12:
Issues 13 on: .

No.

All payments must be in US dollars.

Make checks payable to: MICRO TOTAL

Foreign payments in International Money Order or cash.

If you are a subscriber, attach label or write subscription number here:

Name:

Address:

Surface @ $1.75 each
Air Mail ®$2.75 each
Surface @ $2.25 each
Air Mail @ $3.25 each

State:

City:

Country (if not U.S.):

Help MICRO bring you the info you want by completing this short questionnaire.
Microcomputers Owned/Planning to Buy: AIM SYM KIM PET APPLE OSI Other: . . .
Peripherals Owned/Planning to Buy: Memory Disk Video Printer Terminal Other: . .

Microcomputer Usage: Educational Business Personal Control Games Other

Languages Used: Assembler BASIC FORTH PASCAL Other:

Your comments and suggestions on MICRO:

Zip:

EASYWRITER? the 1st true Word Processor for the Apple!'

Are you looking for the best Word
Processor for your Apple? Well we are
so sure you'll choose EasyWriter that
we've prepared this ad to help you
make your decision EASY. Check out
these powerful features:

• Incremental spacing to support your
Qume, Diablo, or Spinwriter

• Character oriented (No line numbers
to deal with)

• Menu selectable routines for all
known printers and interfaces

• Word wrap around on screen for
continual text entry

• Our own new high speed DOS
(Twice as fast as Apple's)

• Of course full editing, disk, and
printer commands

• Subscripting, Superscripting, and
MORE MORE MORE . . .

The straight facts make EasyWriter the
only logical choice. By the same people
who brought you WHATSIT Available
at your local computer store or our new
California office!

793 Vincente
Berkeley, CA 94707
(415) 525-4046

It Isn't Software Until it Works!

'EasyWriter

EasyWriter is a TM of Cap'n Software
*Dr. Memory

Dr. Memory is a TM of Muse
'Big Edit

Big Edit is a TM of Gravey, Martin & Sampson, Inc.
'Apple Pie

Apple Pie is a TM of Programma International, Inc.
'Super-Text

Super-Text is a TM of Muse
Apple

Apple is a TM of Apple Computers, Inc.
Whatsit

Whatsit is a TM of Computer Headware

Incremental Spacing

Character Oriented Screen

Printer Interface Routines

Word Wrap Around

Editing Commands

High Speed Disk

50 Pages of Text per Disk

Subscripting & Superscripting

Your Choice

ORDER
FORM

Information
Unlimited
Software

146 N. Broad Street
Griffith, IN 46319
(219) 924-3522

CUT ALONG DOTTED LINE

Name:

Company:

Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

1 would like more information on:

ITEM

QUANTITY

PRICE

TOTAL

Easy Writer (EZ 2)

$ 99.95

Whatsit Model A-l (Apple)

125.00

Whatsit Model CP-2 (CP/M)

150.00

Whatsit Model NS-3 (N Star)

100.00

Whatsit Manual

25.00

EasyWriter Manual

30.00

Subtotal

CA Residents add 6% sales tax

Shipping & Handling

2.50

GRAND TOTAL

Master Charge or Visa Number

Sweet-16 Programming
Using Macros

Some very useful information is presented about
Macros in general, the APPLE II Sweet-16 Interpreter,
and how to use them together.

Richard C. Vile, Jr.

3467 Yellowstone Drive

Ann Arbor, Ml 48105

The history of computer program-
ming is replete with stories of the
development of new tools. Assemblers
were designed with the purpose of reliev-
ing the programmer of the tedium of pro-
gramming in binary machine language.
Over the course of the past twenty years,
various features have been added to
assembly languages to further ease the
pain. Prime among these inventions has
been the macro capability available in
many assemblers. Macros provide
means for extending the expressive
capabilities of assembly language.
Another software tool developed in re-
cent years is the virtual machine. A vir-
tual machine is emulated, imitated or in-
terpreted by a program. It provides
capabilities not directly available in the
hardware of the real machine on which it
is simulated. This article discusses the
combined application of macro
assembly and virtual machine inter-
pretation on the APPLE II personal com-
puter system.

Macro Assemblers

Macro assemblers extend the
capabilities of ordinary assemblers by
providing ways to abbreviate commonly
used sequences of instructions. Often a
programmer will use sequences of in-
structions that have identical opcodes
and addressing modes, but differ only in
the memory locations referred to. Con-
sider the following:

INC LOC1L
BNE =+5
INC LOC1H

and

INC LOC2L
BNE =+5
INC LOC2H

where the symbol ' =' is used to refer to
the location of the instruction being
assembled. These two sequences both
have the same purpose: to cause the 16
bit quantity stored in two consecutive
memory locations to be increased by
one. For this example we have assumed
that the locations are not in page zero
and are directly addressed. A macro
assembler will allow these sequences to
be abbreviated using a new symbol,
chosen by the programmer. The symbol
must be formally declared in a Macro
Definition, before it is used. Such a
definition is shown below using the
notation of the ASM/TED assembler of
Carl Moser:

! ! ! I N C D .MD (WHERE)
INC WHERE
BNE = +5
INC WHERE+1
.ME

The symbol WHERE does not represent
a specific memory location, but poten-
tially many different memory locations.

It is called, in assembler terminology, a
formal or dummy parameter. Even
though our example has only one formal
parameter, macros in general may have
many. The three exclamation marks
preceding the name INCD indicate to the
assembler that the label INCD is the
name of a macro. '.MD' stands for Macro
Definition and '.ME' stands for Macro
End. The sequence of instructions bet-
ween .MD and .ME is called the body of
the macro. Once a macro definition is
written into a program, the macro may
subsequently be called by using its
name in an instruction, as if it were an
opcode. More sophisticated macro
assemblers allow macros to appear in
any field of an instruction, rather than
just the opcode field. When a macro is
called, the programmer is obligated to
supply actual parameters to replace the
dummy parameters used in the defini-
tion. In the example given above, when
INCD is called, it must be accompanied
by the label associated with an actual
memory location used by the program:

INCD (COUNT)

The actual parameter is substituted for
all occurrences of the dummy parameter
in the macro body and the instructions
in the macro body are assembled direct-
ly into the program at the point of the
macro call. This is known as "expan-
ding" the call:

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:25

INC COUNT
BNE =+5
INC COUNT+1

Another way of thinking about
macros is to view them as small
subroutines which are inserted directly
into a program instead of being called.
When a short sequence of instructions
is commonly repeated, it may be
cheaper to make a macro out of it than
to make it into a subroutine. Part of the
reason for this is that it costs extra in-
structions to pass parameters to a.
subroutine, especially on a micro such
as the 6502, which has a limited number
of registers. In this example, particular-
ly, the difference is significant. In order
to convert the INCD macro into a
subroutine, we would need to figure out
a way to pass the address of the first
byte to be incremented. For example:

L D A "Low byte of address of

COUNT"
L D X "High byte of address

of COUNT"
JSR INCD

INCD

S T A CL Page Zero Loc
STX CH Next Page Zero Loc
LD Y #00 Assuming Y
i available- otherwise

;' TAY-PHA first.

(CL),Y

= +6

I N C
BNE
INY
I N C
RTS

(CL),Y

This is surprisingly more complicated
than the macro, which is why you pro-
bably never thought of making it into a
subroutine before. In general, if a
subroutine is short and if it involves
manipulating addresses of parameters,
then it may be worth converting to a
macro.

Assemblers vary widely in the
richness of features supported. One of
the more desirable features to use in
conjunction with the macro capability is
that of conditional assembly. This
enables a program to define instruction
sequences and, in particular, macros,
with much more flexibility. We shall see
this in action when we discuss the
Sweet-16 macros later. Conditional
assembly directives allow the program-
mer to control the actions taken by the
assembler.

Macros can be used to generate ar-
bitrary bit patterns into the stream of ob-
ject code produced by the assembly of a
program. There may be subtle reasons
for wishing to do this. One of those
reasons forms the meat of our principal
example: the bit patterns so generated

may form interpretive code which can,
via the macro capability, be interspersed
with ordinary machine code. By using
macros to generate the interpretive
code, the programmer is freed from the
odious task of hand assembly — a task
which could discourage him from using
the interpretive code in the first place.

Sweet-16

The 6502 microprocessor provides
no direct capability for handling 16 bit
quantities. In particular, the machine
has no internal 16 bit registers, save for
the PC. Thus, when it becomes neces-
sary to do 16 bit arithmetic, or to
manipulate pointers or 16 bit addresses,
the programmer is forced to write in-
struction sequences to simulate the re-
quired operations. The APPLE II firm-
ware contains a subroutine known as
the SWEET-16 "dream machine," which
does just that. It operates in an inter-
pretive mode, taking the sequence of
bytes following the instruction which
calls it as virtual or interpretive code.
Here's how it works.

When a JSR (Jump to Subfloutine)
instruction is executed by the 6502 pro-
cessor, the value of the program
counter, which in that case will be the
address of the last byte of the JSR in-
struction, is saved on the 6502 stack as
two consecutive bytes. When a RTS

"V* — »^r > nr -

(fleAirn from Subroutine) instruction is
executed within the called subroutine,
that address increased by one will be
restored from the stack to the PC, to
enable the 6502 to continue executing
instructions following the JSR instruc-
tion. (See Figure 1.) The fact that the
"return" address is saved on the stack
means that the called subroutine can, in
fact, find out where it was called from.
More than that, it can use the return ad-
dress and the indirect addressing mode
of the 6502 to actually retrieve the se-
quence of bytes following the calling in-
struction. That is precisely what the
Sweet-16 subroutine does.

The Sweet-16 interpreter takes ad-
vantage of the fact that the return ad-
dress is at the top of the 6502 stack. It
pops the two bytes from the stack and
transfers them to a pair of page zero
locations which it then uses as an in-
direct address to locate the sequence of
interpretive instructions following the
JSR which called it.

Thus the return address of the
Sweet-i6 subroutine becomes the ad-
dress of the first instruction to be ex-
ecuted by the Sweet-16 machine. As the
Sweet-16 machine executes instruc-
tions, it updates this address to point to
the next virtual instruction to be ex-
ecuted. When the Sweet-16 interpreter
finds an interpretive instruction

Scallin

calling instruction

PC <■- (PC+1)

PC H f-(PC+2)

(PC)-*

subroutine
body

PUSH<- (PC)

PC T

PC,

Stack after

CALL

Stack before

Figure 1: 6502 Subroutine Call and Return

20:26

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

"return," it restores the address of that
instruction to the stack and executes a
real 6502 FITS. This causes the pro-
cessor to continue execution of the
machine code following. Thus, Sweet-16
code and real 6502 code may be mixed
together in sequence, with Sweet-16 be-
ing called by a JSR instruction
preceding each "chunk" of Sweet-16
code.

The Sweet-16 processor contains 16
registers, each simulated by two page
zero locations. Register 15 doubles as
the Sweet-16 program counter. As ex-
plained above, the actions of the various
Sweet-16 instructions cause the con-
tents of the virtual PC to be updated. The
cycle of execution of the Sweet-16
machine is:
1. Fetch Opcode LDY #00

LDA (R15),Y

2. Execute Opcode

Transfer con-
trol to the ap-
propriate sec-
tion of
Sweet-16.

Op Mnemonic Arguments

3. Repeat at 1 . or Return to caller (if inter-
pretive opcode was "return".

The following table briefly sum-
marizes the opcodes which the Sweet-16
machine provides. The mnemonics used
in the table are those chosen for the
macro implementation discussed below.
Further details and some examples may
be found in the November 1977 issue of
BYTE magazine.

The Macros: How They Work

Listing 1. shows the Sweet-16
macros as defined for the Carl Moser
ASM/TED macro assembler. The macros
fall into two groups: the register and the
non-register opcodes. The register op-
codes are all assembled to values with a
non-zero ($1 to $F) high nibble: e.g.
LD@(R12) — $4C. The non-register op-
codes all have a value in the high nib-
ble of the opcode byte. Most of the non-
register opcodes have a second byte
which indicates a relative branch

Effect

displacement value, in the style of the
6502 itself. The most interesting part of
the set of macro definitions involves the
calculation of this displacement. Since
the concept of relative branch displace-
ment is common to all the branching
operations, a separate macro is defined
which is used to calculate the displace-
ment. This macro then gets called in the
body of each branching opcode to pro-
vide the desired value:

HIRELBR

.MD (LOC)
I F P =— LOC
. BY LOC— = — 1

I FM =— LOC
. BY =-LOC + 1

.ME

! ! ! B R .MD (WHERE)
.BY 1

RELBR (WHERE)
.ME

In
2n
3n
4n

5n
6n

An
Bn
Cn

SETR
LD
ST
LD@

ST@
LDD@

STD@

POP@

STP?

ADD
SUB
POPDS

CPR

INCR

DECR

RTN

BNC

BNZ

BM1

BNM1

(Rn,Constant)
(Rn)
(Rn)
(Rn)

(Rn)
(Rn)

(Rn)

(Rn)
(Rn)
(Rn)

(Rn)

(Rn)
(Rn)

(addr)

(addr)
(addr)
(addr)
(addr)
(addr)
(addr)
(addr)
(addr)

(addr)

Rn <- Constant

R0 -i- Rn

Rn -i- R0

High byte of R0 *■

Low byte of R0 +■ (Rn)

(Rn) i- Low byte of R0

R0 L <- (Rn) ; Rn <- Rn+1;R0„ *■ (Rn)

(Rn)<- R0 T ;Rn -i- Rn+1; (Rn) <- R0„

L H

Rn -i- Rn-1;R0 <- (Rn);R0„ *■
L H

Rn -i- Rn-1; (Rn) *■ R0 T ; Rn +■ Rn-1;
(Rn) - R0 H L

R0 <- R0 + Rn
R0 * R0 - Rn

ROj, <- (Rn)

Set branch conditions as a
result of R0 - Rn. Store
result into R13.
Rn +■ Rn + 1
Rn i- Rn - 1
Return to caller
Relative branch to addr.
(Note: Argument is assembled
as displacement. Source
argument is absolute.)
Branch if No Carry
Branch if Carry
Branch if prior result Plus
Branch if prior result Minus
Branch if prior result Zero
Branch if prior result Non Zero
Branch if prior result = -1
Branch if prior result f -1
Execute 6502 Break instruction
Return from Sweet-16 subroutine
Branch to Sweet-16 subroutine,
addr must be in the range
allowable for a relative branch.
Return address is stored in a
pseudo-stack whose address is
contained in R12.

Table 1: Sweet— 16 Instruction Set Summary

The RELBR macro uses the condi-
tional assembly features of the macro
assembler. Let us examine it line by line:

!!!RELBR .MD (LOC)

This line indicates to the assembler
that a Macro Definition is being in-
itiated. The name by which the macro
may subsequently be called is RELBR
and the argument which must be sup-
plied when it is called is represented by
the dummy symbol LOC. When the
macro is expanded by a call, the actual
argument which is supplied in the call
will be substituted for each occurrence
of 'LOC in the body of the definition.

I FP =— LOC

This line contains one of the condi-
tional assembly operations or directives
of the assembler: IFP. The assembler is
directed to evaluate the expression con-
tained in the remainder of the line; in
this case " = — LOC". If the result is a
positive number (the mnemonic stands
for IF Positive), then the assembler will
assemble all instructions following the
current line until it encounters a line
containing ***, which indicates the end
of the scope of the IFP directive. If the
expression evaluates to a negative
number or zero, then the assembler will
ignore all instructions following the cur-
rent line until the matching ***.

The expression ' = — LOC is com-
puted by subtracting the value of the ac-
tual parameter substituted for LOC in
the call from the value of the
assembler's location counter,
represented in ASM/TED by the

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:27

character ' = '. The location counter
represents the address of the instruc-
tion being assembled.

BY LOC— = — 1

The directive .BY instructs the
assembler to evaluate the expression
following and to assemble a single Byte
of code from the resulting value. The ex-
pression LOC— = —1 computes a value
which is the distance from the symbol
referenced by 'LOC to the current loca-
tion in the object code. This value is con-
verted by the expression to a negative
number and adjusted by 1 to account for
the fact that the current byte of object
has not yet been emitted by the
assembler. Note that there is a bug in
the definition: if the value LOC— = —1 is
less than —128 then an erroneous value
will be assembled. This means that the
user of the macro set is responsible for
avoiding relative branches that are out
of range. Note also that the values com-
puted by expressions are in 16 bit, twos
complement representation. If such a
value is assembled using a .BY directive,
the assembler will use the least signifi-
cant 8 bits (low byte) of the result.

This line marks the end of the scope
of the IFP conditional assembly direc-
tive used earlier.

IFM =— LOC

This line has the same intention as the
IFP line, except that it tests the result of
the expression ' = —LOC for a negative
or Minus value. It then does or does not
assemble the instructions following the
IFM line and up to the matching ***,
depending on the outcome of the evalua-
tion.

.BY

:^LOC+1

These instructions are analogous to
the corresponding instructions follow-
ing the IFP directive. The reason for us-
ing both an IFP and an IFM directive is
that the label or location referenced by
the dummy argument 'LOC may turn out
to be either ahead of (minus result for
= — LOC) or behind (positive result for
= — LOC) the instruction which invokes
the RELBR macro.

The remainder of the macro defini-
tions are simple and straightforward. A
couple of points to note are:

.Defining @SW16 as JSR SW16
makes the macro @SW16
looklike a "new" assemble!
directive. It says:
Please switch to Sweet-16

.Arithmetic may be performed
on dummy arguments:

!!!LD .MD (REG)

.BY $20 +REG

.ME

This fact is crucial to the success of the
macros.

Sample Sweet-16 Program

The following program allows the
second text page of APPLE II memory to
be copied into the first text page. The
assembled code is shown to the left.

MOVE

LD@ (5)

ST@ (6)

LD (4)

CPR (5)

BP (MOVE)

RTN

20 89

@SW16

SETR (5 $800)

00 08

SETR (4 $BFF)

FF 0B

SETR (6 $400)

00 04

Sweet-16 can also be used more
conveniently with this set of macros.
They make the assembly source easier
to read, and remove the burden of hand
assembly from the Sweet-16 program-
mer.

The reader is urged to learn more
about the macro capabilities of
assemblers and the labor-saving uses to
which they may be applied.

Listing 1.

0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
0008
0009
0010
0011
0012
0013
0014
0015
0016
0017
0018
0019
0020
0021
0022
0023
0024
0025
0026
0027
0028
0029
0030
0031
0032
0033
0034
0035

R10

Rll

R12

R13

R14

R15

! ! !SETR

! ! »LD
! ! 1ST
! ! ! LD@
! ! !ST@
! ! ! LDD@

♦ he

♦ DE

*he

'J)

♦ DE

♦ ES

♦ MD

< REG ADDR )

♦ BY

S10+REG

♦ SE

ADDR

♦ ME

♦ MD

(REG)

♦ BY

*20+REG

♦ ME

♦ MD

(REG)

♦ BY

*30+REG

♦ ME

♦ MD

(REG)

♦ BY

$40-t-REG

♦ ME

♦ MD

(REG)

♦ BY

*50+REG

♦ ME

♦ MD

(REG)

20:28

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

0036
0037
0038
0039
0040
0041
0042
0043
0044
0045
0046
0047
0048
0049
0050
0051
0052
0053
0054
0055
0056
0057
0058
0059
0060
0061
0062
0063
0064
0065
0066
0067
0068
0069
0070
0071
0072
0073
0074
0075
0076
0077
0078
0079
0080
0081
0082
0083
0084
0085
0086
0087
0088
0089
0090

! ! ! STD@
! ! !POP@
! ! ISTPe
! ! ! ADD
! ! !SUB
! ! IPOPDt?
! ! !CPR
! ! i I NCR
! ! IDECR
! ! !RTN
! ! ! RELBR

H ! BR

! ! !BNC

M !BC

! ! IBP

♦BY $60+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY S70+REG

.ME

.MD ( REG)

.BY *80+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY *90+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY *A0+REG

.ME

.MD (REG )

.BY $B0+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY *C0+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY $D0+REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY $E0 + REG

.ME

.MD (REG)

.BY *F0+REG

.ME

♦ MD

.BY 00
.ME

.MD (LOO

IFP =-L0C

.BY LQC-=-l

##*

IFM

.BY

*#*

.ME

.MD (WHERE)

♦ BY 1

RELBR (WHERE)

.ME

.MD (WHERE)

♦ BY 2

RELBR (WHERE)

.ME

.MD (WHERE )

.BY 3

RELBR (WHERE)

.ME

♦MD (WHERE)

.BY 4

RELBR (WHERE)

=-L0C
=-L0C+l

0091

.ME

0092 !

! »BM

.MD (WHERE)

0093

.BY 5

0094

RELBR (WHERE)

0095

.ME

0096 !

! !BZ

.MD (WHERE)

0097

.BY 6

0098

RELBR (WHERE)

0099

.ME

0100 !

! !BNZ

.MD (WHERE)

0101

.BY 7

0102

RELBR ( WHERE )

0103

.ME

0104 !

! !BM1

.MD (WHERE)

0105

.BY 8

0106

RELBR (WHERE)

0107

.ME

0108 !

! IBNM1

.MD (WHERE)

0109

.BY 9

0110

RELBR ( WHERE )

0111

.ME

0112 !

! !BRK

.MD

0113

.BY *A

0114

.ME

0115 !

! ! RS

.MD

0116

.BY *B

0117

.ME

0118 !

! !BS

♦MD (WHERE)

0119

.BY $C

0120

RELBR (WHERE)

0121

.ME

0122 !

! IGSW16

.MD

0123

JSR *F689

0124

.ME

0999

♦ EN

LABEL FILE: I / = EXTERNAL 1

/R0=0000

/R3=0003

/R6=0006

/R9=0009

/R12*000C

/R15=000F

//0000f0200f0200

/Rl=0001

/R4=0004

/R7=0007

/R10=000A

/R13=000D

/R2=0002

/R5=0005

/R8=0008

/Rll=0OOB

/R14=0OOE

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:29

Screen Write/File Routine

Here is a routine, both useful and instructive, which
makes it simple to Edit the Apple Screen and Save the
Screen Image on Disk.

B.E. Baxter

6761 King's Harbor Drive

Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274

The screen write/file routine is a
simple 73-byte device to take control
away from the monitor and write directly
to the screen. All of the escape editing
capabilities are supported, so that it is
very easy to enter and modify up to and
including 21 lines of text. It is equally
easy to then save the screen image to
disk after completion of text entry.

The source code is straightforward
and makes liberal use of monitor
routines. Upon entry the cursor is homed
and placed on line 1 (not zero). The block
labeled KEY continually polls the key-
board and outputs characters through
COUT (VIDOUT [$FBFD] could also be
used if printer services are not wanted).
The limited editing facilities of the
monitor are invoked by typing (escape)
followed by one of the command char-
acters. Keyboard entry of (control) Q is
used to exit the routine and return to
BASIC via $3D0. Automatic exit is also
obtained at line 22. Upon exit, the bell
will sound and the BASIC prompt char-
acter will appear with the file para-
meters displayed at the end of the line.
At this point the file must be saved using
the command, (BSAVE File name)
A$0400, LS03CF (RETURN). The paren-
thetical expressions must be typed by
the user; that is, type BSAVE file name,

then trace over the remainder of the line
with the right arrow to place it into the
keyboard buffer and at the end of the
line press RETURN. Although I do not
find it necessary, a monitor MOVE to
page 2 could be set up and inserted at
line 225 of the source listing. This would
provide back-up in case the BSAVE com-
mand is messed up. The object code is
assembled at $0350 and is $49 bytes
long.

In summary, the usage commands

are:

Entry to Routine

From BASIC

Call 848

From Monitor

$0350G

Exit to BASIC Mode

User

(Control) Q

Automatic

Line 22

Edit Screen (See

APPLE Ref. Materials)

(Escape)

@: Home cursor

(Clear text)

A: Advance cursor

B: Backspace cur-

sor

C: Move cursor

down 1 line

D: Move cursor up
1 line

E: Clear from cur-
sor to end of line
F: Clear from cur-
sor to end of screen

Save Screen Image

[BSAVE file name]A$0400,L$03CF[CR<
[ ] = typed by user

Of course it doesn't make much
sense to idly write to the screen without
some useful purpose. I use the routine to
create instruction and documentation
files. These files are especially valuable
for object code utilities by providing
ready access to usage and entry point
information. Once the file has been
created, it can be handled just like any
other file. BLOADing (file name) will im-
mediately display its contents on the
screen without requiring any otherwise
useful memory. Instruction/print
statements in BASIC programs can
therefore be eliminated; to be replaced
by deferred execution BLOAD disk com-
mands for a very efficient use of main
memory.

20:30

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

0100:
0110:
0120:
0130:
0140:
0150:
0160:
0170:
0180:
0190:
0200:
0210:
0220:
0230:
0240:
0250:
0260:
0270:
0280:
0290:
0300:
0310:
0320:
0330:
0340:
0350:
0360:
0370:
0380:
0390:
0400:
0410:
0420:
0430:
0440:
0450:
0460:
0470:
0480:
0490:
0500:
0510:
0520:
0530:
0540:
0550:
0560:
0570:
0580:
0590:
0600:
0610:
0620:
0630:
ID=

0350
0350
0350
0350
0350
0350
0350
0350
0350

0350 20 58 FC
0353 20 8E FD

0356 20 35 FD KEY
0359 C9 91
035B F0 OC
035D A6 25
035F EO 16
0361 FO 06
0363 20 ED FD
0366 4C 56 03

0369
036B
036D
0370
0373
0375
0377
0379
037B

A9
85
20
20
A9
85
A9
85
AO

16
25
5B

3A
E4
09
07
OA
00

FB
FF

038A AO

038B CI

038C A4

038D BO

038E B4

038F BO

0390 BO

0391 AC

0392 CC

0393 A4

0394 BO

0395 B3

0396 C3

0397 C6

0398 AO

COUT
HOME

CV *

TABV *

RDCHAR *

CROUT *

BELL *

POS *

ORG

QUIT

037D B9 8A 03 OUT

0380 91 09

0382 C8

0383 CO OF
0385 DO F6
0387 20 DO 03

DATA

JSR
JSR

$0350
$FDED
$FC58
$0025
$FB5B
$FD35
$FD8E
$FF3A
$0009

HOME
CROUT

JSR RDCHAF
CMPIM $91
BEQ QUIT
LDXZ CV
CPXIM $16
BEQ QUIT
JSR COUT
JMP KEY

LDAIM

STAZ

JSR

LDAIM

STA

LDAIM

STA

LDYIM

$16

TABV

BELL

$E4

POS

$07

POS

$00

LDAY DATA
STAIY PCS
INY

CPYIM $0F
BNE OUT
JSR $03D0

$A0
$C1
$A4
$B0
$B4
$B0
$B0
$AC

$CC
$A4
$B0
$B3
$C3
$C6
$A0

+01

A
$

L
$

C
F

NIBBLE is an unusual new Newsletter
for Apple II Owners. Each Issue will
follow a major theme. . . such as:

* DATA BASE MANAGEMENT

* PROGRAMS FOR THE HOME

* TEXT PROCESSING

* COMPUTING FOR KIDS

* SMALL BUSINESS JOBS

* GAMES AND GRAPHICS

* PRACTICAL PASCAL

* etc.

Significant programs will be in each
issue, surrounded by articles which
show how to USE the programming
ideas in your OWN programs.

Examples of Upcoming Articles. . .

* Building a Numeric Keypad.

* Home Credit Card Management.

* LO RES Shape Writing.

* Arcade Shooting Gallery Game.

* Random #'s in Assy. Language.

* HI RES Weaving Design.

And many many more. NIBBLE will
literally "Nibble Away" at the myster-
ies of the Apple II to help Beginning
and Advanced Programmers, Small
Businessmen, and the Whole Family
enjoy and USE the Apple MORE!

It costs a paltry $15. 00 for 8 Issues!
It will invite and publish user ideas
and programs. DON'T WAIT! Send
your check or money order right now,
to receive the January issue! Mail to:

S.P.A.R. C.
P.O. Box 325
Lincoln, Mass. 01773

Software Publishing And Research Co.

ULTIMATE JOYSTICK FOR THE APPLE II

$49.95

The Apple Joystick is a quality crafted dynamic
interactive I/O device engineered specifically for the
apple computer. The stick comes completely wired
for oaddles & 1 and switches 0, 1 & 2. Among the
excellent features of the stick are auto-centering, which
positions the stick in the center of its range whenever
the handle is released, and positive action switches
with tactile feel and audible feedback.

The stick assembly itself is a precision molded unit
originally designed for the ultimate in smooth linear
proportional control required for international
radio-control model competition.

The heart of the stick centers around two cermet
resistive elements with bifurcated wiper contacts, which
provide the smooth continuous change in resistance
not found in wire-wound elements.

As an added bonus, all game I/O connections are
brought out and terminated in the cabinet. This feature
facilitates modification and/or implementation of all
game I/O functions, such as, (example: annunciators,
sound, paddles 2 and 3). Using Gesu's double I/O
extender cable and two joysticks (one modified for
paddles 2 and 3) two player joystick games can be
implemented.

Normally no adjustment is required upon installation
of the stick in your Apple computer. However, if it should
become necessary to adjust the centering, mechanical
adjustment tabs are provided inside the stick cabinet.

Refer to the Apple II reference manual for directions
on how to install the stick in your computer.

GAME I/O EXTENDER
CABLES single $10.00

DOUBLE $16.00

The single model consists of one foot of cable,
one 16-pin male and one 16-pin female connector.
The extender plugs into the game I/O and the female
end if secured to the outside of the cabinet with the
double-backed mounting tape provided. Installed in
this fashion the extender eliminates the necessity of
opening the apple computer to install or remove the
stick or any other game device.

The double model is exactly the same as the
single model with the addition of a second 16-pin
female connector. This extender has the same advan-
tages as the single extender plus allowing two sticks
or game I/O devices to be installed simultaneously.
Note: When two games I/O devices are installed simul-
taneously make sure no conflicts exist betwen paddle
assignments. Only one device should be assigned to
each paddle.

ComputerWorld

6791 WESTMINSTER AVENUE
WESTMINSTER, CA 92683
(714) 891-2587 TELEX 182274

JOIN

RAYGAMCO

NOW.

Become a
member of
RAYGAMCO
Computer

Discount Club. ____ .„„,

AND MORE

BIG SAVINGS ON EVERY ITEM!_

SAVE

20%

By being a RAYGAMCO Member you receive substantial discounts on every item you
purchase, including all hardware, software, accessories, even books and paper! You
will also receive a monthly newsletter with all the latest available for your particular
computer system, and much, much more — exclusive to RAYGAMCO Members only!

All the famous brand names, including:
APPLE Alpha Micro Soroc Lear Siegler

ATARI Alpha Pro Hazeltine Shugart

EXIDY/Sorcerer Cromemco Sektor Texas Instruments
Kim/Commodore Xerox PET

SAVE 20% AND MORE

Here's how to join.

Fill out the information, and mail. That's all there is to it. Nothing to buy.
^ I want to be a RAYGAMCO Computer Discount Club Member. Please send my
"J RAYGAMCO Membership card to:

Name

Address
City

. State

.Zip.

Computer (Brand Name)

I would like information on (please specify system, part, accessory, book, program, etc.)

WE HONOR VISA, MASTERCHARGE, BANKAMERICARD.

Store Hours: Sat 10-6, Sun 12-4, Tu-Fri 11-8

TOLL FREE, EXCEPT CA

800-854-6455

RAYGAM, INC.

6791 WESTMINSTER AVENUE WESTMINSTER, CA 92683
TELEX 182274 (714) 891-2587

BOX 120

ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820

201-362-6574

HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC.

THE HDE DISK SYSTEM.

HERE'S WHAT ONE USER HAS TO SAY .

REPRINTED BY PERMISSION FROM THE 6502 USER NOTES - ISSUE NO. 14

PRODUCT REVIEW of the HDE DISC SYS-
TEM by the editor.

A number of you have asked for details
about the HDE full size disc system.

The system is based around the SYKES 8"
drive with the 6502 based intelligentcontrol-
ler.

This drive is soft sectored, IBM compatible,
and single density which lets you store about
a quarter megabyte of data on a disc.

The system software, called FODS (File Ori-
ented Disc System), manages sequential files
on the disc much the same way files are writ-
ten on magnetic tape - one after another.
When a file is deleted, from a sequentially
managed file system, the space that the file
occupied is not immediately reallocated, as in
some disc operating systems. As it turns out,
this can be an advantage as well as a disad-
vantage since deleted files on the FODS sys-
tem can be recovered after the file has'been
deleted. (This has saved my sanity more than
once!) Of course when you want to recover
some of the disc space taken up by a number
of these deleted files, you can simply re-pack
or compress the disc and all the active files
will be shifted down until there are no deleted
files hanging around using up space.

FODS has this ability to repack a disc.

When saving and loading in FODS you work
with named hies, not track and sector data or
I.D. bytes. This makes life a lot easier. I've
seen some disc systems where you have to
specify track and sector info and/or I.D. bytes.
Whal a pain that can be!

If you | ust want to save a source file tempor-
arily, you can do that on what's known as
"scratch-pads" There are two of these on a
disc, "scratch-pad A" and "scratch-pad B".
each of these temporary disc filescanholdup
to 1 6 K or if "B" is not used. "A'" can hold one
file uo to 32 K in length. The only files that can
be temporarily saved on scratch pad are fifes
that have been built using the system text
editor

Being a dyed in the wool assembly lan-
guage programmer. I really appreciate the
FODS text editor' This line oriented editor is
upwards compatible with the MOS/ARESCO
editor but includes about everything you
could ask for in a line editor. There is a fuil and
semi-automatic tine numbering feature, lines
can be edited while they are being entered or
recalled and edited later, strings can be lo-
cated and substituted, the tine numbers can
be resequenced. the file size can be found,
the hex address of a line can be known and
comments can be appended to an assembly
file after it has been found correct. Oops! I

forgot to say lines can also be moved around
and deleted. This isn't the complete list cf
FODS editor commands, just the ones that
immediately come to mind.

Another very powerful feature of the sys-
tem is the ability to actually execute a file con-
taining a string of commands. For example,
the newsletter mailing list is now being stored
on disc. When I want to make labels, I would
normally have to load each letter file and run
the labels printing program. But with FODS, I
can build up a "JOB" file of commands and
execute it.

The job fife in turn calls each lettered label
file in and runs the label printer automatical-
ly. The way computers are supposed to oper-
ate right 9

Here's a listing of the job file I use to print
mailing labels:
:LIS PRTLBL

0005 LOD A:RUN %LABELLOD BJMP.EOOO:
LOD CJMP.EOOO:

0010 LOD D:JMP.E000:LOD E:JMP.E000:
LOD F:JMPE000:

0015 LOD G:JMP.E000:LOD HJMP.EOOO:
LOD IJMP.EOOO:

0020 LOD JJMP E000:LOD K:JMP E000"
LOD LJMP E000

0025 LOD M:JMP.E000:LOD MC: JMP.E000:
LOD N:JMP.E000:

0030 LOD O:JMP.E000:LOD P:JMP .E000:
LOD R:JMP.E000"

0035 LOD S:JMP.E000-LOD T:JMP .E000:
LOD VJMP.E000:

0035 LOD S:JMP.E000.LOD T.JMP E000:
LOD VJMP.EOOO:

0040 LOD W:JMP.E000 LOD XY2: JMP.E000
0045 LOD EXCH:JMP.E000:LOD COMP:
JMP.E000:

Remember the MOS/ARESCO assembler I
reviewed several issues ago 7 Well HDE went
and fixed up all the problem areas that I
mentioned in the review and then took it
several steps further. The HDE assembler is
an honest to goodness two-pass assembler
which can assemble anywhere in memory us-
ing multiple source files from the disc. The as-
sembler is an optional part of the system.

If you're the kind of person (as I am) who
enjoys having the ability to customize, modi-
fy, and expand everything you own - you'll
enjoy the system expansion abilities FODS
has to offer. Adding a new command is as
simple as writing the program, giving it a
unique three letter name and saving if to disc
Whenever you type those three letters the
system will first go through its own command
table, see that its not there and then go out

and read the disc directory to see if it can find
it. If it's on the disc it will read it m and execute
it. Simple right 9 I've added several commands
to my system and REALLY appreciate having
this ability. Some of the things I've added
include a disassembler, an expanded ver-
sion of XIM (the extended machine language
monitor from Pyramid Data), Hy pert ape, and a
number of system utilities which make life
easier. By the way, toget back to the system,
all you need to do is execute a BRK instruc-
tion.

HDE also provides a piece of software that
lets you interface Microsoft 9 digit BASIC to
their disc system. The software allows you to
load the BASIC interpreter itself from disc as
well as saving and loading BASIC Programs to
and from the disc. This particular version of
the software doesn't allow for saving BASIC
data but HDE mentioned that this ability may
be possible with a future version.

The first thing I do with a new piece of soft-
ware after I get used to using it is try to blow it
up. I did manage to find a weak spot or two in
the very first version of FODS (a pre-release
version) but the later, release version has
been very tight.

The standard software that is included with
the system consists of the disc driver soft-
ware, the system text editor and the BASIC
software interface. Several command exten-
sions may also be included. All the necessary
stuff like a power supply, the KIM-4 interface
card, and all cables and connectors are in-
cluded, ft took me about 45 minutes to get
things up and running the first time I put the
system together.

Admittedly, a dual full size disc system from
HDE is probably beyond the means of most
hobbyists but if you or your company is look-
ing for a dynamite 6502 development sys-
rem, I would recommend this one. I've used
the Rockwell System 65 while I was at MOS
and fee! that dollar for dollar, feature for
feature, the HDE system comes out on top
The only place the HDE system falls short
when stacked up next to the System 65 is in
the area of packaging. At this point, there is no
cabinet forthediscdrivesavailablefrom HDE.

So far. I've got nothing but good things to
say about HDE and their products Everything
I've received from them has been industrial
quality. That includes their documentation
and product support. I'm very impressed with
what I've seen from this company so far and
quite enthusiastic over what my KIM has
become since acquiring the disc system and
its associated software.

ERIC

THANK YOU MR. REHNKE!

HDE PRODUCTS - BUILT TO BE USED WITH CONFIDENCE
AVAILABLE DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS:

JOHNSON COMPUTER

Box 523

Medina. Ohio 44256

216-725-4560

ARESCO

P.O. Box 43

Audubon, Pa 19407

215-631-9052

PLAINSMAN MICROSYSTEMS

Box 1712

Auburn. Ala. 36830

80C-633-8724

LONE STAR ELECTRONICS

Box 488

Manchaca. Texas /8652

612-282-3570

PERRY PERIPHERALS

P.O. Box 924

Miller Place. N.Y. 1 1764

516-744-6462

SYM-1 Tape Verification

One of the problems with using audio cassettes on any
system is knowing whether or not the data has been
recorded properly. By the time you find the data did not
get recorded properly, it is usually too late to do any-
thing about it. Here is a technique and program to verify
the tape dump on a SYM-1.

Jack Gieryic

2041 138th Avenue, N.W.

Andover, MN 55303

Do any of you other SYMMERS ever
wonder if your tape save has executed
successfully? This "problem" began to
haunt me more and more as my tape
library grew. A fair amount of time would
be lost if the data on my tape was in er-
ror. It is possible (even though remotely)
two bits could be in error such that they
would "cancel" each other out in the
checksum verification at the end of tape
read. With all this floating through my
mind I decided to write the following
tape verification program.

After executing a tape save (high
speed format only) this program will
read the data back and compare it byte
for byte, to the data in the memory which
you just saved. This program needs no
external information (parameters) from
the user. The beginning and ending ad-
dresses of the data in memory is ex-
tracted from the tape. At the end, the
checksum is also verified. All the user
need do is rewind the tape after a high
speed format save, execute this program
and then start the tape unit in the read
mode.

The program is relocatable to any
point in the memory. No alterations are
necessary. This makes it easy to move
the program into any area of memory via
the MOV command. Just remember to
avoid placing any part of the program
near the top of page one or within the
data you just saved on tape. Please note
that this program is compatible with
monitor version SY1.0.

0010:

0020:

0030:

0040:

0050:

0060:

0200

0070:

0080:

0090:

0100:

0200

0110:

0200

0120:

0200

0130:

0200

0140:

0200

0150:

0200

0160:

0200

0170:

0200

0180:

0200

0190:

0200:

0210:

0220:

0200

0230:

0200

0240:

0250:

0260:

0270:

0200

0280:

0200

0290:

0200

0300:

0200

0310:

0200

0320:

0200

0330:

0200

0340:

0200

0350:

0200

0360:

0200

SYM - 1 TAPE VERIFICATION
BY JACK GIERYIC
JULY, 1979

ORG $0200

MONITOR SUBROUTINES

ACCESS *

$8B86

CHKT *

$8E78

M0NITR *

$8000

0UTBYT *

$82FA

RDBYTH *

$8DE2

RDBYTX *

$8E28

RDCHTX *

$8DDE

START *

$8DB6

SYNC *

$8D82

CONSTANTS

CLKC0N *

$1F

SYN *

$16

MONITOR STORAGE

BUFADH *

$00FF

BUFADL *

$00FE

CHKH *

$A637

CHKL *

$A636

DDR IN *

$A002

DISBUF *

$A640

EAH *

$A64B

EAL *

$864A

LATCHL *

$A004

MODE *

$00FD

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:35

Messages

If the tape agrees with the data in
memory and the checksum is correct
then the message "good" appears on
the LED's. If the checksum is in error
(even though the data compared correct-
ly) then the message "CSUM" appears
on the LED's. If any data is in error then
the address of the first compare error
appears on the LED's and the program
terminates without checking the re-
mainder of the data on tape.

Programming Hints

I'd like to pass along a few sugges-
tions to you SYMMERS just getting into
programming. Begin your program's
(code) at location '200 (page two). Do not
put anything (code, preset constants) in-
to page one. Any constants you need in
page zero should be initialized by your
program. Do not set constants in page
zero and then store them on tape along
with your code. Do not use spare system
RAM for code, constants, or temporary
data storage. Begin all tape saves at
location '20CT. Avoid saving page one on
tape. I urge you to follow these sugges-
tions as it will make your programmi
tasks just a bit easier.

Advertiser's lnf< ifmatloit *:*S
MICRO offers to its ac \{ertfsers; a\.
Selective readership - jpime<2at65Qj2
based computers only jVi
not get lost among t ipse for xothir
types of machines. |: ... % ;

Effective advertising - A- Most of Our
advertisers repeat eve y month. . : ■;
Relatively inexpensive rates — Sirtee
part of MICRO'S Reason 'foV
publishing is to promol ethe65©2,Qur
advertising rates are k spt low^ In the
past six months our circulation has
increased 50 percent to it our advertis-
ing rates have stayed lie same. \V'
Quality printing— Incli ides two-color
advertising regularly; t tfee- and- four-
color ads are available ' -
Regular monthly publti ration.
Short lead time — approximately
four weeks from advert i?ing deadline
to delivery date. |-
Dealer Circulation — dyer half of our
circulation is through stores. Your.ad
can be seen while customers are still
deciding and buying. : k
Multiple Exposure — S nee MICRO is
kept by readers for later reference,
your ad is seen over ar d over.'

To receive our Media K t, please coiy

tac,: MICRO •'•' T

P.O. Box 6502 ;
Chelmsford, M\. 01824 '

20:36

0370:

0200

VIAACR

$A00B

0380:

0200

VIAPCR

$A00C

0390:

0400:

0200

20 86

BEGIN

3SR

ACCESS

0410:

0203

A0 80

LDYIM

$80

SET MODE = HIGH SPEED

0420:

0205

20 B6

3SR

START

INITALIZE

0430:

020e

AD 02

LDA

DDR IN

SET INPUT PORT

0440:

020B

29 BF

ANDIM

$BF

0450:

020D

8D 02

STA

DDR IN

0460:

0210

A9 00

LDAIM

$00

0470:

0212

8D 0B

STA

VIAACR

0480:

0215

A9 IF

LDAIM

CLKCCN

SET UP CLOCK

0490:

0217

8D 04

STA

LATCHL

STORE IN L0 LATCH

0500:

02 1A

20 82

L0ADA

0SR

SYNC

GET IN SYNC

0510:

021D

20 DE

LOADB

3SR

RDCHTX

READ CHARACTER

0520:

0220

C9 2A

CMPIM

$2A

IF NOT START OF DATA

0530:

0222

F0 06

BEQ

L0ADC

0540:

0224

C9 16

CMPIM

SYN

THEN IF NOT IN SYNC

0550:

0226

DO F2

BNE

L0ADA

THEN RESTART SYNC SEARCH

0560:

0228

F0 F3

BEQ

LOADB

ELSE KEEP LOOKING FOR *

0570:

ELSE START OF DATA

0580:

0590:

022A

A5 FD

L0ADC

LDA

MODE

CLEAR NOT IN SYNC BIT

0600:

022C

29 BF

ANDIM

$BF

0610:

022E

85 FD

STA

MODE

0620:

0230

20 '28

0SR

RDBYTX

READ PAST ID

0630:

0233

20 28

0SR

RDBYTX

GET SAL FROM TAPE

0640:

0236

20 78

3SR

CHKT

ADD TO CHECKSUM

0650:

0239

85 FE

STA

BUFADL

SAVE

0660:

02 3B

20 26

GSR

RDBYTX

GET EAL FROM TAPE

0670:

023E

20 78

0SR

CHKT

ADD TO CHECKSUM

0680:

0241

85 FF

STA

BUFADH

SAVE

0690:

0243

20 28

0SR

RDBYTX

GET EAL FROM TAPE

0700:

0246

20 78

0SR

CHKT

ADD TO CHECKSUM

0710:

0249

8D 4A

STA

EAL

SAVE

0720:

02 4C

20 28

0SR

RDBYTX

GET EAH FROM TAPE

0730:

024F

20 78

DSR

CHKT

ADD TO CHECKSUM

0740:

0252

8D 4B

STA

EAH

SAVE

0750:

0760:

0255

20 E2

L0ADD

0SR

RDBYTH

GET NEW BYTE

0770:

0258

A6 FE

LDX

BUFADL

IF NCT END - OF - DATA +0L

0780:

025A

EC 4A

CPX

EAL

0790:

02 5D

DO 07

BNE

L0ADE

0800:

02 5F

A6 FF

LDX

BUFADH

0810:

0261

EC 4B

CPX

EAH

0820:

0264

F0 11

BEG

L0ADF

0830:

0840:

0266

20 7e

L0ADE

0SR

CHKT

THEN UPDATE CHECKSUM

0850:

0269

A0 00

LDYIM

$00

IF BAD COMPARE

0860:

026B

Dl FE

CMPIY

BUFADL

0870:

026D

DO 3D

BNE

L0ADG

THEN ISSUE ERROR MESSAGE

0880:

026F

E6 FE

INC

BUFADL

ELSE INC CDMPARE ADDRESS

0890:

0271

DO E2

BNE

L0ADD

0900:

0273

E6 FF

INC

BUFADH

0910:

0275

DO DE

BNE

L0ADD

LOOP

0920:

ELSE CHECK FOR / CHARACTER

0930:

0277

C9 2F

LDADF

CMPIM

$2F

IF NOT /

0940:

0279

DO 43

BNE

L0ADH

THEN ERROR

0950:

027B

20 28

0SR

RDBYTX

ELSE IF CHECKSUM IS GOOD

0960:

027E

CD 36

CMP

CHKL

0970:

0281

DO 3B

BNE

L0ADH

0980:

0283

20 28

0SR

RDBYTX

0990:

0286

CD 37

CMP

CHKH

1000:

0289

DO 33

BNE

L0ADH

1010:

THEN

EXIT OK

1020:

028B

A2 CC

LDXIM

$CC

STOP TAPE

1030:

028D

8E 0C

STX

VIAPCR

1040:

0290

A9 6F

LDAIM

$6F

ISSUE OK MESSAGE

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

1050:

0292

STA

DISBUF

+01 "GOOD" /

1060:

0295

LDA1M

$5C

1070:

0297

STA

DISBUF

+02

1080:

029A

LDA1M

$5C

1090:

02 9C

STA

DISBUF

+03

1100:

02 9F

LDA1M

$5E

1110:

02A1

STA

DISBUF

+04

1120:

02A4

LDAIM

$00

1130:

02A6

STA

DISBUF

+05

1140:

02A9

OMP

MONITR

1150:

1160:

02AC

LOADG LDA

BUFADH

DISPLAY COMPARE ERROR MESSAGE

1170:

02AE

OSR

OUTBYT

ADDRESS

1180:

02B1

LDA

BUFADL

1190:

02B3

JSR

OUTBYT

1200:

02B6

LDAIM

$00

1210:

02B8

STA

DISBUF

+01

1220:
1230:
1240:

02BB

JMP

MONITR

EXIT TO MONITOR

02BE

LOADH LDA1M

$39

CHECKSUM ERROR MESSAGE

1250:

02C0

STA

DISBUF

+02

1260:

02C3

LDAIM

$6D

1270:

02C5

STA

DISBUF

+03

1280:

02C8

LDAIM

$3E

1290:

02CA

STA

DISBUF

+04

1300:

02CD

LDAIM

$37

1310:

02CF

STA

DISBUF

+05

1320:

02D2

LDAIM

$00

1330:

02D4

STA

DISBUF

+06

1340:

02D7

OMP

MONITR

EXIT TO MONITOR

1350:
ID =

Classified Ads

Superboard and C— 1P Users: Sub
Commander; Life; OSI 500 Race; WWI
Battle (tank vs. blimp for 2); all with
FULL documentation, $8.95 each>
$27.95 for all. Ask about music
systems software for live perfor-
mance.

Soundsmith Software Studio
308 4th Street
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
Omni Plotting Package on disk for
APPLE Computers with Applesoft on
ROM. Disk and manual— $24.00.
Axe Software International
237 Star Rte.
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
BASIC program manual has 96 pages
of step-by-step instructions for OSI
Challenger IP and Superboard II
owners. Order "Getting Started with
Your C1P" from
TIS

Box 92I, Dept. M
Los Alamos, NM 87544
Price: $5.95 plus $1 postage and
handling

ADVERTISE IN MICRO
A classified ad may be run for
$10.00 per month. Ad should not
exceed 6 lines, one per person (or
company). Must relate to 6502 in-
dustry, must be prepaid. Ad
deadline: 25th of month.

KIM/SYM/AIM-65-32K EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARANT REFRESH
THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH KIM/ SYM/AIM-65
AND OTHER 6502 BASED MICROCOMPUTERS.

ASSEMBLED/
TESTED

tWITH 32K RAM J4I9JM
WITH 16K flAM S349JM
WITHOUT RAM CHIPS J279JM

HARD TO GET PARTS ONLY (NO RAM CHIPS) , $109.00
BARE BOARD AND MANUAL 149.00

- PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH KIM/SYM/AIM-65.
MAY BECONNECTEDT0PETUSINGADAPTOR
CABLE. SS44-E BUS E0GE CONNECTOR.

- USES *5V ONLY (SUPPLIE0 FROM HOST
COMPUTER BUS). 4 WATTS MAXIMUM.

- BOARD ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BYTE BLOCKS
WHICH CAN BE INDEPENDENTLY PLACED ON
4K BYTE BOUNDARIES ANYWHERE IN A 64K
BYTE ADDRESS SPACE.

. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE
GUARANTEED FDR ONE YEAR, AND
PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF
BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN
14 0AYS.

r BUS BUFFERED WITH 1 LS TTL LOAD.

r 200NSEC4116RAMS.

- FULL DOCUMENTATION

I PET INTERFACE KIT M9.00

CONNECTS THE ABOVE 32K EXPANDABLE RAM TO A 4K OR 8K PET.
CONTAINS EXPANSION INTERFACE CABLE BOARD STANDOFFS.
POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANO COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS.

6502. 64K BYTE RAM AND CONTROLLER SET

MAKE'WK BYTE MEMORY FOR YOUR 6800 OR
6502. THIS CHIP SET INCLUDES:

* 32M5K4116-3 16KX1.200NSECRAMS.

* 1 MCJ480 MEMORY CONTROLLER.

* I MC3242A MEMORY ADDRESS
MULTIPLEXER AND COUNTER.

* DATA AND APPLICATION SHEETS. PARTS
TESTED AND GUARANTEED.

J325.00 PER SET

I6KXI DYNAMIC RAM
THE MK4116-3 IS A 16,384 BIT HIGH SPEED
NMDS, DYNAMIC RAM. THEY ARE EQUIVALENT
TO THE MOSTEK, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, OR
MOTOROLA 41 16-3

» 200 NSEC ACCESS TIME, 375 NSEC CYCLE
TIME.

* 16 PIN TTL COMPATIBLE.

. BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED

* PARTS REPLACEMENT GUARANTEED FOR
ONE YEAR

18.50 EACH IN QUANTITIES OF 8

ALL ASSEMBLED BOARDS AND MEM-
ORY CHIPS CARRY A FULL ONE YEAR
REPLACEMENT WAflANTY.

Announcing...

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
UPGRADE YOUR APPLE II ® WITH A NEW SYSTEMS SOFTWARE PACKAGE

• Unified Operating System

• Disk File Manager

• Commercial Basic

• Editor/Assembler/Debugger

• Data Base Manager

Optimized Systems Software does not use Apple DOS®. OSS is a unified and complete systems software
package with its own Operating System and File Manager. The Operating System, the File Manager and
the Basic combined use only slightly more RAM than Apple DOS® alone. Requires 48K Apple II® with
Disk II.

Operating System

• Byte and Block I/O

• Simple User Interface

• Simple Device Interface

(create your own)

File Manager

• Open, Read, Write, Delete, Lock, etc.

• Random Access via Note & Point

• File Names of Primary. Ext type

Basic

ditor/ Assembler/Debugger

• Nine Digit Precision DECIMAL Roating Point

•

Line Editor

• 32 K Byte Strings

(Edits Basic programs, too)

• Variable Names to 256 significant characters

•

Mini Assembler

• I/O Interface Statements

•

Maxi Assembler

(no PRINT "control-D...")

•

Disassembler

•

Step, Trace, etc.

Available NOW at Special Introductory Prices

• Operating System + File Manager

$24.95

• Operating System + File Manager + Basic

$49.95

• Operating System + File Manager + ASM

$49.95

• Operating System + Rle Manager + Basic +

ASM

$89.95

• Operating System + Data Base Manager

(2nd Q)

Order today. Add $2.00 for shipping & handling. California residents add 6% sales tax. Visa/Mastercharge
welcome. Personal checks require 2 weeks to clear.

Note: Apple II®, Apple DOS® are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Optimized Systems Software
Shepardson Microsystems, Inc.
20823 Stevens Creek Blvd., Bldg. C4-H
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 257-9900

Microbes and Miscellanea

R. M. Mottola from Boston, MA writes:

It has been brought to my attention that my Screen
Dump Software (14:27) will not work with a printer that
can handle more than 40 columns. To correct this,
please make the following changes:

580 NEXT:PRINT"":REM Null $

585 NEXT: NEXT

These changes will provide the carriage return that 40
column printers add automatically.

I'd also like to thank William Luebbert for his APPLE II
memory map. It is the most valuable article I've read fn a
long time.

Jack Gieryic of Amdover, MN found a disturbing bit of in-
formation in the July 1979 issue of MICRO, Nicholas
Vritis' article "The First Book of KIM— on a SYM":

Mr. Vrtis recommended a hardware modification to
remove the jumper enabling system RAM write project,
jumper MM-45. His alternative to this modification is to
insert a JSR ACCESS in order to remove the write pro-
tect.

I strongly urge all SYM owners to use the JSR AC-
CESS to free up system RAM prior to code which writes
into system RAM and, if possible, the JSR NACCES after
your code to once again write protect system RAM. Do
not remove jumper MM-45.

I have two reasons for urging avoidance of the hard-
ware change. First, your program may contain a bug:
elsewhere which inadvertantly writes into some or all of
system RAM. Permanently removing the write protect
feature will make this bug more difficult to trace. In-
stead of "missing data" in some buffer or variable (a
problem relatively easy to "see" and figure out) you may
have memory alterations which could be impossible to
view as a critical element of system RAM was
destroyed.

The second reason looks to the future a bit. If
Synertek ever does add a disk option to the SYM, I
wouldn't be surprised if critical information relating to
the disk driver were located in the- system RAM. If so, a
bug which alters this memory could also cause your
disk data to be destroyed. This supposition does
assume quite a bit but is not outside the realm of
possibility.

Philip L. Bryan suggests that in the article of Robert
Carlson's, "Baudot Teletype Driver", in the Sept. issue,
the op-code for RORA should be 6A, not 68.

Robert A. Peck of Sunnyvale, GA says:

I tried the SYMphony in Stereo program in June 1979
MICRO, and ran into some difficulties which I have fixed
for my machine, and I wanted to let you know about the
problems.

Problem A: Program goes from 0200-0278, data area
overlaps— 0270-03F2. Actions: Begin data area at 279,
GO TO 3FB change 0004 to 79, 0005 to 38.

Problem B: Data for the starting tune addresses is
picked up from the wrong locations. At 0219 and 0223.
the instruction "B1 04" is used. This will pick up the data
byted stored in locations 4 &. 5, add the Y register con-
tents, and use this as the effective address of the data
to be loaded into location 0, then location 1. After execu-
tion, location zero contains "05" and location one will
contain the contents of location 2F02. This combination
XX05 does not match the starting address of the note
table. Actions: Change 021 A to "1D". change 0224 to
'■10", store "04" at 0010. and store -00" at 0011.

Problem C: Second half of tune (part 2 of table) never
starts, always stays within first part. Action: Change in-
struction at 0239 to read:

0239 30 37 BMI 0272 GO TO BUMP.

Problem D: On completion of the tune, it goes back
and repeats the second half only— on completion of a
tune, any repeat should repeat the ENTIRE tune. Action:
Change 0230 to "E2".

It works fine with these changes.

George Shim of Williamstown, MA has this idea:

If you have updated your SYM— 1 with the new
monitor, MON 1.1, then John Gieryic's SYM— 1 Tape
Directory, (8:35) needs changing.

Change From To

0206

021 B

021 E

0231

0236

023B

0204

0245

02BC

Then it works fine.

More MICROBES on following page...

I From LeRoy Moyer of Charlottsvitle, VA:

OD, A9, 00, 6A,
65, 00, 85, 0C,
A2, 08, A0, 00,

MICRO contains many articles which I enjoy, par-

ticularly those that deal with machine language

B1, 0C, 91, OE,

routines. In the November issue the Applesoft

E6, OE, DO, 02,

. Renumbering program was a very useful addition. One

E6, OF, 18, A5,

modification that 1 made to the program that other

OD, 69, 04, 85,

readers may be interested in is to include a

OD, CA, DO, EC,

EE, CO,83,A5,

CMP #BC

00, C5, 07, DO,

BEQ $6020

06, A5, 01,05,

08, FO, 10, E6,

This is put in the vicinity of $6GF7to 6D01 and will then

00, A5»00,C9,

also do the LIST function.

28, DO, C3.A9,

00, 85, 00, E6,

■*■■'

01, DO, BB, 68,

Bob Bishop of Mountain View, CA has corrections for

AS, 68, AA, 60.

his article, "APPLE II Hires Picture Compression"

(18:17):

E.D. Morris of Midland, Ml informs us that:

On page 23, under listing 2, there should be at 0CC0:

The article "Tokens" which appeared in the August

AO, 00, 84, 03,

issue of MICRO was actually co-authored by myself and

A2, 40, 86, 04.

Al Adams, 407 Roltcrest, Midland, Ml 48640.

98,91,03, C8,

D0,FB, E6,04,

CA, DO, F6, 60.

And Elsa Lewis from Chapel Hill, NC wonders about our

Also in Listing 3 at 1280 Hexidecimai it should read:

illustrations...

8A, 48, 98, 48,

The article on writing for MICRO (17:59) had some

A5, 10. 8D, C1

practical ideas. However, the one thing I found out of

83, A9, C2, 85,

line was the etches! Maybe the person depicted should

OE, A9, 83, 8$

have been using a microcomputer, printer, and word pro-

OF, A9.00. 8D,

cessor to compose the article. Would anybody owning a

CO, 83, 85, 00,

micro still be plunking away at a typewriter?

85, 01, A5, 01,

4A. 09, 60,85.

T.D.Q.

TAPE DATA QUERY

THE IDEAL SOLUTION FOR PERSONAL AND
VERY-SMALL BUSINESS DATA MANAGEMENT

PET-8K

TRS-80-LVL II

* COMPLETE CASSETTE FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

— ENGLISH-LIKE COMMAND LANGUAGE

— REPORT GENERATOR

— UTILITY PACKAGE

— NO PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

— REQUIRES 2 CASSETTE RECORDERS

* T.D.Q. APPLICATION CASEBOOK

— COMPLETE DIRECTIONS TO MICRO-COMPUTERIZE:

• INVENTORY CONTROL • CUSTOMER DIRECTORY

• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE • APPOINTMENT SCHEDULING

• ORDER PROCESSING • VENDOR MASTER FILE

• LABEL PRINTING • PAYROLL JOURNAL

• CHECK PRINTING • CHECKBOOK JOURNAL

• INVOICE PRINTING ©TELEPHONE BOOK

• RENT COLLECTION

** SPECIAL YEAR-END SALE PRICE — $100.00** — INCLUDES"

CASEBOOK; 2 CASSETTES; 3 USER'S MANUALS & REF. CARDS

ORDERS MUST BE RECEIVED BY JAN. 31, 1980

SEND CHECK OR MONEY-ORDER TO:

H. GELLER COMPUTER SYSTEMS

DEPT. M

P.O.BOX 350

NEW YORK, N.Y. 10040

(N.Y. RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX)

AIM 65

AIM 65 is fully assembled, tested and warranted. With the
addition of a low cost, readily available power supply, it's
ready to start working for you.

AIM 65 features onboard thermal printer and
alphanumeric display, and a terminal-style keyboard. It
has an addressing capability up to 65K bytes, and comes
with a user-dedicated 1K or 4K RAM. Two installed 4K
ROMS hold a powerful Advanced Interface Monitor
program, and three spare sockets are included to expand
on-board ROM or PROM up to 20K bytes.

An Application Connector provides for attaching a TTY
and one or two audio cassette recorders, and gives exter-
nal access to the user-dedicated general purpose I/O lines.

Also included as standard are a comprehensive AIM 65
User's Manual, a handy pocket reference card, an R6500
Hardware Manual, an R6500 Programming Manual and an
AIM 65 schematic.

AIM 65 is packaged on two compact modules. The
circuit module is 12 inches wide and 10 inches long, the
keyboard module is 12 inches wide and 4 inches long.
They are connected by a detachable cable.

THERMAL PRINTER

Most desired feature on low-cost microcomputer systems . . .

• Wide 20-column printout

• Versatile 5x7 dot matrix format

• Complete 64-character ASCII alphanumeric format

• Fast 120 lines per minute

• Quite thermal operation

• Proven reliability

FULL-SIZE ALPHANUMERIC KEYBOARD

Provides compatibility with system terminals . . .

• Standard 54 key, terminal-style layout

• 26 alphabetic characters

• 10 numeric characters

• 22 special characters

• 9 control functions

• 3 user-defined functions

TRUE ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY

Provides legible and lengthy display . . .

• 20 characters wide

• 16-segment characters

• High contrast monolithic characters

• Complete 64-character ASCII alphanumeric format

BY ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL

PROVEN R6500 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM DEVICES

Reliable, high performance NMOS technology . . .

• R6502 Central Processing Unit (CPU), operating at 1
MHz. Has 65K address capability, 13 addressing modes
and true index capability. Simple but powerful 56
instructions.

• Read/Write Memory, using R2114 Static RAM devices.
Available in 1K byte and 4K byte versions.

• 8K Monitor Program Memory, using R2332 Static ROM
devices. Has sockets to accept additional 2332 ROM or
2532 PROM devices, to expand on-board Program
memory up to 20K bytes.

• R6532 RAM-Input/Output-Timer (RIOT) combination
device. Multipurpose circuit for AIM 65 Monitor functions.

• Two R6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) devices,
which support AIM 65 and user functions. Each VIA has
two parallel and one serial 8-bit, bidirectional I/O ports,
two 2-bit peripheral handshake control lines and two
fully-programmable 16-bit interval timer/event counters.

BUILT-IN EXPANSION CAPABILITY

• 44-Pin Application Connector for peripheral add-ons

• 44-Pin Expansion Connector has full system bus

• Both connectors are KIM-1 compatible

TTY AND AUDIO CASSETTE INTERFACES

Standard interface to low-cost peripherals . . .

• 20 ma. current loop TTY interface

• Interface for two audio cassette recorders

• Two audio cassette formats: ASCII KIM-1 compatible
and binary, blocked file assembler compatible

ROM RESIDENT ADVANCED INTERACTIVE MONITOR

Advanced features found only on larger systems . . .
Monitor-generated prompts
Single keystroke commands
Address independent data entry
Debug aids
Error messages
Option and user interface linkage

ADVANCED INTERACTIVE MONITOR COMMANDS

Major Function Entry
Instruction Entry and Disassembly
Display/Alter Registers and Memory
Manipulate Breakpoints
Control Instruction/Trace
Control Peripheral Devices
Call User-Defined Functions
Comprehensive Text Editor

LOW COST PLUG-IN ROM OPTIONS

4K Assembler— symbolic, two-pass $79.00
8K BASIC Interpreter $99.00

POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATIONS

+ 5 VDC ± 5% regulated @ 2.0 amps (max)
+ 24 VDC ±15% unregulated @ 2.5 amps (peak)
0.5 amps average

PRICE: $369.00 (-ikram)

Plus $4.00 UPS (shipped in U.S. must give street address),
$10 parcel post to APO's, FPO's, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada,
$25 air mail to all other countries

We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion
boards. Use reader service card to be added to our mailing
list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00
U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog.

ENTERPRISES

INCORPORATED

2967 W. Fairmount Avenue
Phoenix AZ 85017
(602)265-7564

Introducing AppleSeed, our
newest publication to whet
your Apple* appetite!

We invite you to subscribe to AppleSeed - the
magazine that is to the Apple II* what SoftSide is to
the TRS-80**. It offers the newest in software pro-
gramming hints and ideas tailored especially for
your computer. AppleSeed features challenging pro-
grams for both the do-it-yourselfer and the in-
dividual interested in pre-packaged programs and
games . . . your own preview of the best available on
the market today. A typical slice of AppleSeed con-
sists of one major (new 16K) commercial level pro-
gram (completely listed for your keying pleasure),
accompanied by two or three applications for prac-
tical use or fun, supplemented by informative ar-
ticles to polish your Apple*,. Get right to the core of
your Apple* needs and order AppleSeed today! 12
issues, 1 year, $15.00. AppleSeed is the newest
member of . . .

_5off5i3e.

PUBLICATIONS

6 South Street, Mllford, NH 03055
(603) 673-5144

*A registered trademark of Apple Computers. **A registered trademark of Radio Shack and Tandy Corp.

20:42

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

Symbol Table Sorter/Printer
for the AIM Assembler

Some information about the AIM Assembler, a program
to print the Symbol Table - sorted alphabetically or
numerically, and some other useful stuff.

Mel Evans
ERIM, P.O. Box 8618
Ann Arbor, Ml 48107

)

When the first Rockwell AIM showed
up at the local computer store, mouths
started watering. For a KIM user, to see
an AIM is to want one. It is hard to resist
that fine keyboard and display, the
clever little printer, and sockets for
Monitor, RAM, Assembler, and BASIC; or
for 2716 EPROM with your own stuff on
it. I've been running KIM with a Memory
Plus board (8K RAM, 8K EPROM, 2716
programmer, and a 6522 VIA), mounted
with power supply and I/O board in an at-
tache case for portable use. This rig
hasaccumulated a half-dozen 2716's full
of KIM software, and I intend to continue
working on KIM applications. Since AfM
provides the same VIA, I bought one with
the justification that it would help me
develop more and better KIM software. If
you write it and debug it on AIM, and
move it over to KIM, you're done, right?

Well, yes. After a bit of learning about
conversion from one memory map to
another, it really does work that way.
The mnemonic insert mode ("I" com-
mand) is a joy to use. There are no more
op-code lookups and branch calcula-
tions and there are fewer typos. And the
disassembler ("K" command) lets you
check your work faster and more ac-
curately. But for clean, patch-free object
code, the assembler is the best of all.
Six-character variable names! No line-
number hassle! Six-character labels,
such as "JMP NEXT," or "BEQ
OUTCHR." And for easy transfer of ob-
ject code from AIM to KIM, it's the
assembler that really does it. It makes
the writing of relocatable code almost
automatic.

The AIM assembler lacks one feature;
there is no command for printing the
symbol table after an assembly. So here
is a little program that fits on Page Zero
and does just that. After assembling any
program, load this one and start at 10. It
prints two listings of the assembly sym-
bol table; one sorted alphabetically by
symbol name, and the other sorted
numerically by symbol address. The first
list is helpful when going through the
assembly listing. The second is even
more helpful when reading the output of
the disassembler; it lets you know right
away that the cryptic "JSR E9BC," for
example, is a jump to subroutine
OUTALL

The source (assembly-language) ver-
sion of the sort/print program is shown
in Figure 1. The assembly listing, with
absolute addresses, is shown in Figure
2. A disassembler listing is not shown; if
you can't assemble this one, you don't
need it!

The sorting algorithm is plain brute-
force; it is desigbed to conserve memory
space, not sorting time. But even so, it
takes much less time to sort a list than it
does to print it. The only tricky feature of
the program is in its allocation of zero-
page memory; in loading, it carefully
avoids wiping out the six bytes that
remember symbol-table size and loca-
tion, because it will need them to know
where to work when you hit "Go."

Figure 3 shows, as an example, the
use of the assembled program on its

own symbol table. Notice that you don't
have to find and enter the location and
size of the symbol table; the program
finds these from the zero-page bytes
that it conserved while loading.

One note of caution in case you don't
read the following section. When you
assemble this source program, don't
direct the object code to memory. Direct
it to tape. Then load it and start at 10.

AIM-to-KIM Software Conversion

The following assumes that you have
more space in AIM RAM than you will
need for KIM memory. It works well with
a 4K AIM, and even better with 8K.

The idea is to use AIM for both
assembly and running of the program
during the debug phase. In the process
of editing source, assembling, and runn-
ing (and re-editing, re-assembling, re-
running, re-editing, etc., etc.), much time
can be saved by not having to load
source from tape, dump object to tape,
and reload object from tape for the next
run. (If you have disc, this may be less of
a problem. I wouldn't know.) So, build
your source with the editor (the very
good editor), assemble from memory,
and direct object to memory — to any
available memory, not necessarily where
it will go in KIM. It will be easy to move
later if you follow one rule: don't use fix-
ed addresses except where really
necessary.

Look at Figure 1 again. Observe that
the only fixed addresses used are those

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:43

of the six zero-page bytes containing
symbol-table location and size (STLO
through NSYMHI), the four Monitor
subroutines needed for printing (CLR
through CRCK), the start of the scratch-
pad block (• =$00), and the start of the
main program (• =$10). All other ad-
dressing is either relative
( • = * + 1 , • = • + 4) or by label (JSR
SORT, JMP COMPAR, BNE SWAP), with
absolute addresses and branch offsets
assigned during assembly. Therefore,
this whole program could be moved to
KIM by simply changing the scratchpad
start to any convenient spot in KIM zero-
page, changing the program start to any
appropriate spot in KIM RAM, and re-
assembling, with object-output to tape
in KIM format.

That last phrase, "output to tape in
KIM format," is where we hit the first
snag. The AIM User's Manual says the
assembler will do this, but the manual is
wrong. If you try OUT-OBJ = K, the poor
thing locks up in a trance, and the only
recovery is RESET. (If you would like an
explanation from Rockwell on why this
happens, call Dave Sawtelle, AIM Ap-
plications, 714-632-0975. This number is
worth writing down; AIM Applications is
a very competent and helpful group.)

So how do you output object to tape in
KIM format? You have your choice of
two ways. The simple way is to output
object to tape in AIM format, load this
back into AIM, and then DUMP it to tape
in KIM format. This works fine, but it is
slow. The faster way, if you have room in
AIM RAM, is to send object to memory
and then DUMP in KIM format. Before
you do either, read on, or you may hit the
second snag.

The above sort/print is a bad example
of KIM-convertible code, for two
reasons. The first is obvious; consider-
ing its function, KIM couldn't do
anything with it. The second illustrates
some further precautions.

The AIM editor and assembler use the
top third (and some of the bottom) of
Page Zero, and several pieces of Page
One are used by tape I/O and monitor.
Furthermore, you can't (yet) trust the
momory map, in the User's Manual.
Rockwell is diligently fixing the
mistakes and has already issued Revi-
sion 1, but it is still too new to be totally
reliable. For example, look at the equate
list in Fig. 1 again. Notice those zero-
page addresses for STLO through
NSYMHI? Does the memory map tell you
they are used by the assembler? No, it
doesn't. STLO, STHI, NSYMLO, and
NSYMHI are mentioned in the chapter
on the assembler (Section 5.2). I found
ENLO and ENHI by accident!

In order to assemble to memory and
run, try to avoid putting either program
or data on either Page Zero or Page One,

unless you want to discover, by trial and
error, the undocumented portions of the
memory map. It's okay to assign zero-
page variables, but don't use the
assembler to initialize them with data.
The data may not survive the assembly.

Now, how about a program destined
for Page Zero, such as the sorter/printer
above? The final version (as listed
above) must be assembled with object-
output to tape, and can then be safely
loaded and run. But during debug, the
assemble-to-memory-and-run cycle can
still be used by moving program and
data to higher memory. For example,
just before YTAB, change "* = * +1"
to "• =$200" (to move data to Page 2);
and before START, change "* =$10" to
"* =$300" (to move the program to
Page 3). This changes some addressing
modes from zero-page to absolute, but
the assembler takes it in stride. Now
assemble to memory and run. After it all
works, move data and program down to
Page Zero, and assemble to tape.

What if you need to use Page One?
The push-down stack at the top of Page
One is the same in AIM as in KIM, so
there is no problem there. (Simply allow
a bit more room for the deeper-pushing
AIM monitor.) The AIM memory map
shows eleven Page One bytes (106-107,
115-11D) used by tape I/O, and eight
bytes (168-16F) used by the monitor. The
tape I/O bytes can be handled like Page
Zero bytes; i.e., avoid until assembling to
tape. The eight monitor bytes should
probably be permanently avoided; load
them into KIM by hand after everything
else is transferred. And as an extra
precaution, check all of Page One for
wipeouts before running in KIM.

Please do not let all these cautions
scare you off. It really is fast and easy
after a little practice. Most programs
grow during debug, and much of the
above only applies if your program has
grown to the point where you are
cramped for memory space.

Fig. 4 shows how simple it is when
there is plenty of room. This is a general-
purpose "move block" program that will
go anywhere in memory (RAM or ROM),
and it will move any size block from
anywhere to anywhere. The assembly
listing (Fig. 5) shows that it occupies 24
HEX bytes of memory, and uses six
bytes of zero-page. Before moving it to
KIM, change that "• =$00" to the start
of the six-byte block you want it to use in
KIM. Don't bother to change the
" • = $200" starting address; after you
have it in KIM, you can use the program
to move itself to wherever you want to
keep it. I keep two copies on tape, one
that loads to zero-page and one to the
top of RAM, plus one more in EPROM
With another copy in AIM, it can be used
for general memory transfer in either

direction; move blocks to $200-3FF,
dump to tape, load to $200-3FF in the
other machine, and move to wherever.

If all you want is the block-move code,
Fig. 6 gives a disassembler listing and a
hex dump. It can be put anywhere, but
this version needs the bottom six bytes
of zero-page for "From", "End", and
"To".

Figure 1: Source Listing,
Sorter/Printer

, I*'-;

CNTLO

*=*+!'

CNTHI

fiDLO
*=*+!

ftDHI

VI
*=++!

VL1M
*=++±

VTAB

;VTAB DATA

. DBV $0088.- *0S0E

iMAIN PROGRAM
; JUMP OVER 8B, 0C

20:44

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

i <T0 $10 :>

LDH >:RDLCD, V

STR RDLO

*s*10

LDV VI

LDR STHI

STfiRT

STR CADLQ).. V

STR RDHI

.; SORT BV NfiME

PLR

RTS

LDh #6

LDV V2

STR VLIM

STR <flDL0),V

INCfiDR C

LDX #8

INC VI

LDfi RDLO

JSR SORT

INC V2

RDC #8

i SORT BV ADDRESS

LDfi VI

~i | r~j ri ^.' |_ :_j

LDR #S

CMP #8

BCC : ^h-4

STR VLIM

BNE SNPi

t f j r h D H I

LDX #2.

NMLINE JSR INCfiDR

LDfi RDHI

JSR SDRT

BNE SRT2

CMP E N fi I

BRK

BNE INfiX

BRK

L_ !_•' n n !_•' L_ U

~ £, i ■

i ' !m :— :— f-j i : i

■ C ■ I D ="* ! ~' 1 ■ T 7 » : ^ :""

■ p. .-. .-. i : -j- : .-.

7 ■ ! :~ : ._. : ~ t r*

— ' ■-" i-" J •- _■ •_• 1 iML. _•

* .in,-, ft i _=

SORT LDH NSVMlO

Li H h : L D i : <

i'< i i_U

r-p
.3P. i

;r SETflD

JMH COMPfiR

PRNTi JSR CLR

* = :* + 4

j_DV ij4

,-. ,-. -, J~. .-. p. ]— .—.'!.- t- ...

— — " -. .-.- . _ -

.• L-Ui'irrlKc LririK. W/

r K i H L D H « '?■ 4 y

.: L-UriKhbr. UHHK. IN

•J bK UU * HLL

»jryr - ■_=£■

r-. r-i :

l 11— I i i i_ j. i -t i_ .

!_.' £ T

IF H- : CB.. NEXT LINE

f^WP p&i .Q

i r rl ./ & .-. i w ri P .

LDV #3

.; IF R=B, NEXT CHRR.

PRNT2 LDR <RDLU), V

COMPRR LDV VI

JSR OUlRLL

LDR <HDLG).-. V

INV

i r-. i j i ■ --

Lnr ', nL-'Lu, 1 .-- V

BNE PRNT2

LDfl #$26

BNE SNRP

JSR OUTRLL

INC VI

r.rii:T —.- ; r-. r, .■• rt r-. i rt \ i i

rr.iiij- L y rt ■-. r! i.-' i_ u .•• > t

INC V2

JSR NUNR

LDR VI

INV

CMP VLIM

CPV #8

BNE CQMPfiR

BNE PRNT2

SWAP LDR #y

JSR CRCK

STR VI

JSR INCfiDR

LDR #8

BMI PRNTi

STR V2

BEQ PRNTi

SwPi LDV Yi

JSR GAP

LDR <RDLO).. V

RTS

PHR

LDV V2

SETfiDR LDR STLO

GPi JSR CLF
LDfl #$28
JSR OUTRLL

DEX

BNE GPi
LfibT K i b

. END

Fig. 2; Assembly Listing,
Sorter/Printer

SPSVM

SORT £ PRINT_SVM1

RIM ASSEMBLY
EQUATE LIST
==0080 STL0=J3R

==0000 ENL0=*3C
==0000 ENHI=*3D
==0800 NSVML0=*8C
==0808 NSVMHI=?8B

==0800 CLR=$EB44

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:45

==0006 0UTALL=$E9Bi
==0009 NUMA=$EA46
==0000 CR€K=$EA24-

i SUBROUTINES

==0888

==8080
==0880

-=0081

==8881
==8882

==0002

»=0003
a=0002

==8884
==8884

==8885
==8885

==8886
==8806

a=0087

*=*ee

CNTLO

*=-A+i
CNTHI

*=*+l
ADLO

*=*+i
flDHI

*=*+l

u l

+=*-*- ±
VLIM

*=*+!
VTRB

>ATfl

:•.• *e

tjbtfb

: MAIN

rRUliKflri

.; JUMP

OVER 8B

}. '.. j !_i

$18)

== 888B

*=$±0

— — rV *J i Kl

START

. r- .-" r : -r

BY NAME

fjQQg

LDfl #6

ft^S*; CTS Mi TM

w w w w — ■ i » i i b. 4. I :

fiit30 LUK *U

i!0£:4yy JbK iUK s

. i— r, —,— r, s i i- r-. r-. ri r- — ,-

.< ji-ur. i dt hl'Lt.c -■:
A983 LDfl #3
8586 STR VLIM
A232 LDK #2
282488 JSR SORT

88 BRK

ft ft - .<

— Citii.4

A58C
S588
A58B
8501
==0020

LDfl NSVMLO
STA CNTLO
LDfl NSVMHI
STA CNTHI
SRT1

28CC88 JSR SETflDR

==882F SRT2

B587 LDfl VTAB.. X

8584 STfl VI

8585 LDfl VTflB+1
8585 STfl V2
jJUMP OVER 3A-3D
4C3E88 JMP COMPflR
==883fl

*s*-«-4

; COMPARE CHfiR. W/
; CORRESP. CHAR.
; NEXT LINE.
; IF- fl<B, NEXT LI

IN
NE
IF fl=B.. NEXT CHAR.

IF fl>B, SWAP.

==883E

A484

B182

A485

D182

9838

D08A

E684

E605

COMPAR

LDV
LDA
LDV
CMP
BCX
BNE
INC
INC

(flDLO)

NXLINE

SWAP

> T

==884

R584

LDA VI

C536

CMP VLIM

DSER

BNh COMPflR

==885

bWrir

n y 13 m

8584
A 9 8 8
8585

rint't

B182

A485

B182

A484

9182

A485

==88?

9182

E684

LUH 3b

LDA (ADLO).
PHA

: T: I ! i :' - _ i

i_L-' T Til

LDA (ADLO).

STfl (ADLO)

PLfl

LDV V2

STA (ADLO)

INC VI

E685 INC V2
A584 LDA VI
C988 CMP #8
D8E4 BNE SI4P1
==0873 NXLINE
28D588 JSR INCADR
D0B2 BNE SRT2
i DECREMENT
■■ LOOP COUNT

A588

LDR CNTLO

E981

SBC #1

3588

Si A CNTLO

B832

BCS *+4

C681

DEC CNTHI

==8838

A581

LDA CNTHI

D882

BNE ++4

A580

LDA CNTLO

D09C

BNE SRT1

.; PRINT

SORTED LIST

20CC00

JSR SETADR

20EB88

JSR GAP

==8096

PRNT1

2044EB

JSR CLR

A0O4

LDV #4

==003g

PR1A

A928

1 r-. ft ii .+. --. ,-j

i- j.-' n -it * i. >j

20BCE9

JSR OUTALL

DEV

D0FS

BNE PRlfl

A000

LDV #0

==88A5

PRNT2

B182

LDA (ADLO),

28BCE9

JSR OUTALL

I NY

C38S

CPV #6

D8F6

BNE PRNT2

A928

LDA #$28

20BCE9

JSR OUTALL

==00B4

PRNT3

Ti A ft ■"
O -i. C £-

1 fiP >;' ft Pi ! fj ') .

2846EA

JSR NUMA

INV

0088

rpy |jQ

D8F6

BNE PRNTi

2824EA

W T'i ^ Ci Ci

J Id H C R L K

la. V *.- -.' — ' w

==80r:4

38D8

BMI PRNTi

F0CE

BEG PRNTi

20EBO8

JSR GAP

R j b

==Mi

;p - p!5p

20:46

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

A53A

IDA stlo

S5@2

bTfi flDLO

A52E

LDfl STHI

3583

STA ADHI

r"s^ r -

==03D5

INCADR

L- i_ L-

A582

LDA flDLO

6383

ADC #8

3582

Sift HDLO

9882

BCC *+4

E683

INC HDHI

A503

LDfl HDHI

C53D

CMP ENHI

D884

BNE INAX

==88Eb

R582

LDA flDLO

C52C

CMP ENLO

==88Efl

INFIX

RTS

==88EE

GAP

0282

LDX #3

««00ED

GPI

2044E6

JSR CLR

fi920

LDfl #$26

20BCE9

JSP. OUTflLL

2024EA

JSR CRCK

DEX

BNE GPI

==88F8

LAST

K i S

END

ERROR:

5= 8888

Fig. 3: Example Run showing
Dual Sort

0>=i9

r-. ; ■ t
i-'ni

886

ADLO

808

EB4

NTHI

080

008

fihiPQD

883

KCK

EA2

ENHi

y is S

ENLO

802

January, 1

980

GAP

06EB

SETADR

80 CC

GPi

08ED

INC AD R

88D5

IN AX

08EA

IN AX

00EA

INCADR

0QD5

GAP

00EB

LAST

8SFB

GPi

88ED

NSVMHI

060B

LAST

0OFB

NSVMLO

000C

OUTflLL

E3BC

NUHfl

EA46

CRCK

EA24

NXLINE

0678

NUMfl

EA46

OUTflLL

E9BC

CLR

EB44

PR! A

889B

PRNTi

8696

PRNT2

00A5

PRNT2

00B4

Fig. 4: Source Listing,

SETADR

88CC

Block— Move

Program

SORT

8S24

.; uui-v

SRTi

002C

SRT2

0B2F

.' L U r i L b H N V

~ b i il h

START

0810

.; BLOCK OF

STHI

803B

; TO HNVPLA

CE IN

STLO

083A

SWAP

0854

.; BEFORE RUN

NING..

SWP1

085 C

.; PUT START

0884

.■ Bluuk in

"FROM"

0685

C f j r ; f; p d i

C K IN

VLIM

0886

i "END". AN

D FIRS

VTAB

0007

; DESTINATI

jj t r, h

:• U

ON IN

CNTLO

8800

. r-.iiijTr j t r-

r-iiTiiT

(.-ft i Hi

8801

*=$86

ADLO

8082

FRLO

phi-iT

8003

*=*+!

8804

FRHI

Vi!

8085

*=*+!,

i L i M

6006

ENLO

VTAB

8807

* = * + i

f J •" v M U T

M.' > ill I i

000B

ENHI

ij C S^i fci '. i*

sfbaL

*s* + l

—.: r^ rr s

0818

TOLO

— : L.' I", t

yy^4

* = * + !

SRTi

082C

-r i*i ;_i t

SRT2

802F

b i LU

i~ n ":• d

.; MAIN PROOF

STHI

883B

:fc=-|286

ENLO

jjljj^.

START

hNHI

y 8 j >L- !

; INCREMENT

"END"

_ i i pi ^ pi hr

80 3 E

INC ENLO

SWAP "

8854

BNE *+4'

SWPi

805C

INC ENHI

NXLINE

8078

LDV #8

PRNTi

0096

MOVE

P P 1 H

88 9 B

LDA (FRLO).-

; i

80fl5

STA <TOLO>,-

PRNT2

08B4

.; INCREMENT

"FROM"

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:47

INC FRLO
BNE *+4
INC FRHI
i INCREMENT "TO"
INC TOLO
BNE *+4
INC TOHI
; CHECK IF DONE
SEC

LDH FRLO
SBC ENLO
LDh FRHI
SBC ENHI
BCC HOVE
;fiLL DONE
BRK
LAST
BRK
END

Fig. 5: Assembly Listing,
Block— Move Program

. i • i • rj • '

.; BLOCK OF MEMORY
.; TO hNVPLhCE IN RfiM

. ; biirUKc riUNNiNli^

; PUT START OF

; BLOCK IN "FROM",

i END GF BLOCK IN

iir-ii-,}! Q'fir-. rinTT

z.U'J .= ■ nfiy rikji

; " TO " .
;EQUHTE LIST

==0006

* = $88

==8008 FRLO
= = y y y 8

==8081 FRHI
==8081

==8882 ENLO
-=8882

==8883 ENHI
==8883

==8884 TOLO

Tfci

==8884
==8885 TOHI

tmzz

ntM

"IT

ES88

INU

hRLU

D882

our

++4

E681

Tii"

rr.rii

.; INCREf

1ENT

"TO"

ES84

INC

TOLO

D882

BNE

•r-rn

E68d

T '. i r-

TOHI

==82:

.; CHECK

IF E

'ONE

» — *— •■"*

bet

H588

LDH

FRLO

E582

**■ r*t i*v

ENLO

H581

LDh

hRHI

E583

SBH

ENHI

98E5

BCC

MOVE

; fiLL

ONE

BRK

==82

LfiST

r-nr

ERR

S= 8888

Fig. 6: Block— Move, Disassembled
and Hex Dump

y^yb R8 ldv #88

8288 Bi LDfi (00),

!/} *"/ {A ^ *"*• ; ~ C' * • !~ I~J ~ j .1 ■"" 1

8214 D8 BNb 821S
0216 ES INC 85

y 2 i 1 3 R ^ ■ ^ ft h

'li-t

021r E5 SBC 83

y £- ± ii. ^* y fc> L- L- y ii l^ b

0223 80 BRK

8224 88 BRK

"M"; =

K! i, £i £!

Efc

k1 i!

BtOt

ilb

fly

828S

T" .4

DJ.

828C

y i i y

T-.~

8214

b =3

821S

.» C 1

fl5

821C

fil

8228

8224

KEYBOARD EXPAMW fm APPLE [I*

Ctl Hlere iiaoyMtt th« tiaeaforeatlon o< tha ApFLl II

late a eeeplete upper end lower eaaa tritii. RBYBOAa.fi
■irMOOB, a haidveta-aef tvera eodlfleatloa o( tha
hPrLS It, aetoally allowe the ibUt kiyi to b« aaad

The hardware shanf a la a ««t-«lfi aodl fleet Ion with
e*« aeldar aol«t. The aeftwara la a 1/4B tianaparent

Cap aad Ihlft L<»k« and •• Ia*«ra« tadi dlaplay optic
laoladed. Coapaklela «lt« aathoda dlaplaylaf AtCII
aa«A •• riran'i (.at and Ippla'a «ontilbutad II ■■■
C»IACTII OKRIhATOB. lotallf eeepatlbla tilth DO* ,

allevlnt aaa of O/t 1m HIT tllaa, FklMT and UK atat<
■toll, DOS rila naaaa, aad Isatedlaia »eda.

■DOB

110.00

TDTMGI 130.00

CenUlM KtnOftJD HMOOI aad H nmsn UIIC proaiaa callarf
TUTVaCt, «klch ■** put e< AffUPOfT. tha flrat eoaaHtielally
arail«U« ptodMt which allswed aonal ■«• of tlM mPPU II aalft
taya. Kaeantlr iarla«d. Slvaa llMltad 'paaja-ptocaaalrta ' cap-
abllltlaai allowa an try, adltlaa, acerata en dlac, and prlntlna
|Mlna yoic awn pilntar dfl«K]i o* a 'typed pea*' (H Una* o/
■■ ckatactara). aequirM 341 nag ayatM.

Otmi AVULMLC KMX.T H«0

Coeeleta word proeaaaoc lncludlna mMW BXPMnxn and a full
aciaen ad Iter, wa aie uhlMf a loaf tlea to dewalop thla packaqa
bacj— "a wane Uh fllat word procasaor to aaa ttm atillt taya to
ba hetii pewetful and aaey to eea. mMW B^MroORa, TtnTACCa,
aad ArviCHirTa aey ba ratwned tec eiadlt toward Ouptu:.

BBAL-T1MB CtOOl AVAJLULI KJUU.T 19H tot 15. 00

J eh aa it lea and aoltwate for aaclally Interlacing APVLT II to •
laai-tlaw clock walna apprea. H15.0O In paita and Uia Giim I/O.

'APfLK la a reflatared Trail «■■"* ei kppla Conputar Inc.
Full dociiBinti tloa lacludadt aoftwara pro*ldad an dlac
taacapt tor Clock) . Our product a n« copy rlahtadi wl th
all rlqhta reaerved. Ordara, acceapanlad by cirtldtd
check or never ordar , ahotild ba aaa t toi

CJH nicio

P.O Box 249

Cliftopi P«««. M 12065

20:48

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

Aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw

EXCERT, INCORPORATED

1 • • • AIM ■ 65 • • • I

A SPECIAL NOTE TO OUR CUSTOMERS

* Thanks to you we have moved to larger quarters.

* We have also expanded our product offerings and
deleted others.

* Hopefully, we have served your needs and will do so
again.

* We believe a customer is not an interruption of our
work, but the purpose of it.

Let Us Serve You Again!
Thanks,
Laurie Root
Vice President

P/N QTY 1 • 9

A65-1 AIM-65 w/1 K RAM $375

A65-4 AIM-65 w/4K RAM $450

A65-A Assembler ROM $85

A65-B BASIC ROM $100

Special - A65-4AB

AIM-65 w/4K RAM, Assembler & BASIC ROMs . $595

Spare Parts (When Available)

A65-P Printer $40

A65-D Complete Display Board $65

w/Exchange of Old Board $40

A65-K Keyboard $40

P/N QTY 1 • 9

Power Supplies

PRS3 + 5V at 3A, + 24V at 1 A

w/mtg hardware, cord, etc $65

PRS4 + 5V at 2A, + 24V at .5A

w/mtg hardware, cord, etc $50

From The Enclosures Group

ENC1 AIM-65 case w/space for PRS3/PRS4 . $45
ENCL1A AIM-65 case w/space for PRS3/PRS4

and one expansion board $49

Cases with Power Supplies

ENC3 ENC1 W/PRS3 mounted inside $115

ENC3A ENC1A W/PRS3 mounted inside $119

ENC4 ENC1 W/PRS4 mounted inside $100

ENC4A ENC1AW/PRS4 mounted inside $104

From The Computerist, Inc.

MCP1 Mother Plus™ Dual 44 pin mother card
takes MEB1, V1B1, PTC1, fully buffered,
5 expansion slots underneath the AIM $80

MEB1 Memory Plus™ 8K Ram, 8K Prom sockets,
6522 I/O chip and programmer for 5V
EPROMS with cables $200

PTC1 Proto Plus™ Prototype card same size

as KIM-1, MEB1, V1B1 $40

V1B1 Video Plus™ board with 128 char, 128 user
char, up to 4K display RAM, light pen and
ASCII keyboard interfaces w/cables $245

■ Systems

■ We specialize in assembled and tested systems
| made from the above items. Normally, the price

| will be the total of the items, plus $ 5.00 for

; shipping, insurance and handling. Please call or write

i for exact prices or if questions arise.

P/N QTY 1 - 9

From Seawell Marketing, Inc.

MEP2 Little Buffered Mother™ Single 44 pin

(KIM-4 style) mother card takes MEB2.PGR2,
PTC2 and PI02. Has on board 5V regulator for
AIM-65, 4 expansion slots. Routes A&E

signals to duplicates on sides $139

with 4K RAM $189

MEB2 SEA 16™ 16K static RAM board takes 2114L
with regulators and address switches

Blank $125

8K $225

16K $325

PGR2 Prommer™ Programmer for 5V EPROMS
with ROM firmware, regulators, 4 textool
sockets, up to 8 EPROMS simultanously, can
execute after programming $245

PI02 Parallel I/O board with 4-6522's $260

PTC2 Proto/Blank™ Prototype card that

fits MCP2 $39

PTC2A Proto/Pop™ with regulator, decoders,

switches $99

From Beta Computer

MEB3 32K Dynamic Memory Card w/on board DC to

DC converters (5V only .8Amax) $419

with 16K $349

with OK $279

Miscellaneous

TPT2 Approved Thermal Paper Tape

5/165' rolls $10

MEM6 6/2114 RAM Chips $45

s Higher quantities quoted upon request.

5 COD's accepted.

s Add $5.00 for shipping, insurance and handling.

a Minnesota residents add 4 % sales tax.

Mail Check or Money Order To:

EXCERT, INC.

P.O. Box 8600

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

(612)426-4114

.niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiii^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii*

GREAT
PET

SOFTWARE

"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellent
value" are the applauds now being given to United
Software's line of software. These are sophisticated
programs designed to meet the most stringent needs of
individuals and business professionals. Every package
is fully documented and includes easy to understand
operator instructions.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - A comprehensive, interactive
system like those run on mainframes! Six modules comprising 42K of
programming allow you to; create, edit, delete, display, print, sort,
merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10,000 records. Printer routines
automatically generate reports and labels on demand. 60 pages of
concise documentation are included. Requirements - 16-32K PET and
2040 Dual Disk (printer optional). . . .Cost $125

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE/PAYABLE - A complete, yet simple to use
accounting system designed with the small businessman in mind. The
United Software system generates and tracks purchase orders and
invoices all the way through posting "controlled" accounts payable and
accounts receivable subsystems.

Keyed Random Access file methods makes data access almost
instantaneous. The low-cost solution for the first time computer user
with up to 500 active accounts. Requirements - 32K PET, Dual Disk, any
80-column printer. . . .Cost $175

CASH RECEIPTS & DISBURSEMENTS - Makes it a breeze to track all
outgoing payments made by any type of business operation. Checks
are tracked by number and categorized by type of expense. Sorting,
summary, and audit trails make it easy to post to general ledger. This
system also categorizes incoming receipts. Uses KRAM file access

method. Requirements - 32K PET, Dual Disk (printer optional) Cost

$99.95

KRAM - Keyed Random Access Method - The new, ultra-fast access
method for the PET Disk, provides keyed retrieval/storage of data, in
either direct or sequential mode, by either full or partial key values.
Written by United Software in 6502 machine code, and designed with
the PET inmind.it exploits all the benefits of the PET Disk, allowing full
optimization of your system. Eliminates the need for "Sort" routines!
KRAM provides flexibility never seen on a micro before. KRAM is
modeled after a very powerful access method used on large-scale IBM
Virtual Storage mainframes. So "KRAM" all you can into your PET - it
will love you for it. . . .Cost $79.95

(Sublicenses available to software houses.)

PROGRAMS FOR
ENTERTAINMENT

Space Intruders
("Best Game of 1979") ..$19.95

Jury/Hostage 12.50

Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95

Alien I.Q./Tank 9.95

Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95

Submarine Attack 9.95

Battle of Midway 7.95

Laser Tank Battle 9.95

Swarm 14.95

Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUE United Software Display at
your local computer dealer, or send check or moneyorder,
plus $1.00 shipping to:

UNITED SOFTWARE OF AMERICA

Super Startrek 14.95

PET Music Box 29.95

UNITED SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS FOR BUSINESS

Checkbook $15.95

Mortgage 15.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

Stock Analyzer 22.95

Stock Options 24.95

6502 Macro Assembler . . . 49.95

750 Third Ave.

New York, N.Y. 10017

Dealer inquiries invited

APPLE II SOFTWARE

CURSOR PILOT

gives any Apple li game-paddle control of the video cursor. Activate
by touching 'ESC, then edit or copy with game-paddle. Supports
normal keyboard controls, is transparent to your programs.

$595

DATA HANDLER

data base management system. Supports infinite data bases on the
Apple If disk drive. Structure data to meet your own needs, up to 255
fields per entry. Advanced data processing allows searching and math
to generate reports, extensions, and ledgers. Use for inventory, checks,
phone numbers, stocks, lab data., etc. Requires 32K & a disk drive.

on diskette with manual . . . $49^

TYPESETTER

a complete HI-RES graphics character generator and editing system.
Allows colors, scaling, upper/lower case, inverse, and can HPLOT
letters to any point on the screen. Outputs through regular PRINT
statements. Use it to label graphs, create ad displays, or print lower
case. System includes 35 utility programs and character sets. When
ordering, specify if for disk or POM Applesoft. Needs 32K with ROM,
48K with disk.

on diskette with manual .

$2495

HIRES UTILITY PACK

Why sweat over HI-RES graphics? Shape Generator lets you build
graphic shapes with game paddles, see them at all scales, colors, and
rotations. Save them to disk, and Shape Adder puts up to 255 shapes
together into a table. Utility Subroutines let you position without
plotting, find your last plot, and look at the screen to see if a point is
on. Requires 16K with Applesoft ROM.

on diskette . . . $ | Q$5

AVAILABLE AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER, OR CALL DIRECTLY AT:

ANDROMEDA COMPUTER SYSTEMS s

Visa and Maslercharge gladly accepted.
Apple II and Applesoft are trade marks of the Apple Computer Company, Inc.

RECYCLE(D)
COMPUTERS

BUY tf SELL ^r SWAP
Hardware & Software

NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENTS
32 pageg or mort

Mailed 1st Class every 3 Weeks
lyr. (18 issues) # $3.75

O BOX191'"
GREENSBORO, nC 27410
(9lS) 852-1462

ON LINE

reeve I • u**d compuran

24695 Santa Cruz Hwy.. Los Gatos, CA 95030

TH£ BEST WAY TO DETERMINE IF ON_UNE CAN BE OF VALUE TO YOU IS TO TRY A ....

rasa aaGaptLB mm

The MICRO Software
Catalogue: XVI

Name:

System:

Memory:

Language

Hardware:

IRR

PET

16K

BASIC

PET(8K) with Cassette

Copies:

Just Released

Price:

$18.95

Includes:

Cassette and

tions

Author:

D.J. Romain

Available from:

powers, strengths, and modes of attack,
and they become increasingly
dangerous in battle as lower levels are
reached. As the secrets of the dungeon
are uncovered by your force, a color cod-
ed map is generated until you find your
way safely out with your treasures.

Copies: Many

Price: $12.50 cassette, $15.00

disk.

(WA residents add 5.3

percent sales tax)
Author: Robert C. Clardy

Available: Synergistic Software

5221 • 120th Ave. S.E.

Bellevue, WA 98006

(206) 641-1917

Name: Paper Tiger Graphics

Software

System: APPLE II OR APPLE II

PLUS

Memory. 32K

Language: Integer Basic or Ap-
plesoft

Hardware: APPLE II, Disk II, and IDS
440G Printer

Description: The paper tiger graphics
software is a set of programs which
allow printing of anything that can be
displayed on the Apple II high resolution
pages. Any picture, graph, text, or
diagram which is displayed can be sav-
ed and dumped to the printer. Serial ver-
sions of the printing programs are listed
on the diskette. The names of the pro-
grams indicate which language is used
to execute the program. Pictures can be
expanded to twice the size and can be

Name:

Data Handler

System:

APPLE II or APPLE II Plus

Memory:

32K with ROM — 48K

without

Language:

APPLESOFT II

Description: IRR is designed to provide
the potential real estate investor with a
detailed breakdown of the projected an-
nual cash flows for the first four years of
ownership based on 19 input datum. The
second portion of the program provides
the projected cash proceeds from the
sale, broken down by its various com-
ponents and tax considerations. The
third portion of the program provides the
partitioning of the Internal Rate of
Return into the three components: Cash
Flow, Tax Shelter, and Cash Proceeds
from the sale. It then indicates the pre-
sent value of each component, the
percentage of the total return, and the
partitioning of the total Internal Rate of
Return into the three components. An
excellent tool to evaluate prospective
real estate purchases.

Instruc-

D. J. Romain, P.E.
405 Reflection Road
Apple Valley, MN 55I24

Name: DUNGEON CAMPAIGN

System: APPLE II

Memory: 16K (32K for disk version)

Language: Integer BASIC

Description: Dungeon Campaign is a
game of high adventure wherein the
player directs an expeditionary force as
it ventures into an underground
labyrinth. The catacombs are filled with
treasures and hazards, poisonous
vapors and evil necromancers, stairways
and pitfalls, sorcerous devices and in in-
credible assortment of monstrous in-
habitants.

The dungeon's monsters may pursue
or wait in ambush. They have a variety of

Software Catalog Note

Do you have a software package you want publicized? Our Software Catalogue is a good opportunity to receive some free
advertisement.. This regular feature of MICRO is provided both as a service to our readers and as a service to the 6502 industry which
is working hard to develop new and better software products for the 6502 based system. There is no charge for listings in this
catalog. All that is required is that material for the listing be submitted in the listing format. All info should be included. We reserve
the right to edit and/or reject any submission. Some of the submissions are too long. We might not edit the description the same
way you would, so please, be brief and specific.

Description: The Data Handler is a data
base management system. It can sup-
port up to 255 fields/entry. Disk based, it
can support infinite data base sizes. Pro-
grams allow formatting, editing, sorting,
searching, and data processing. Can be
used for checkbooks, inventory, stocks,
etc. Includes sample files and manual.

Copies: 10

Price: $49.95 on diskette.

N.C. residents add 4 per-
cent sales tax.

Author: Joe Budge

Available: Andromeda Computer
Systems
P.O. Box 19144
Greensboro.N.C. 27410
(919) 852-1482

Name: Cursor Pilot

System: APPLE II or APPLE II Plus

Memory: Any Size

Language: Machine

Description: The cursor pilot gives game
paddle control of the video cursor. Ac-
tivate by pressing escape, then edit or
copy with the game-paddles. All stan-
dard keyboard cursor controls function
normally. Transparent to Basic pro-
grams. Relocatable program works on
any APPLE II with or without disk.

inverted to

give a black on white or a

Copies:

Just Released

white on black picture.

Price:

$5.95 on cassette

NC residents add 4 per-

Price:

$34.95

cent sales tax

Includes:

One diskette plus user

Authors:

Joe Budge and Jeff

pamphlet

Schmoyer

Author:

David K. Hudson

Available:

Andromeda Computer

Available:

Local Apple Dealers or

Systems

Computer Station

P.O. Box 19144

12 Crossroads Plaza

Greensboro, NC 27410

Granite City, IL 62040

(919)852-1482

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:51

fccommodore

ariliiaiX.

340 K Dual Drive

80 Column
Dot Matrix Printer

CBM 2040
$1295 00

2001 ■ 32N $1295 00

PRINTERCOM

2022 $995 00

2023 $849 00

2001 - 8N

2001 - 16B

2001 - 16N

2001 - 32B

16/32K Diagnostic Kit
Audio Amplifier PET

$795 00

$995 00

$1295 00

$225 00
$29 95

PET to IEEE Cable
IEEE to IEEE Cable
C2N CASSETTE

8K Diagnostic Kit

DISKETTES:

DYSAN [Business Quality]

Verbatim

N DENOTES GRAPHICS ON LARGE KEYBOARD
B DENOTES NO GRAPHICS ON LARGE KEYBOARD

$39 95
$49 95
$95°°
$30 00

5/$24 50
10/31 95

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

OSBORNE — CMS

General Ledger Disk $295°°

Accounts Payable Disk $195°°
Accounts Receivable Disk $195°°
Word Processor 16/32K Disk $99°°

Inventory Control Disk $195°°
[Available 12-1-79]

Mailing List Disk $95°°

Payroll Disk $295°°
[Available 1-15-80]

Word Processor Tape $24 95

CBM — MIS

General Ledger Disk
Accounts Receivable Disk
Accounts Payable Disk
Payroll Disk

$120°°
$120°°
$120°°
$120°°

Inventory Disk
Job Cost/Bid Disk
Customer Information
[Mailing List] Disk

$120°°
$120°°

$120°°

CBM — MIS Complete 7 Module Set $795°°

All 16N/16B Upgrade to 32K $31 00

Ship computer and check to:

HDCTIE COmPUTERS

1775 E. Tropicana
(Liberace Plaza)
Las Vegas, NV 89109
702/736 ■ 6363

FREE Software
LAS VEGAS series with any PET
computer purchase or upgrade
to 32K, valued at $200°° or
more, including other software.

PROGRESSIVE SOFTWARE

Presents
Software and Hardware for your APPLE

SALES FORECAST provides the best forecast using the four
most popular forecasting techniques: linear regression, log
trend, power curve trend, and exponential smoothing. Neil D.
Lipson's program uses artificial intelligence to determine the
best fit and displays all results for manual intervention. $9.95

CURVE FIT accepts any number of data points, distributed in
any fassion, and fits a curve to the set of points using log
curve fit, exponential curve fit, least squares, or a power curve
fit. It will compute the best fit or employ a specific type of fit,
and display a graph of the result. By Dave Garson. $9.95

UTILITY PACK 1 combines four versatile programs by Vince
Corsetti, for any memory configuration.

• Integer to Applesoft conversion: Encounter only those
syntax errors unique to Applesoft after using this program
to convert any Integer BASIC source.

• Disk Append: Merge any two Integer BASIC sources into a
single program on disk.

• Integer BASIC copy: Replicate an Integer BASIC program
from one disk to another, as often as required, with a
single keystroke.

• Applesoft Update: Modify Applesoft on the disk to elimin-
ate the heading always produced when it is first run.

• Binary Copy: Automatically determines the length and
starting address of a program while copying its binary file
from one disk to another in response to a single key-
stroke. $9.95

MISSILE-ANTI-MISSILE display a target, missile, anti-missile,
a submarine and map of the U.S. on the screen. A hostile sub-
marine appears and launches a pre-emptive nuclear attack
controlled by paddle 1. As soon as the hostile missile is fired,
the U.S. launches its anti-missile controlled by paddle 0. Dave
Moteles' program offers high resolution and many levels of
play. $9.95

TOUCH TYPING TUTOR teaches typing. Indicates speed and
errors made. Finger Bldrs, Gen. Typing, Basic Language and
User Supplied. Diskette. Written by Wm. A. Massena. $19.95

APPLE MENU COOKBOOK index-accessed data
storage/retrieval program. Recipes stored, unlimited lines per
entry. Easy editing. Formulated after N.Y. Times Cookbook.
Other useful features included.
Written by Wm. Merlino, M.D. $19.95

MAILING LIST PROGRAM maintains complete record of name,
address, phone no., mailing labels accommodates parallel
card or built-in printer driver, easy data entry.
Diskette. 32K. $19.95

BLOCKADE lets two players compete by building walls to
obstruct each other. An exciting game written in Integer
BASIC by Vince Corsetti. $9.95

TABLE GENERATOR forms shape tables with ease from direc-
tional vectors and adds additional information such as star-
ting address, length and position of each shape. Murray Sum-
mers' Applesoft program will save the shape table anywhere in
usable memory. $9.95

OTHELLO may be played by one or two players and is similar
to chess in strategy. Once a piece has been played, its color
may be reversed many times, and there are also sudden
reverses of luck. You can win with a single move. Vince Corset-
ti's program does all the work of keeping board details and
flipping pieces. $9.95

SINGLE DRIVE COPY is a special utility program, written by
Vince Corsetti in Integer BASIC, that will copy a diskette using
only one drive. It is supplied on tape and should be loaded onto
a diskette. It automatically adjusts for APPLE memory size
and should be used with DOS 3.2. $19.95

SAUCER INVASION
SPACE MAZE
STARWARS

ROCKET PILOT Written by Bob Bishop Each $9.95

SAUCER INVASION lets you defend the empire by shooting
down a flying saucer. You control your position with the pad-
dle while firing your missile at the invader. Written by Bob
Bishop. $9.95

HARDWARE

LIGHT PEN with seven supporting routines. The light meter
takes intensity readings every fraction of a second from to
588. The light graph generates a display of light intensity on
the screen. The light pen connects points that have been
drawn on the screen, in low or high resolution, and displays
their coordinates. A special utility displays any number of
points on the screen, for use in menu selection or games, and
selects a point when the light pen touches it. The package in-
cludes a light pen calculator and light pen TIC TAC TOE. Neil
D. Lipson's programs use artificial intelligence and are not
confused by outside light. The hi-res light pen, only, requires
48K and ROM card. $34.95

POSTAGE AND HANDLING
Please add $1.25 for the first item
and $.75 for each additional item.

Programs accepted for publication
Highest royalty paid

U.S. and foreign dealer and distributor inquiries invited
All programs require 16K memory unless specified

TO ORDER

Send check or money order to:

P.O. Box 273

Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462

PA residents add 6% sales tax.

' V T' wyg^.r^^y r ^w v-w w wvr -^ n 3-c vt i-L J>* vtx ><■>•!: X.JO*

fc£M o ,.

-^-<J

* COMP^^

APPLE KIM AIM65

INEXPENSIVE CONTROL SOLUTION FOR

HOME SECURITY • ENERGY CONSERVATION

GREENHOUSES • ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL • LABORATORIES

CmC's^DAC system now includes an interface-to the BSR X-10 remote
control modules. These low-cost modules allow control over lamps,
motors and appliances. With the CmC X-10 interface your computer can
control 256 separate devices. Lamps can be turned on or off, dimmed or
brightened. Alarms, kitchen appliances, hi-fis, TVs, motors, pumps,
heaters and more can be put under your computer's control.

Direct plug-in and software for most computers.

Circle the reader service number, call or write for our latest catalog.

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc.

ISO POCONO ROAD

BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052

m u

.3g*g.«:

••••*•••••••*• ••••*••••• *

: KIMSI ;

* floppy :

\ DISKS— J

*
*

PERRY PERIPHERALS HAS

THE HDE MINIFLOPPY TO KIMSI

ADAPTER

♦ MINIFLOPPY S-100 ADAPTER: $15

*• FODS and TED Diskette

*• FODS and TED User Manuals

*• Complete Construction Information

♦OPTIONS:

*• FODS Bootstrap in EPROM (1st Qtr'80)

«• HDE Assembler (ASM) $75

*• HDE Text Output Processor (TOPS) $1 35

*
*

(N.Y.

State residents, add 7% Sales Tax)

Place your order with:
PERRY PERIPHERALS

P.O. Box 924

Miller Place, N.Y. 11764

(516)744-6462

Your "Long Island' HDE Distributor

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS PROGRAM
DJI WEEKLY AVERAGE 1897-1980

ANA1 (ANALYSIS 1) is a set of BASIC Programs which enables the user to
perform analyses on the Dow Jones Industrial weekly average data. From 6
months to 5 years of user selected DJI data can be plotted on Ihe entire screen
in one of 5 colors using Apples' High Resolution capabilities. The DJI data can
be transformed into different colored graphic representations called transforms.
They are: user specified moving averages; a least squares linear fit (best straight
line); filters for time, magnitude, or percentage changes; and user created rela-
tionships between the DJI data, a transform, or a constant using *,-,xV operators.
Colored lines can be drawn between graphic points. Graphic data values or
their dates of occurrence can be displayed in text on the screen. Any graph or
text can be outputted to a users printer. The Grid Scale is automatically sel to
the range of the graphs or can be user changed. As many colored graphs as
wanted can be plotted on the screen and cleared at any time. The user can code
routines to operate on the DJI/transform data or create his own disk file data
base. ANA1 commands can be used with his routines or dala base. An Update
program allows the user to easily update the DJI file with current DJI weekly
data.

The ANA1 two letter user commands are: CA = Calculate, no graph. CG = Clear
Graphs, leave Grids. CK = Checking out program, known data. CO = Color of next
graph (red, green, violet, white, blue). CS = Clear Screen DL = Draw Line between
points. Fl = Filter data for time, magnitude, or percent change. FU = Data, trans-
form, or constant Function with v,x,/ operator. GD = Graphic mode, display
all Graph Data on screen. GR = Graph data to screen. GS = Set Grid Scale. HE = Help,
summary of any commands usage. LD = Load Data from disk file Irom inputted
date to memory. LG = Leave Graphs, automatic Grid rescaling. LO = Look, select
a range ol the LD data and GR; All commands can now be used on this range.
LS = Least squares linear fit of the data. MA = Moving Average of the data. NS =
No Scale, next graph on screen does not use Grid Scale. NT = No Trace. PR = User
implimented Printer routine. TD = Text mode, display Text Data on screen. Tl =
Time number to date or vice versa. TR = Trace. TS = Text Stop for number ol lines
outputted to screen when in TD. U1/U2 = User 1/2 implimented routines. VD =
Values of Data outputted in text. VG = Values of Grid; low/high/delta. VT = Values
of Transform outputted in text.

APPLE® II. 48 K. APPLESOFT
ROM CARD, DISK II DOS 3.2
ANA1 DISK & MANUAL . . . $49.95
(CA residents add 6% sales tax)

GALAXY
DEPT. MM
P.O. 80X 22072
SAN DIEGO. CA 92122

«yy M MMl^t«H XXsOOZKtS :

PET Word Processor

This program permits composing and printing letters,
flyers, advertisements, manuscripts, etc., using the
COMMODORE PET and a printer.

Printing directives include line length, line spacing,
left margin, centering and skip. Edit commands allow
you to insert lines, delete lines, move lines and
paragraphs, change strings, save files onto and load
files from cassette (can be modified for disk), move up,
move down, print and type.

Added features for the 16/32K version include string
search for editing, keyboard entry during printing for
letter salutations, justification, multiple printing and
more.

A thirty page instruction manual is included.

The CmC Word Processor Program for the 8K PET is
$29.50. The 16/32K version is $39.50.

Order direct or contact your local computer store.

VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED — SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER. EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.
ADO t1 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING A HANDLING — FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc.

ISO POCONO ROAD

BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052

y«M.M ^Vf^lTMM.MWM>t»t^JMMJ». KUKVKXJt:

Search/Change in Applesoft

It is often useful to be able to search a file for a par-
ticular string and then to change the string for a new
one. This paper presents a Search/Change capability for
Applesoft.

J.D. Childress
5108 Springlake Way
Baltimore, MD 21212

A program to produce a cross-
reference table for all the variables in a
program under development is a useful
tool; such a table enables one to deter-
mine whether and where a variable label
has been used. Unfortunately, a
variable's cross-reference program in
BASIC is not available in the literature
although the development of one was
recently reported by William and Alice
Englander, Nybbles: BASIC Cross-
Reference Table Generator, Byte, v4,
4:190 (April 79). About as useful in pro-
gram development though not as neat
for complete documentation purposes is
the FIND program of Jim Butterfield, In-
side PET BASIC, MICRO, 8:39,
(December78-January 79). Butterfield's
paper inspired the present SEARCH/-
FIND program, one that does the same
function as Butterfield's but also, allows
one to change the found item (within
limits).

SEARCH/CHANGE is about seven
times as long (1.5 Kbytes) as
Butterfield's FIND and runs at about half
the speed. It takes about 2.5 minutes to
search 8.5 Kbytes. On the plus side, the
extra length and sacrifice in speed buys

1. the option not to search or
only to search strings,

2. the option to have listed the
lines that contain the sought
item, and

3. the option to replace the
sought item by anything of equal
length.

Because of the limitation on length in
the CHANGE function, this feature is not
really a general purpose program editing
tool. Nevertheless, it is quite useful in
dressing up variable labels or changing,
say, a real variable to an integer variable.

Demonstration

To do a search/change, the
SEARCH/CHANGE program must be ap-
pended to the program to be searched.
Either use the merge feature of the 3.2
DOS renumbering program or the
machine language APPEND program
and proceedure given by Chuck
Carpenter, Renumber Applesoft, MICRO
12:45 (May 79). Once the programs are
wed, enter the search item as line 1 and
the change item, if any, as line 2. Then a
RUN 63000 starts the works.

To demonstrate the workings of
SEARCH/CHANGE, we use the rather
nonsensical program listed in Figure 1.
We enter the search item DOG as line 1
and run 63000. The print-out of this run is
given in Fig. 2. Every appearance of the
three consecutive letters D O G is listed.
Had we asked for the lines to be listed, a
given line would have been listed only
once.

We can search for anything; Fig.
3(a) shows the result of a search for
equal signs. However, we do have to be
careful of Applesoft's reserved words.

Figure 3(b) shows what happens if we try
to search for CAT. Applesoft recognizes
the reserved word AT in CAT. This makes
clear the need of having the program list
for verification the search and change
items.

The reserved word problem is a
relatively minor nuisance. A little in-
genuity can get us around it. In the CAT
case, we could search for CA; if that
gave too many other items, we could
then search for TS and only consider the
lines that appear in both lists.

The CHANGE function, as well as
the line listing feature, is demonstrated
in Fig. 4. Again caution is wise. What if
we had already used the DGS label in our
program? There would be no way later
that we could separate the old DGS from
the new DGS. If in doubt in changing a
label, first make a search to see if the
new label is already being used.

In changing the variable label from
DOG to DGS, we did not want to change
the word DOG inside strings, hence did
not search strings. The capability of not
searching strings or only searching str-
ings provides all the flexibility we ever
need.

We note that we can only change an
item to one equal in length (as AP-
PLESOFT sees the length). Extra length
in the change item entered as line 2 is ig-
nored. If the replacement is shorter than

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:55

the search item, things go awry. The
result is a muddle, correctable in general
only by a start over from scratch.

Design

A few comments on the design of
the SEARCH/CHANGE program are of-
fered here in lieu of remark statements
in the program itself.

First the program identifies the
search item, FOR loop lines
63040-63070. Then it identifies the
change item, if any, FOR loop line 63110
and preceeding line. The search is car-
ried out by FOR loop lines 63130-63170.
To get the best operating speed, we
close the FOR loop within a single line
(line 63130) if no byte of significance is
found. Even so, the testing for up to
three conditions takes time. If one of
these conditions is not met, then the
following lines either pass to subroutine
line 63300 to complete the item iden-
tification test and make the item change
(if one. is entered), or set the string's
search flag, or strart the search of the
next program line, whichever is in-
dicated. Line 63120 determines that the
search is over when line 62999 isreached
and passes to output. The routine lines
63220-63290 accomplish the line listing
feature. Note that the search for the
LIST command is backwards from the
end of the program (we know that the
one we want is the last one). Also note
that the line number has to be poked in
so that there should always be five digits
following LIST. After use of the program,
the actual number that appears here
when line 63270 is listed is the last
number poked in. There should be
leading zeros if that number had less
than five digits. The Applesoft inter-
preter preserves these leading zeros
whereas the 3.2 DOS renumbring pro-
gram does not. If you want to renumber
SEARCH/CHANGE, remember to check
this line and, if you want to, change the
62999 in line 63120.

Figure 1: Listing of Demonstra-
tion Program

10 FflU I ■ 1 TO 5

20 "PINT "POGS ANP CATS FIC.HT.

"; : NFXT : PRINT : PRINT
30 INPUT "CIVF TH* NWMRFR "F CM

S ";CT«: PRINT
liO INPUT 'T-IVF THE NtlMBFP OF DUO

s ";nnr: print
50 if cts - o ANn nnn » o thfn fn?i

60 PPINT : PP1NT "THF PRORARLF W

INNF" IN A CAT-nnn FlfiHT": PRINT
"WITH ";nr)G;" nOfiS ANO ";CT«
;" CATS WPUL" 9F"

70 if non • n then print "•••••

TATS ": ENO

80 IF CT« - THFN P°I»T "

DORS*****": FNP
RP IF RNP (1) ♦ CTS / nnc > .* THF"
PPINT ".....CATS.....": FNr

100 PRINT "♦♦♦♦♦r>OOS«««««": FNP

Fig. 2: SEARCH Demonstration

)1 DOG

)RUN 63000

1 DOG

PLEASE VERIFY IF THE COMPUTER TAKES

THIS A? YOU INTENDED. DO YOU WANT

TO C0HT I Nil F (YES OP NO)? YES

DO YOU WANT TO SFAP.CH |NS|nF STPINGS

(YFS OR NO)? YES

DO YOU WANT TO SFARCH STRINGS ONLY

(YFS OR NO)? NO

THE ITEM

1 DOG

IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING LINES:

20
50
60
90

1*0
60
70

inn

60
80

PO YOU WANT THESE LINFS LISTFO (YES OR NO)' NO

Fig. 3: Other SEARCH Demonstrations

(a) Search for equal signs

THE ITEM

IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING LINES:

10
70

50
80

DO YOU WANT THESE LINES LISTED (YES OR NO)? NO
(b) Attempt to search for CAT

)1 CAT
)RUN 63000

1 C AT

PLEASE VERIFY IF THE COMPUTER TAKES

THIS AS YOU INTENDED. DO YOU WANT

TO CONTINUE (YES OR NO)? YES

DO YOU WANT TO SEARCH INSIDE STRINGS

(YES OR NO)? YES

DO YOU WANT TO SEARCH STRINGS ONLY

(YES OR NO)? NO

THE ITEM
1 CAT

IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING LI*'*S:
NONE.

20:56

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

Fig. 4: CHANGE Demonstration

)RUM 63000

1 DOG

2 OGS

PLEASE VERIFY IF THE COMPUT" TAKFS

THIS AS YOU INTENPEP. PP YOU WANT

TO CONTINUE (YFS OR NO)? YES

00 YOU WANT TO SEARCH INSIDE STRINGS

(YFS OP NO)? MO

DO YOU WANT TO SFAPCH ST^'OS "MLY

(YFS OR NO)? NO

THE ITFM

1 DOC

IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING LMES:

(tO
70

50
90

DO YOU WANT THESF LINES LISTED (YES OR NO)?
YES
THERP WILL BE A WAIT AFTE" EACH LI*'F
UNTIL YOU HIT RETURN T" CONTINUE.

UO INPUT "PIVE THE M1WRFR 0^ OOP
S ";PGS: PPI W T

50 IF CTS = n AND 00^ = THFN fMP

60 PRINT : °RINT "THF PROBAPL^ '•'

INNER |M A CAT-POO F I PHI-" : pp|mt
"WITH ";POS;" OOOS ANn ";CTS
;" CAT*; WOULD RE"

70 IF PCS = THEN PRINT "*****
CATS*****": FNP

90 IF RMD (1) * CTS / DOS > .5 THEN
PPIMT "*****CAT^*****": FNn

Fig. 5: Listing of SEARCH/CHANGE Program

62999 END

63000 DIM SFEK(100),NT(100),L(10
0):START - 256 * PEEK (10U)

♦ PEFK ( 103 ) : FIN I ■ 25F *
PEEK (106) + PEEK (105)
63010 IF 256 * PEEK (STAPT ♦ 3)

+ PEEK (START + 2) < > 1 THEN
PRINT "YOU MUST ENTER YOUR
SEARCH ITEM AS LINE": PRINT
"1 BEFORE YOU RUN 63000.": ENn

63020 LIST P,2: PRINT "PLEASE VE
RIEY IF THE COMPUTER TAKES":
PRINT "THIS AS YOU INTENnEp
. DO YOU WANT": INPUT "TO CO
NTINUE (YES OR NO)? » ; Y$: IF
Y$ < > "YES" THEN END

63030 PRINT "00 YOU WANT TO SFAR

CH INSIDE STRINGS": INPUT "(

YES OR NO)? ";YY<;: PRINT "DO
YOU WANT TO SEARCH STRINGS

ONLY": INPUT "(YES OR NO)? "

;YZ$: IF YZ< = "YES" THEN SO
■ 1:YY$ - "NO"
630U0 FOR I ■ TO 255
63050 SEEK(I) * PEEK (STAPT + U +

I)
63060 IF SEEK(I) = THEN N - I -

1: GOTO 63080
63070 NEXT

63080 M - START + N ♦ F
63090 CH - 0: IF 256 * PEEK (M +

3) ♦ PEEK (M + 2) < > 2 THEN

CH - 1: GOTO 63120
63100 IF N ■ THEN NT(0) =■ PEEK

(M ♦ U): GOTO 63120
63110 FOR I = TO N:NT(I) - PEEK

(M + k * I): NEXT
63120 LM - 256 * PEEK (m + 3) +
PEEK (M + 2): IF LM > * 62

999 THEN 6318P
63130 FOR I ■ M ♦ k TO M + 255: IF
PEEK ( I ) < > AND PEEK (

I) < > SEEK(O) AND PEEK (I

) < > 3U THEN NEXT
63U0 IF PEEK (I) - 3U AND YY$ -
"NO" THEN SQ - SQ ♦ 1: I F SO

- 2 THEN SO -

63150 IF PEEK (I) - SEEK(O) AND
SQ < > 1 THEN GOSUB 63300

63160 IF PEEK (I) - THEN M -
I ♦ 1: GOTO 63120

63170 NEXT

63180 HOME : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT
"THE ITEM": PRINT " "; : LIST
1: PRINT "IS FOUND IN THE FO
LLOWING LINES:": PRINT : IF
L(l) - THEN PRINT "
NONE.": END

63190 FOR I * 1 TO K: PRINT L(l)
,: NEXT : PRINT

63200 PRINT : INPUT " DO YOU W\N
T THESE LINES LISTED (YES OR
NO)? ";Y$: IF Y$ - "NO" THEN
END

63210 PRINT : PRINT "THERE WILL

BE A WAIT AFTER EACH LINE": PRINT
"UNTIL YOU HIT RETURN TO CON
TINUE.": PRINT

63220 FOR I - 1 TO 1000:W * FINI

- 2 - I: IF PEEK (W) - 188
THEN 632U0

63230 NEXT

6321*0 FOR I - 1 TO K: IF L(l ) -

L(l - 1) THEN 63290
63250 L$ « "0000" + STR$ (L(l)):

L$ - RIGHTJ (L$,5)
63260 FOR J - 1 TO 5: POKF W ♦ J

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:57

,U8 + VAL ( Min$ (L$,J,1)):
NEXT
63270 LIST 123U5: INPUT "";Y$
63280 IF K < 2 THEN ENP
63290 NEXT : END
63300 IF N - THEN K - K + 1:L(

K) - LM: IF CH - THEN POKE

l,NT(0): RETURN
63310 IF N ■ THEN RETURN
63320 FOR J - 1 TO N: IF PEEK (

I + J) < > SEEK(J) THEN RETURN

63330 NEXT

633U0 K ■ K ♦ 1:L(K) - LM

63350 IF CH < > T"EN RETURN

63360 FOR J ■ TO N: POKE I + J

,NT(J): NEXT
63370 RETURN

Applc-Doc

By Roger Wagner

An Aid to the Development
and Documentation of Applesoft Programs

This 3 program set is a must to anyone writing or using programs
in Applesoft! It not only provides valuable info, on each of your
programs, but allows you to change any element throughout the
listing almost as easily as you would change a single line!!

With Apple-Doc you can produce a list of every variable in your
program and the lines each is used on, each line called by a GOTO,
GOSUB, etc., in fact, every occurance of almost anything!

You can rename variables, change constants and referenced line
#"s, or do local or global replacement editing on your listing.

In fact, we guarantee that after purchase, if you don't feel
APPLE-DOC is one of the most valuable programs in your library
we will even refund your money! (Upon return of product.)

Unheard of? Yes! But that's how good APPLE-DOC really is!

That's not all!! Send for free info, or visit your nearest Apple
dealer.

Only $19.95 Please specify diskette or tape.

(Calif, residents add 6% Sales Tax)

Available from your local computer store or:

Southwestern Data Systems
P.O. Box 582-M
Santee, CA 92071
(714) 562-3670

(Dealer inquiries invited)

BACLAN would like to know if you

WANT TO PROCESS DATA
ON YOUR APPLE?

• if so you should be looking for
efficient tools to assist with data
entry, (i.e. building files) and file
handling (i.e. scanning, sorting,
printing and copying files).

and

• if you are also looking for economy,
we think you will be pleasantly
surprised by the low price of the

BACLAN FILE HELPER

available at your Apple Computer Dealer
in both Applesoft and Integer Basic versions

BACLAN

(301)997-9610

P.O. Box 36

Columbia, MD. 21045

MIGHTY BYTE IS HERE

PROGRAM— APPLE II

COMPANY

MFQ
LIST

Bowling League Secretary

Mighty Byte

24.95

Lisa Interactive Assembler (Req 48K & Disk)

Programma Int.

34.9S

Master Catalog (Req 32K 4 Disk)

Programma Int.

29.95

Apple Pie *Ver 1.0 (Req 32K 4 Disk)

Programma Int.

24.95

Dr. Memory (Req 32K 4 Disk)

Muse Co.

49.95

Disk Magic (Req 32K & Disk)

Programma Int.

24.95

Format *Ver 1.0 (Req Disk)

Programma Int.

24.95

3-D Animation

Programma Int.

24.95

Super Dungeon (Req 48K 4 Disk)

Programma Int.

24.95

U-Draw

Muse Co.

17.95

U-Draw II (Req 32K)

Muse Co.

39.95

Three Mile Island (Req 48K)

Muse Co.

39.95

Escape

Muse Co.

12.95

Tank War

Muse Co.

12.95

Phasor Zap

Programma Int.

15.95

3-D Ducking

Programma Int.

15.95

Strato Laser

Programma Int.

15.95

Depth Charge

Programma Int.

15.95

Super Othello

Programma Int.

15.95

Canter Downs

Programma Int.

15.95

Super Star Wars

Programma Int.

15.95

Many many more programs available.

Hardware Section

Centronics 730 Printer

995.00

Heuristics H200 Speechllnk

259.00

Comprint 912 Printer (Parallel)

660.00

Comprint 912 Printer (Serial)

695.00

Heath WH-14 Printer

895.00

Vinyl loose-leaf Diskette Pages (Pack of 10)

8.50

Visa & Mastercharge accepted

To Introduce you to MIGHTY BYTE take H 1)%

oft any order.

MIGHTY BYTE COMPUTER INC.

P.O.Box 213

HO-HOKUS, N.J. 07423

(201)4454256

SYM-1 Staged Loading
Technique for Segmented
Programs

The SYM cassette tape I/O can not load continuously
from 0000 on. The end of page zero and the end of page
one can not be directly loaded. A program and technique
are presented which simply get around this situation.

Robert A. Peck

P.O. Box 2231

Sunnyvale, CA 94087

The basic SYM-1 comes equipped
with IK of user RAM, most of which can
be used for program material. This RAM,
however, because of usage by the
system monitor, is not contained in a
continuous block.

Specifically, the area from roughly
01 D1 to 01 FF is used as a stack area.
Any data or return addresses pushed on-
to the stack during program (or monitor
routine) execution will erase and replace
any program material which one might
attempt to store in these locations.

Likewise the SYM manual indicates
that the page zero locations from OOFO
to OOFF are used occasionally by the
monitor program.

Using the SYM tape dump routines,
we are able to dump a continuous block
0000 to 03FF to the tape but it is not
possible to reload this block in the same
manner because of the monitor usage of
the areas specified above.

In order to make as full use of the
memory space as possible then, we
must segment. the programs, storing one
segment in the area from 0000 to 00EF,
another from 0100 to 01CF and the third
from 0200 to 03FF (or higher if additional
memory is installed).

To store the complete program on
tape, we must store the segments in-
dependently, since that is the only way
we can properly retrieve them. Just as an
example, let's say that the first segment
has an ID byte of "02", covering
0000-00EF, the second segment an ID
byte of "03" (0100-01CF) and third an ID
of "04", (extending from 0200 to the end
of the program).

Then to reload the program from
tape, we must issue three sets of com-
mands, specifically: Load 02 (CR), Load
03 (CR), Load 04 (CR). We must wait for
the tape load in between entries. Then
we must issue the command which
starts the program. If the start location
is 0200, we must enter: Go 200 (CR).

It would be much simpler if we were
able to enter all of the commands at
once and have the machine load all the
segments in the right places and then to
auto-jump to the start of the program on
completion of the load.

Well there is an easy way to set this
up with the SYM-I. A 16-byte program
entered by the user into any 16 con-
secutive locations will act as the initial
loader program. This is shown in Figure
One.

This program would load a program
with an ID equal to "01". Because we did
a jump to the tape load routine rather
than a "JSR", an interesting thing hap-
pens. When the tape load routine is done
it executes an "RTS", a return from
subroutine. This causes the last two
bytes pushed onto the stack to be pulled
back off and loaded into the program
counter.

Therefore when we complete the
load of program "01", we will execute a
jump to location 0200 because this is the
two byte address we pushed onto the
stack before the tape load routine was
ordered. Program "01" is, in this case, in-
tended to be loaded into loctions
0200-02I0 and is shown in Figure Two,
described below.

This program will load the segment
"02" into locations 0-CI, then "03" into
locations 100-1C1, and finally segment
"04" into locations 0200-03FF. Note that
program segment "04" writes over the
area where program "01" was loaded.
However, since we were under control of
the monitor program at the time, it did
not matter at all. Besides this, once the
third segment is fully loaded, we no
longer need the loader program in
memory.

January, 1980

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

20:59

After the load, we execute the RTS
in the tape loader routine. Since we did
not jump to it as a subroutine for the
load of the last segment, all it does is to
pull 0200 off the stack and uses this as
the location of the next instruction to ex-
ecute.

Therefore by loading those initial 16
bytes in the first program described, we
cause the machine to load program 1
which began automatically to load in
turn programs 2, 3, and 4. Then it began
the execution of our loaded segmented
program at location 0200.

The only cautionary note in using
this type of sequenced loading is to be
certain that the load control segment is
located in the area of memory which is
overlayed last by the final program seg-
ment to be loaded (04 in this case).
Otherwise you will erase the loader
before the entire group of segments is
brought in.

The 16-byte setup program you will
note is fully relocatable, and could even-
tually be linked as a part of your monitor
routines. However to make it more
general in that case, the instructions

now specified at 020B could be, for ex-
ample, A5 EE, or reference any other
zero page location so that the ID byte
could be preloaded there by the user and
retrieved by this routine for use later.
This also assumes that the user has
committed this routine to ROM.

This sequenced loading technique
has other uses as well, but that is
another subject and may be the subject
of a future article.

Figure 1: The Bootstrap Program
(Load and start Segment Loader)

0200

JSR

ACCESS

0203

LDA

#$00

0205

PHA

0206

LDA

#$02

20 8

PHA

0209

LOY

#$00

020B

LDA

#$01

0200

JMP

LOAOT

;UNPROT£CT SYSTEM RAM
;STACK LO BYTE OF
;PROGRAM 01 START ADDR.
;STACK HI BYTE OF
;PROGRAW 01 START AODR.
;TAPE MODE (80 IF HI SP0«
;PROGRAM ID SEARCHEO
;LOAD PROGRAM 01.

Figure 2: The Segment Loader Program:
Loads segments 02, 03, ]4 then starts execution at location 0200.

0200

€B

JSR

ACCESS

;UNPRC'TECT SYSTEM

RAM

0203

LOA

#$00

;STACK LO BYTE OF

PROGRAM

0205

PHA

JSTART ADDRESS

0206

LDA

#$02

;STACK HI BYTE OF

PRCGR/M

0208

PHA

;START ADDRESS

0209

LDY

#$00

;kim mode <so for

HI SPC.)

020B

LDA

#$02

; PROGRAM ID 02

020D

JSR

LOADT

;JSR TO TAPE LOAD

SUEROUTINE

0210

LOY

#$00

;tape mcde

0212

LDA

#$03

;id 03

021 4

JSR

LOADT

;JSR TO TAPE LOAD

021 7

LOY

#$00

;tape mode

0219

LDA

#$04

; ID 04

021 B

JMP

LOADT

;tape lcad *jump*

. BEGINS

;prograh at 0200 when load done

Missing MICRO Information?

MICRO is devoted exclusively to the 6502. In addi-
tion, it is aimed at useful, reference type material,
not just "fun and games". Each month MICRO
publishes application notes, hardware and soft-
ware tutorials, a continuing bibliography, soft-
ware catalog, and so forth. Since MICRO contains
lots of reference material and many useful pro-
grams, most readers want to get the entire collec-
tion of MICRO. MICRO grew very rapidly, and it
very quickly became impracticle to reprint back
issues for new subscribers. In order to make the
older material available, two collections of
reprints have been published.

A limited number of back issues are still available
for number 7 through current.

The BEST of MICRO Volume 1 contains all of the
significant material from the first six issues of
MICRO, covering October/November 1977 through
August/September 1978. This book form is 176
pages long, plus five removeable reference cards.
The material is organized by microcomputer and
almost every article is included. Only the ads have
been omitted. Surface . . . $7.00

Air Mail . . . $10.00

The BEST of MICRO Volume 2 covers the second
six issues, from October/November 1978 through
May 1979. Organized by microcomputer, this
volume is 224 pages. Surface . . . $9.00

Air Mail . . . $13.00

Use the convenient Order Form on Page 23 to
place your order.

6502 Bibliography: Part XVI

514. Call — Apple 2, No. 5 (June 1979)

Kotinoff, Jeff, "LORES Color Picture", pg. 19
Two color programs for the Apple II.

Garson, Dave, "Programmer's Aid Notes", pg. 19

How to use the XDRAW command omitted from the pro-
grammer's aid ROM. Two other DEMO progrms using the
PA ROM of the Apple.

Golding, Val J., "Book Review", pg. 20
"The Apple II Monitor Peeled" is a very good book by
William E. Dougherty, 46 pp $9.95 available from the
author at 14349 San Jose St., Los Angeles, CA 91345

Aldrich, Darrell, "Scrunch", pg. 21

Discussion and listing of Neil Konzen's program
SCRUNCH

Golding, Val J., "Constructing a Menu", pgs. 25-26
Details of how to put a menu in your program.

Aldrich, Darrell, "Zero Page Usage by Monitor", pg. 27
A list for Apple Users.

Lewellen, Tom K., "Integral Data/Parallel Card Fix", pg. 28
Modification of the card solved the problems on the Ap-
ple.

Paymar, Dan, "Prime Factors", pg. 28

A program is listed to compute the prime factors of a

given number on the Apple.
Aldrich, Darrell, "The Apple Doctor", pg. 30

All about the ASCII character set on the Apple.

Smith, Ken, "HEX/DEC Conversion Program", pg. 30

Convenient Utility Program.
Ray, R.E., "Fireworks", pg. 31

Two graphics programs.

Garson, David B., "MOD Function", pg.3l

A routine to simulate the "MOD" function in Integer
Basic.

515. Contact No. 5 (June, 1979)

Anon, "Out of the Mist", pgs. 4-6
Subroutine calls for the Apple, Peeks and Pokes

Anon, "Color Killer Mod for Early Apples", pg. 6

How to modify Apples with serial numbers below 6000.

Anon, "Shifting Programs from Integer to Applesoft", pg. 6
Routine to automatically shift programs.

516. Interface Age 4, Issue 4 (April 1979)

Nabers, Steve, "6502 Comprehensive Memory Test
Program", pgs. 140-145.

Memory diagnositc set-up for 6502 and implemented on

KIM-1.

517. The Computing Teacher 6 No. 4 (May 1979)

Harder, Monty J., "Bargraph— A Program for the PET
Microcomputer," pgs. 45-46.

A simple program for bargraphs — written for ease of

adaptation into other programs.

518. The Target, (Jan/Feb 1979)

Anon, "Binary Indication of the Status Register," pg. 2.
A program for the AIM to print labels for each bit and
display the bit in binary.

Anon, "Bits and Pieces," pg. 3.

Gives info on loading sync characters from tape and lists
seven subroutines not included on the AIM Summary
Card.

Anon, "A Program Idea — Soft Memory Expansion," pg. 3
How to get better utilization of your AIM memory.

Anon, "A Pseudo Waveform," pg. 5
An AIM program to generate a pseudo waveform.

Anon, "Some of the Printer and Display Routines
Explained," pg. 4.

This article supplements the AIM manual in explaining

routines.

Anon, "Disassembly to the User VIA," pg. 5
The program for the AIM gives a quick indication of pro-
grams in memory.

519. The Target (May/June 1979)

Anon, "Symbol Generator," pg. 2.
A symbol generator for the AIM which produces symbols
which are user definable.

Anon, "Enhanced Disassembly to the User VIA," pg. 4.
An extension of the program published earlier. For the
Aim.

Anon, "Sound Generators," pg. 5.
A description of several sound generators for the AIM.

Riley, Ron, "B.A.P.", pg. 6.
Expand the input/output for the AIM.

Anon, "Poor or Lazy Man's Regulator," pg. 6.
A simple regulator for the AIM.

Riley, Ron, "AIM 65 Physical Connections," pg. 7.
Connections for the Display and Printer.

520. Interface Age 4, No. 7 (July I979)

Kirschenbaum, Jack, "Need a System Cabinet? Build it!"
Build a cabinet to transport your Apple microcomputer.

521. The Target (Mar/Apr 1979)

Anon, "AIM 65 Poster," pg. 2.
A program to print a large poster with the AIM.

January, 1980

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

20:61

Anon, "Software Design— Slow Step," pg. 4

Development of a program for slow stepping the AIM.

Roland, Don, "AIM 65 Monitor Subroutines," pg. 9.
A numerical listing of the subroutines.

Riley, R.J., "Regulator Circuits," pg. 9.
Several useful regulators are described.

Anon, "Using Existing Software," pg. 10-11.
Adapting KIM and other software for the AIM.

Anon, "Lunar Landing Patch," pg. 11.

Modification of this popular program for the AIM 65.

522. Byte 4, No.7 (July 1979)

Smith, Stephen B., "Graphic Input of Weather Data",
pg. 16-30

Uses an OSI computer and a BIT Pad.

Bishop, Robert J., "Apple Kaleidoscope," pgs. 52-53.
A fast moving color display for the Apple.

523. Creative Computing 5, No. 7 (July 1979)

Chatterjee, Rabin, "Picking at 'Peeking and Poking'," pg. 12
Corrections for a previous article (February 1979)

Petry, Jerry, "Memory Transplants Updated, "pg. 10
Comments on memory for the PET and TRS-80.

Friedman, SI, "Diagnostic Program for Your PET.. .from
Com-modore," pg. 32-33.
Discussion of the use of several diagnostic routines.

Kuska, Henry A., "Educational Use of the OSI 1P," pg. 40
Discusses use of a tutor program.

Milewski, Richard A., "Apple Cart," pg. 116-117.
3-D Graphics on the Apple.

Yob, Gregory, "Personal Electronic Transactions," pg.
118-122.
Discusses floating point routines and screen gymnastics.

524. Abacus Newsletter 1 Issue 6 (June 1979)

Anon, "Disc Space Summary," pg. 2

Program for showing sectors available. For the Apple.

Anon, "Strings and Things," pg. 3.

A routine to concatenate the file name on the end of the
file commands, a routine to find what the first and last
records of the file are, etc. For Apple.

Anon, "Create Exec Files, It's Easy...", pg. 5.
Program with two examples to help. For Apple.

Anon, "X-Y Plotter," pg. 6.
Apple program to plot curves.

Anon, Password Program," pg. 7.
How to secure your Apple programs.

Anon, "Now You Can Have Lower Case Characters Too," pg.
7
Short program for lower case.

McCann, Michael J., "How About a (Basic) Disassembler,"

pg. 8-9.
This program will literally take apart a BASIC program and
convert it to machine language. For PET or APPLE II.

Wilkerson, David, "Lower-Caseing It On The Apple II," pg.
10-11.
Lower case with Integer Basic.

Bishop, Robert J., "Apple Speaks.-.Softly," pg. 12-13.
An inexpensive talking Apple II.

Crossman, Craig, "The Micromodem II," pg. 14.
All about this interesting Modem and the special features
it provides for the Apple.

Wine, Hal, "Applesoft Stop-List," pg. 15-16.
A short machine language program convenient to use.

525. Recreational Computing 8, No. I,lss.40 (July/Aug 1979)

Fisher, Ted. "Checkmate in Five," pg. 5
Amaze your friends! Beat Peter Jenning's Microchess 1.5
in five moves!

Lindsay, Len, "How to Fool Around With Your PET,"pg.
24-26.

A bouncing ball program with tutorial value.

Saal, Harry, "SPOT— The Society of PET Owners and

Trainers," pg. 54-55.

New Commodore products for the PET, BASIC Program-
mer's Toolkit, some common basic programs (on tape).

526. Apple Peelings 1, No. 1 (July 1979)

Anon, "Disk of the Month, July, 1979," pg. 3

The July DOM includes B/BSTAT a version of BINADR
which works with either 3.1 or 3.2 DOS. Apple Peelings is a
new newsletter from the Apple Core of San Francisco and
will alternate on every other month with the CIDER
PRESS.

527. Kilobaud Microcomputing No. 32 (August 1979).

Lindsay, Len, "PET Pourri," pg. 6-7,12.
New PET ROMs are not compatible with the old ROMs.
Discussion of Skyles new PAL printer, the programmable
character generator, automatic line numberer program,
etc.

Ascolillo, Carol and Schwartz, Nancy, "Cover Up," pg. 26-37.
Home decoration software for the PET.

Brown, A.W., "Apple Ciphers," pg. 90-92
The role of the Apple in the development of a medical-
office package.

Lloyd, Kenny, "Taking AIM," pg. 102-104.
Discussion of the Rockwell International 6502-based AIM
65.

Hayek Tom, "PET Wrap-up," pg. 110-112.
Haul out the wire-wrap tool and relieve the memory
crunch in your PET.

Badgett, J. Tom, "Visit to OSI," pg. 118-123.
All you ever wanted to know about OSI.

528. MICRO No. 14, July 1979.

Carlson, Lt. Robert, USN, "A Baudot Teletype Driver for the
Apple,", pg. 5.
Use an expensive Baudot teletype with your Apple.

Abrahamson, Robert, "Structured BASIC Editor and Pre-
processor," pg. 7-14.
A versatile preprocessor for the OSI Challenger, makes it
possible to enter, list, modify and resequence BASIC pro-
grams.

Hertzfeld, Andy, "Intercepting DOS Errors from Integer

BASIC," pg. 17-18.
Integer Basic programs can trap errors from DOS,
diagnose problems, and take remedial action with no in-
tervention from the operator.

Evans, Melville and Larrowe, Vernon, "AIM Your Spouse
Toward Success at the Supermarket," pg. 19-20.
A grocery list generator. For the AIM.

Christensen, Alan K., "Boolean Equations Reduced on the

PET," pg. 23-26.
This Basic program trains the PET to perform computer-
aided logic design.

Mottola, R. M., "Screen Dump to Printer for the APPLE II,"

pg. 27-28.
With this program, print a screen full of information on
your printer after you have reviewed it on the screen.

Taylor, William L., "OSI Memory Test in Basic," pg. 29.
Find that hidden bug in the many K's of Ram.

20:62

MICRO — The 6502 Journal

January, 1980

STANDARD FEATURES

• single key cursor control

• automatic word overflow

• character, word and line insertion

• forward and backward scrolling

• automatic on screen tabbing

• single key for entering "the"

• auto paragraph indentation

• character, word and line deletion

• ditto key

• multiple text windows

• block copy, save and delete

• advanced file handling

• global (multi-file) search and replace

• on screen math and column totals

• column decimal alignment

• chapter relative page numbering

• complete printer tab control

• line centering

• superscripting and subscripting

• two color printing

• underscoring and boldface

• user defined special functions

The

Professional
Word
Processor

for the Apple II

MUSE.

THE LEADER IN QUALITY SOFTWARE

FAST EDITING

Super-Text was designed by a professional writer
for simple, efficient operation. A full floating
cursor and multiple text screens facilitate editing
one section of text while referencing another.
Super-Text's advanced features actually make it
easier to operate, allowing you to concentrate on
writing rather than remembering complicated
key sequences.

FLOATING POINT CALCULATOR

A built in 15 digit calculator performs on-screen
calculations, column totals and verifies numeric
data in statistical documents.

ADVANCED FILE HANDLING

Single key file manipulation and complete block
operations allow the user to quickly piece together
stored paragraphs and phrases. Text files are
listed in a directory with a corresponding index
for fast and accurate text retrieval.

PRINTER CONTROLS

Super-Text is compatible with any printer that
interfaces with an Apple. Print single or multiple
copies of your text files or link files and they will
be automatically printed in the specified order.
User defined control characters can activate most
special printer functions.

EXCLUSIVE AUTOLINK

Easily link an unlimited number of on-line files
on one disk or from disk to disk. Autolink allows
you to search or print all on-line files with a single
command. Typical files of items that can be stored
in this way include personnel files, prospect files,
maintenance records, training records and
medical histories.

MODULAR DESIGN

This is a modularly designed system with the
flexibility for meeting your future word processing
needs. The first add-on module will be a form
letter generator for matching mailing lists with
Super-Text form letters. The form letter module
will be available in the first quarter of 1980.

SUPER-TEXT, requires 48K ($99.95)

Available TODAY at Computer Stores

nationwide. Dealer inquiries welcome. For more

information write:

MUSE SOFTWARE 330 N.Charles Street . Baltimore, MD 21201 (301)659-7212

tmmms^^m^^^^^^^^0M^.

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

LOOK TO MTU. WE SUPPORT HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS ON:

PET — AIM — KIM — SYM

MTU HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

Micro Technology Unlimited

P.O. Box 4596, 841 Galaxy Way
Manchester, N.H. 03108
603-627-1464

Call Or Write For Our Full Line Catalog

J/ NOW PRESENTING... "\*

Apple software

\Jqt your Entertainment * Business * Education

Star Attractions:

FILEMASTER 2 programs: FORMAT & RETRIEVAL comprise
a powerful data file manager. Great for everything from phone lists
to legal abstracts. Needs 32K. Design your own data structure. Up
to 500 characters per record. Up to 15 searchable fields in any com-
bination. On Disk. $34.95

SPACE Multi-faceted simulation of life in interstellar society. You
and opponents must make life & death decisions. Keeps track of
your progress from one game to next. Needs 48K and Applesoft

ROM. Disk $29.95

Pot O'Gold I or our All New Pot 0' Gold II A collection of 49 pro-
grams for 16K Apple. Everything from Logic to action games. Only
a buck a game. Specify I or II. Price each: Tape $49 .... Disk $54

ADVENTURE Fight off pirates and vicious dwarfs. 700 travel op-
tions, 140 locations, 64 objects. Needs ROM & 48K. Disk. . $29.95

16K CASSETTE INVENTORY Use item number, description,
stock amount, reorder amount, restock date, cost & sell price. Holds
up to 140 items. Tape $35

32K DISK INVENTORY: Use stock numbers description, vendor,
record of purchase and sales date, amount on hand, cost & sell price,

total value. Holds up to 300 items. Disk $40

With Parts Explosion: Disk $50

32K DATA BASE Cross file for phone lists, bibliographies, recipes.
Run up to 9 lines of 40 columns each. Search by item anywhere.
Disk $20

24K HI-RES LIFE SIMULATION Conway's equations on 296x180
screen. A mathematical simulation to demo population growth with
birth, death and survival as factors. Tape $10

18K CIRCUIT LOGIC DEVELOPMENT AID Evaluate circuits of
up to 255 gates, including AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR
and INVERTER. Tape $10

16K MORSE CODE TRAINER Learn Morse Code, and transmit or
receive over radio. Tape $10

16K DEVIL'S DUNGEON: Adventure through dark passages where
monsters, demons, poisonous gas, dropoffs threaten ... all to disco-
ver fantastic treasures. Comes with instruction book. Tape ... $10

16K PACIFICA: Discover the floating island and rescue the beauti-
ful princess. To win you must recover the enchanted crown, but you
face the threat of magic spells and demons. Tape $9.95

Don't see what you've been looking for, here?
Then write for our FREE SOFTWARE CATALOG.
We're saving one just for you!

To order, add $2 shipping. California residents add 6%
sales tax. Sorry, we can not ship to P.O. Boxes. VISA/
MASTERCHARGE and BANKAMERICARD Welcomed!

RAINBOW'S CASINO 9 gambling games: Roulette, Blackjack,
Craps, Horserace, and a few originals that Vegas hasn't heard about.
Needs 16K. Tape $29.95

16K SPACE WAR: You in your space capsule battle against the
computer's saucer . . . in hi-res graphics. Tape $12

16K MEMORY VERIFY Diagnostic routine to check range of mem-
ory. Indicates faulty addresses, data in memory cell, and faulty data.
Tape $5

16K APPLEODION Music synthesis composes original Irish jigs.
Enter your own music and save on tape or disk. Includes 3 Bach
fugues. Tape $10

16K APPLEVISION Demo for Hi-Res graphics and music.

Tape $10

32K COMPU-READ 5 programs to teach you speed reading, in
stages. Includes synonym and antonym identification. You control
your rate of speed, or keep up with the computer's pace.
Disk $24.95

48K PERCEPTION I, II, III random shapes and sizes must be
matched. In III, you control format and display time and get
weighted scores. Needs ROM. Each Disk $24.95

32K STORY TELLER Use your bizarre imagination and input key
words for fantastic and funny tales. Never the same story twice.
Tape $12.95

32K WAR/RESCUE Engage in 10 battles with your infantry against
the Apple robots. Calculate Apple's strategy and win more battles
than the computer. Tape $12.95

24K POLAR PLOT Plot polar equations in Hi-Res Graphics.

Tape $10

32K SHAPE SCALER Utility to generate and animate Hi-Res
graphic shapes. Simple routine provided to inspect position of
shapes, and specify precise X/Y coordinates and scale. Needs ROM.
Disk $13.95

32K ZINTAR/PROPHET Great party game. Under control of the
mighty Zintar's edict you take a very special trip to the world of
Krintar. Heightened visual graphics. Needs ROM. Disk .... $16.95

APPLE MONITOR PEELED Everything you wanted to know about
the Apple Monitor but couldn't figure out. User-written manual in
plain English clears your confusion. Only $9.95

COMPUTING INC.

Garden Plaza Shopping Center, Dept. 11 A

9719 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, Ca 91324

Telephone: (213) 349-5560

NEW APPLE II SOFTWAR

STUM CYCLE

S15.95

PERPETUAL CALENDAR S 9.95

14 BALLOONS S15.95

PEG JUMP

BASEBALL

SI 5.96

LORES HYPERPAK S 6.95

APPLE ALLEY

S 6.95

S1G.95

GUIDED MISSILE

S15.95

All orders must include 3% postage and hand-
ling with a minimum of $1.00. California resi-
dents include 6% sales tax.
VISA MASTERCHARGE

Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.

PROGFIAMMA
INTERNATIONAL, Inc.
3400 Wilsh ire Blvd.
Los Angeles. CA 90010

(2131 384-0579

384-1116
384 I I i 7

DEATH RACE

$15.96

MOUSE HOLE

6.95

APPLE INVADER

$ 1 5 96

BREAKTHRU

S 9.95

fl)

T
CD

3
u

fl!

BOXING

S 9.95

Dealer Inquiries Invited

STAR VOYAGER

SI 5.95