ZXir QLive Alive

Witt? JhlivvJ

MEMORY MAP

ADDRESS ROUTINES

2 T/SNUG Information

ZQA! Signing Off
ZQAl Spring 1991.

Files

From the Chairman's Desk — Donald Lambert
Input/Output — Abed Kahale
NASQLUG — Al Boehm
NESQLUG — Al Boehm

3
5

7
8
12
13

ADDRESS Files

Timex Emulation — Galium Davidson
C Programming — Alvin Albrecht
Surplus Items — Jack Boatwright
Members Addresses

Recursion Pattern Fill — Alvin Albrecht
Unclassified Ads
Memories

16
18
21
22
25
31
32

4 ■ ■ , - -- ■ . . - -~ \

■>'\ • / , - • -

ZXir QLive Alive! ©
Established 1991 The Timex/Sinclair NorthAmerican User Groups Newsletter

T/SNUG Information

Chairman

Donald S. Lambert
738 Gunnar Ln.
Forsyth, IL 62535
(217) 875-8043
dslambert@email.msn.com

Vice-Chairmen

Tape & JLO PD Library

Luke Perry
3409 NE 62nd Ave. #187
Vancouver, WA 98661

Library

Dave Bennett (HATSUG)
1275 Timber View Dr.
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055-9146
717 732-4374
dave975@iitt.net

QLHacKe,sJo«rna.

Timothy Swenson
2455 Medallion Dr.
Union City, CA 94587-1914

Rod Humphreys (VSUG)
10984 Collins PI.
Delta, BC V4C 7E6 Canada
604 583-2819

QL PD Library

John Donaldson (CATUG)
835 Foxwood Cir.
Geneva, IL 60134-1631
630 232-6147
goodoiejohn@avenew. com

AERCO & Z80 Emulator
Keith Watson
41634 Amberly Dr.
Ml Clemens, MI 48038

— ==GATOR== —

Bob Swoger (CATUG)
613 Parkside Cir.
Streamwood, IL 60107-1647
630 837-7957
Rswoger@aol. com

ABED KAHALE
432 WEST OAKS TRL
WOODSTOCK GA 30188-7358

AKahale@juno.com

— — ; -' -. 'i ' -

ages

www. timexsinclair. org www. ts2068@yahoogroups. com

www. ql-users@nvg. ntnu. no www. ql-users@quanta.org . uk
http://geocities.com/nesqlug1/ www.dokos-gr.net/~nesqlug/
httpi//users.aol.com/elubbbs/tsnug/

The first persona! cmnputer
for under $2(XX ^

Inducing the ZXBOkit ®99F

The Sinclair ZX80.

?i V.'Jt, 2i:.tSt ■..v;Mtl: i ■*■■!(

Goniptetjekit

.am. SOUND.

UNDER *200:

ZXir QLive Alive!

1982

Spring 2003

ignin

Off

T/SNUG To C o ii t inn e

At 3 AM in the morning ten years ago I was
unable to sleep. I was thinking about
SNUG, the Sinclair NorthAmerican Users Group,
and a group that just couldn't get off the ground.
Its purpose was to be the preservation of Sinclair
hardware and software in the United States of
America. The fellows trying to get the group
going were young working guys that were trying
to keep their families going and could not put
enough time into SNUG to keep its members
happy. I thought up a new organization to do the
things promised by the old group headed up by
folks that might have more time to devote to the
goal. I wrote a letter that would get a new group
started to do what the old group couldn't seem to
get going. I would call it T/SNUG, the
Timex/Sinelair NorthAmerican User Groups.

It would be represented by the collection of the
user groups still in existence at the time and its
officers would be from the older crowd that had
empty nests at home. It would be the new home
for those that would in time lose their present user
groups.

Don Lambert was a man who had just retired
from Collins Radio and had lost his user
group. He had put out a newsletter called the
CRAGIST in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and had
recently moved to Auburn Indiana. I phoned him
and he agreed to become our Chairman. The
newsletter name "ZXir QLive Alive!" was the
creation of AI Feng who cleverly brought
together the ZX of the ZILOG family of machines
and the QL for the Motorola chip machines. As
for the content of the newsletter, I could supply
enough to get us started. I had developed the
LogiCall operating system for the LarKen Disk
Drive interface which Larry Kenny himself told
me he wished he had gone with LogiCall instead
of the system from Florida. For years I had
submitted programs to the T/S rags only to never
see them get into print. Now was my chance to
get the word out about the power of the

LarKen/LogiCall marriage, which allowed the TS-
2068 to switch between the Spectrum ROM and
the TS-2068 ROM on the fly.

By the way, the final version of LogiCall was
released to ender Frank Davis of FWD
Computing in 1995 in time to sell at the Dayton
ComputerFest. When I attended the 1996 Dayton
ComputerFest, Frank reminded me that it had
been one year since Gates released Windows 95.
More than 5000 bugs were found in it. Frank then
went on to say, "LogiCall has also been out there
one year and no one has found any bugs in IT
yet." ... And no one ever has! Thanks, Frank!
Frank and Carol Davis still do our local "Chicago
Color ComputerFest" every year. Thanks Again,
Frank And Carol!

t 3 AM this morning I am up again, not for
the same reason as ten years ago, but rather,
to go to the bathroom. I know of no
Timex/Sinclair group that still meets. I do know a
few guys that still claim to step up to the T/S
machines from time to time. My two TS-2068s
are presently safely stored away until I can get
time to bring them back to life again this fall when
I get rid of a couple of high priority honey-do jobs
my wife laid on me.

Alas! A next stage for T/SNUG has come to
pass. Abed no longer gets input for our
ZQA! Newsletter. It is now time to publish and

A!

ZXir QLive Alive!

3

Spring 2003

mail our last ZXir QLive Alive! Newsletter. Abed
and I met back in October and again in March.

We discussed how the T/SNUG organization
could continue. We decided to hold off on
this last newsletter to have time to put the next
stage into action. In the mean time, along came
Jose Moreno in Miami, Florida requesting that he
be allowed to put up a web site called ZQA (he
forgot the "!"). We believe he is hoping to keep
the e-mail portion of the newsletter alive but to
date. I can't figure out how to read the inputs that
go to that web site.

7 ][ ^hen there is Galium Davidson who will
A simply keep the newsletter on the web site
and will send a printed copy only to those who
want to pay for the hard copy. I also hope to see
him have a LarKen TS-2068 by the end of 2003 to
keep his interest up. The Timex stuff is new to
him as he is really a Spectrum man. LarKen will
let him switch between the two and will enable
him to get up to speed on the TS-2068.

What Abed and I decided to do is to take any
inputs we get and put them into a
continuously growing newsletter that can be read
only on the T/SNUG web site at

http://members.aoI.com/clubbbs/tsnug/
T\To more mailed hard copies, no more dues.
JL^I We will try to keep you all abreast of what
is available in terms of hardware at our remaining

j

hardware storage site in Iowa. Please also
remember that you can contribute your T/S
related hardware to the site rather than sending it
to a landfill. The contact information is in the
Unclassified Ads of this last newsletter.

ust get on the Internet and bookmark our web
site and check it out from time to time. Now
that I, too, am retired, I hope to update our site
with changes more often. It really is up to you all
to keep things alive, keep e-mailing Abed, and me
even just to say hello once in a while. That is what
it takes to keep it going. And of course, Abed -
thanks again for all your hard work. You have
been the greatest asset that T/SNUG has had
these past eleven years. And thanks to J Shepard,
Jack Boatwright and all the generous people that
have made our hardware availability a reality to
this day. We all have been an unusual group of
users.

Bob —GATOR—- Swoger, K9WVY

BOB SWOGER
830-83? 795?

GATOR SOFTWARE

LogiCall

EseculitfS Uvef $ynony«n Execution Program
and ffrtegraied Software Package
for the LarKen Disk Operating System

3 ack in the early 70 's, at my place of work, we
3 (engineering department) were allowed to log
on the company's IBM 360 mainframe when it
was not in use by the accounting department. I
learned BASICA by a visit to IBM in downtown
Chicago. Later we had Time-Share and were able
to use IBM's downtown computer, logging on
using the telephone (50 BAUD) and a printer.

A couple years later, we got CompuServe and
a monitor, we still had to dial up and enter
our code to get online. I never really got to fully
put to use the BASICA language because of the
limitations on allotted time and the connect
charges.

BASIC language.

In 1980, 1 got the ZX-81 and immediately updated
its IK RAM. There were magazines articles and
newsletters devoted to it.

i

i? ir^he TS-2068 appeared in 1982, color, 64K

RAM, printer, 300 BAUD modem, etc I

didn't waste any time buying one. Various
magazines began to cover all aspects of the TS-
2068 and there were plenty of writers and
suppliers of add-ons and attachments, and many
newsletters. I acquired the LarKen and a disk
drive, later on, the LogiCall.

End of 1980' s, I joined the Chicago CATUG
'group. Bob Swoger published a newsletter.

nphe end of the 1970's, the company got a
A Commodore 64 for my office. In 1979 I saw
an ad in an engineering magazine for the Sinclair
ZX-80 for $200, then a ZX-80 in kit form for $99.
I got and built that kit pronto and learned the

Later on he published ZQA! He was having
difficulties in meeting the deadlines of two N/Ls
with his full time job, so I, retired by that time,
took over the publishing up to this date.

Abed Kahale

ZXir QLive Alive!

4

Spring 2003

3

ROUTINES

T/SNUG CHAIRMEN

ZXir QLive Alive!
Kick-off Announcement

SNUG is DEAD!

Long LIVE T/SNUG!

If you feel as I do, READ ON!
If a doctor saw no life in a body for
six months he would presume that
body was dead! If our user group
doesn't hear from another user group
for six months we presume it is dead
and we cease to exchange
newsletters with it. We have waited
long enough for the leaders of
SNUG to MOVE but they haven't!
Do you all remember "Lead, follow
or get out of the way!"?
The folks at the helm presently must
not be thought of as BAD, they just
don't have the time to devote to this
undertaking. Therefore, let us not
chase them away as we will need
their help, let's just ask them to step
aside and let us get moving. As
LARRY KENNY points out all the
time "being negative causes
destniction and loss. The SNUG
officers are fine men, they are just
overloaded.

We have a MAN WHO IS
WILLING and HAS the SPUNK to
motivate OTHERS who will MOVE.
That man is DON LAMBERT of
AUBURN, INDIANA, formerly of
CRAGIST the newsletter of the
CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA group.
T/S user groups, let's give Don his
head, as you would let go of the
restraints of a horse, and LET HIM
TAKE YOU HOME, that is, to a
place that gives you a warm feeling!
What I am proposing here is that WE allow Don to be the
CHAIRMAN of a NEW organization called T/SNUG, the
Timex/Sinclair NorthAmerican 2

VICE-CHAIRMAN from their group to add their names to
the list of vice-chairman for the purpose of maintaining
activity in T/SNUG. The present conventional officer set-up
of SNUG makes no sense! The president has to call
meetings and have the other officers present For a
continent wide outfit, HOW? How can you vote them out?
A good number of T/S users are retired and have talent.
If Don took the reigns as Chairman, and other men took a
vice- chairmanship for other tasks, Don would not have to
wait on others to get an OK to move from a few officers, he
could move on his own from what he gets from a pool of
about 20. Also, Don has most of the equipment. What say
we give him a try? At first he will be the whole thing, but as
each member group adds to the list of \ice-chairman
willing to do some task, this thing can grow.
Don would put out a new sletter at least four times a year.
Don would see to it that software libraries were built up and

0

HIT

HJsar Groups

from out of 'THE ASHES 9 rises

M~Kw QMm AMmi ««

42*

Tassex/SiocSaM- NontfeAssefscasB User Qsw&s
Volume I, Number 1

Spring 1991

MEMORY MAP

ADDRESS

T/SNUG Chairmen , 1

T/SNUG Information 3

ZXir QLive Alive! Article Contributions ............. 3

Contributors to this Issue 3

T/SNUG Meetings , , 4

From the Chairmans Desk. 4

TREASURY NOTE$ 6

SYSOP 1 s Twisted Pair 6

NEWS ITEMS ......... 6

Software List , 6

Special Deals and Buys 6

Articles:

JLO PROPOSES DETENTE WITH IARKEN! . 7

STEPPING RATE FIX , ......... 9

AdS 11

And now a word from our Venders 12

Here is the list of 1991 T/SNUG Chairman and how to contact,
them. We wish to support at least the following SIGS, ZX80/ZX81,
SPECTRUM/ TS2068/TC2068 and QL. If you have questions about any
of these fine machines contact the Chairman.

POSITION

NAME

PHONE

PRIMARY FUNCTION

Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Vi ce -Chai rman
Vi ce -Chai rman
Vice-Chairman

219-925-1372
708-837-7957

Chief Motivator
Newsletter/BBS Sysop

yim-mmts Jfc*to*r/CATUG ql

Plotter/CCATS
TS Bullit.in
QL

Don Lambert
Bob Swoger
Al Feng
Rod Gowen
Bill Harmer
Open

listed in the newsletter periodically.

Don would build a list of every known T/S user in North

America and make it available to all user groups.

The T/SNUG newsletter would always be available on BBS

so that all the INFO could be downloaded.

The T/SNUG newsletter would also include printings of

vender catalogs FREE to the VENDORS.

CATUG did offer SNUG newsletter help and SNUG did

not take it we offered BBS help and SNUG did not take it.

Don will accept help from all of us.

How do we give this a try? Find someone in your group

who is retired and willing to send copies of your newsletters

to Don in hard copy and 5 1/4" disk in one of the formats he

mentions in his letter and see what he does with it A small

check of encouragement would be nice to get this moving.

As for FUNDS? They would be in the future the same as

for SNUG and if SNUG has any left on hand now, they

could forward those funds to Don eventually. Don must not

do this out of his own pocket, for sure, his wife would kill

him!

ZXirQLive Alive!

Winter 2

003

Many thanks to Al Feng for the newsletter name, ZXir
QLive Alive! It expresses the wish of many to keep the
ZX/TS/QL family of computers going for decades to come.
Bob Swoger, Representative Chicago Area Timex Users
Group CATUG

From The Chairman's Desk
Happy 1991! The turn of the decade certainly has heralded
many changes. 1991 sure started out with a bang. Desert
Storm and alL but one small shocker was a phone call from
Bob Swoger after he read a letter I wrote to CCATS in
OREGON. He asked for a disk with my letter to CCATS on
it and here is a portion of that letter:

To: CLACKAMAS COUNTY AREA

T/S USERS GROUP
Dear T/Sers,

Is there a SNUG? That depends upon what you call it I
talked to Paul Holmgren and the next issue (is it #3) is
about ready to be mailed. I got a firm promise of that before
the next meeting of ISTUG but also at the last meeting got
assurances it would be mailed within two weeks.
I assure you it does me no good as an editor not knowing
when it will get published and mailed so that I will know
what material was used in the issue so that I can lay out the
next issue. I do have the material for the next few issues
and some material of my own to include.
This is not by my design but what has been given to me, I
do not have the list of addresses of members or I would
have dug into my pocket and gotten something out. For
some reason they or Paul wants to retain the control of the
printing and mailing. And Paul is 155 miles away and
letters go unanswered and telephone calls get expensive.
They requested me to be SNUG newsletter editor last
November and so far not much has been done. That seems
typical of SNUG.

If I had the information to be able to mail out to the SNUG
members, something would have been done, at least by last
Christmas. Nothing fancy 7 but at least let everyone know
that SNUG was still around. Several times I almost gave up
but keep thinking that it will get going. I hope that it will
before all the T/Sers leave the fold.
About elections, I would accept an office, I don't know the
duties of any but I would not turn down any. But I would
want to continue the SNUG newsletter if at all possible
unless someone with better qualifications comes along. It
will be a thankless job I know but if anyone sends me

material the newsletter will continue

T/S computers, I am still in the beginners stage in many
ways. I will admit that since I have attended the ISTUG
meetings beginning back in October missed the January
meeting, swap meet too) I have learned so much more. Not
what I would go to the meetings to find out but what was
there to learn and what the others wanted to explain. I still
have problems but I am further along than before I moved
into ISTUG territory.

I only work with the ZX80, ZX81, T/S1G00, T/S1500 and
the T/S2068. I do have one T/S2068 with the SPECTRUM
ROM but I have not used it. When feel that I have learned
the T/S2068 I will be ready for the SPECTRUM. Since the
QL and the Z88 do not use the same language I am not
interested in them. At present the only time I would want

to have a QL is when I need to copy an EPROM.
I have much hardware for the above computers and lately,
March 2nd, I performed a marriage and now have the
LarKen/Oliger disk systems [SUPER DOS] running on my
working T/S2068 computer. I did not do the complete
hardware modification of the LarKen dock board since I did
not bend out pin 1 of the 74HCT74 chip on the OLIGER
SAFE board and tie it to pin 14 so that I could power up
with both interfaces active without the computer freezing
up as suggested by Larry Kenny. The only problem is that I
cannot LOAD my Oliger version of MSCRIPT V5.5 with
the LarKen board enabled. If do and I try to LOAD a file
the computer does a NEW! A quirk can live with since I an
now aware of it The reason I did not bend out pin 1 is that
the chip is soldered in.

On the ZX81 I am trying to get an AERCO disk interface
working with double sided 40 track drives. The used system
that have has one single sided 35 track drive and the

docs the first 5 1/4" drives were single sided 35 track

and quite likely single density since the software asks when
you FORMAT if it is single or double density. Changing
drives requires a new interface EPROM. AERCO still
makes the system and supplies the EPROM's. I have the
LarKen ZX81 disk system but to SAVE a program that has
machine code in it you have to POKE the start address and
the length of the code and I do not know how to find that
out

On the T/S2068 I have been transferring my LarKen
MSCRIPT files to Oliger by way of a cassette version of
MSCRIPT V5.0 which I converted to LOAD LarKen and to
SAVE Oliger. That does beat SAVEing to cassette and
reLOADing to the other version of MSCRIPT which I did a
few times before I got the LarKen/Oliger marriage
performed.

Anyone with comments to send in to SNUG please do this,
ask for help, got something to sell, want to buy something,
got a problem, got a solution to a problem you have had.
Anything at all about any of the T/S computers including
the clone of the ZX81, the PC8300 (or IQ8300).
If you write and want an answer please use a LSASE so that
I do not have to dip into my allowance to reply. My postage
bill is high enough and the new rate does eat into my
allowance even more. Can't believe how fast the stamps go,
I buy them about 40 at a whack and it seems like I have to
do it more than once a month. Same with telephone calls, I
am willing to talk anytime except that my wife when she is

home does like to have me do other things

Bob Swoger is the Editor for the Glenside Color Computer
Club, the Chicago Area Timex Users Group, and both
President and Editor of the Motorola Microcomputer Club
in Illinois.

I will need your help, I can't do it alone, but I assure you
that when I say that the Tiniex/Sinclair NorthAmerican
Users Group is going to be moving forward in innovative
software, user support and product assistance; you are not
hearing the rumblings of a madman nor the visions of a
lunatic. You are hearing the convictions of one who knows
the binding power of this fellowship, and the collective
desire to nelp the person next to me'.

Don Lambert, Chairman

Timex/Sinelair NorthAmerican User Groups

ZXir QLive Alive!

6

Winter 2003

From the Chairman's Desk

It was a wonderful adventure to enter the world of
Timex Sinclair computing. I entered it in early
1980's - was it 1982? I owned at one time or another
a ZX-80, ZX-81, TS-1000, TS-1500 and a TS-2068.
I also had a clone of the ZX8 1 and later a Z88. And I
did have a disk drive system for the TS-1000 but
when I acquire a LarKen disk drive system for the
TS-2068 I really was into computing. I ended up
with several different disk drive systems and finally I
was using an Oliger/LarKen system until I left the TS
computers in 1999 when we moved from Auburn,
Indiana to Forsyth, Illinois. When w r e moved from
Cedar Rapids. Iowa to Auburn I had (my wife's
count) 3 1 boxes of stuff that she declared were my
computer system plus backup parts. And when we
contemplated the move from Auburn to Forsyth I had
to agree to leave the T/S computers and get a pc to
get rid of the boxes of stuff. So I shipped a lot of stuff
to Jack Boatwright However, I did keep the Z88 and
what I had for the Z88 plus some manuals for the T/S
computers.

So from the time I shipped the T/S stuff to Jack till
I bought a pc I was in withdrawal without a
computer. And that was from the early part of July
till September when I had shopped and found the best
deal (so I think) at a Sam's Club for a Compaq
Presario 5715 computer, which I still use and will as
long as I can. The first time I powered up that system
I knew I wasn't with a T/S computer. I waited and
waited for it to finally be ready to use. And then I had
no idea of what to do. My learning curv e was flat for
a long time. I finally stumbled onto a copy of Smart
Computing magazine and I signed up and from that
time on I was learning. That was in February 2000.

I haven't forgotten the T/S computers but I only
have the Z88 (currently stored) and memories of
the grand times I had with them. And all the friends
that I made in those years. And all the trips I made to
go to the T/S computer meetings and especially the
trip to Washington, DC and to Milwaukee and the
many trips to Dayton. Ah, those were the days !

The only thing that I want is to be able to interface
the Z88 to the pc. I have the software and the
hardware but attempts to upload to the pc fail. Or
maybe it doesn't fail and I don't know where to find
where the file went. A 13 gig hard drive is quite large
and it could be there and I don't know where it is or
the file's name. That would make it easier for me to
manage notes and stuff since my handwriting is
degrading from bad to worse. And along that line I
even bought a Sharp YO-520 organizer thinking that

ZXirQLive Alive!

if I could manage to upload memos from it I could
learn how to do it with the Z88 BUT that too didn't
work.

I also have a Laser PC -3 which is a poor man's
version of the Z88 that is supposed to be up
loadable to a pc but I somehow lost the disk of
software for the pc (it was a 5.25 floppy) and my pc
uses 3.5 floppies) so that would have been another
problem. However I do have PC Tools by Central
Point PC Tools, winch was the company that wrote
the software for the PC-3 back in the first part of the
1980's. Currently I am studying DOS for the PC to
learn how to load the proper software program into
the pc. If someone could give me any details of how
to do the upload from the Z88 to a pc in simple
English I would greatly appreciated it.

I have a working disk drive interface for the
Z88, which would make it more useful to use if I
could upload to the pc.

Health wise I am healthy now but there was a
time when I wasn't. Back in 2002 in October on
a Sunday I felt something wasn't right and had my
oldest daughter take me to the hospital. That was the
27 th On the 30 th they performed a 5-way bypass on
my heart and an aorta repair. They had to stop my
heart to be able to work on it (the heart refused to
cooperate) so a 3.5-hour operation ended up being a
7-Miour operation. I was a grouchy bear for quite a
while since I couldn't do anything nor did I feel like
it either. And I am pretty much back to where I was
before the operation although at my age (77) I don't
have the stamina that I had before. I did not have a
heart attack but probably would have had soon if I
hadn't went to the hospital for a checkup on why I
felt like I did.

Donald S. Lambert

They never heard of the Sinclairs !!

Spring 2003

Input/Output

Quanta and NESQLUG are pleased to announce the
US QL show to be held Saturday 17 May 2003 from 9 AM
to 5 PM at the Econo Lodge at 370 Highland St, West
Haven, Connecticut 06516-3522. West Haven is on the
coast adjacent to New Haven. The special rate at the
Econo-Lodge is $59 (including tax!) per room per night for
1 to 4 persons if vou make reservations before 17 April.
Call 203 934-6611, email:

econolodge@comcast.net or mail. Please mention "Albert
rate" and include your credit card number. Continental
breakfast (coffee and pastry) is included.

New Haven Tweed (HVN) is the closest airport, but
the closest international airport is 50 miles away - Bradley
International in Hartford, CT. The New York airports JFK
and La Guardia are a little over one hour away. Newark
Airport in New Jersey is not much further but requires a
ride through New York City. NESQLUG will endeavor to
provide rides for those arriving by air. Please contact Bill
Cable, email cable@cyberportal.net if you need a need or
can help out with a ride.

The Econo Lodge is 2 miles from the beach. From
the north, take 1-95 exit 42, take right turn to Route 162
East, hotel is a half mile on the left. Several restaurants and
a shopping mall are nearby. Those who arrive by 6 PM
Friday may optionally meet in the parking lot to eat
together in a recommended restaurant.

Nearby New Haven is the home of Yale University
and contains several museums and other tourist attractions.
Many other attractions are along the Connecticut coast,
plus there is good and cheap public transportation to New
York City. Ladies will meet at 10 AM to make plans with
Dorothy Boehm to see nearby sights. Contact Al Boehm,
tel: 256 859-8051 or email albertboelmi@juno.com for
further inforniation.

Albert R Boehm

alb ertboehm@juno . com

I just received a letter from the sister-in-law of Frank
Mills. She told me that Frank passed last July of a stroke.
His wife Jo moved to Goreville, JL to live with the sister-
in-law, Molly Zalar - Molly said we can send cards to
Josephine Mils, 55 Lake Shore Dr. S., Goreville TL 62939
(1-618-995-2399)

Molly said that Jo read our Christmas Letter and
responded to tell me that Jo's health is poor, she has breast
& spine cancer and is taking radiation

I will always remember Frank, he was a gentle guy
with the ability to laugh at the antics of us younger guys
back there in the 80's. He used that TS2068 mainly to do
his banking using the LarKen RAMdisk with no disk
drive. I had to write a special program for it.

Frank was 90.5 years of age, a retiree of Motorola. A
grand old age I'll miss him

— ==GATOR== — Robert E. Swoger - K9WVY"

From: Les Cotrrell

Thu, 06 Feb 2003 18:39:45 -0500

I have posted an eBay listing for a 2068 "superchip" at

htrp://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=3

400580738&category=4193

Les Cottrell

lcottrelljr@cfl.rr.com

'Hi all

In response to Johnny Red's question about 5 1/4" 80
track drives, I have two 5 1/4" drives that are DSQD, or
quad density drives. Radio Shack sold a box of 10 5 1/4
diskettes for a while that were specifically made for these
type of drives. I found that I could normally use the
DSDD diskettes just as well and they didn't cost as much
either. I believe these DSQD drives were found mostly on
CPM type computers. I used them with my Timex
AERCO FD68 drive system which allows 35, 40, 76 and
80 track drives in 3", 3.5", 5 1/4" and 8" sizes (but not in
that order). All drives on the AERCO FD68 can be single
or double sided except for the 8" drive which can only be
single sided. I've used 3" single sided (and an unusual 3"
double sided version), 3.5" single/double sided, and 5 1/4"
double sided drives with my FD68 system. With a little
jumper modification to old 1.2 meg HP 5 1/4 drives, it is
possible for these drives to work with the AERCO FD68
system as 80 track 800 Kbytes drives.

The AERCO FD68 system can also boot with a look-
a-like CPM system which is called RPM. You do get 80
columns on the screen but it is pretty slow to display on
the Timex screen. It is very much better to use a terminal
display and turn off the Timex screen. Then the display
really flies.

Keith Watson

keithwatson@netzero.net

TS2068 Enthusiast

Greetings to you all and thank you for allowing me to
join your group! I first owned a TS2068 in 1983 as a
young'n. My dad would not buy me the ever-popular
console gaming systems and told me that the only video
games I was allowed to play were those I could program in
BASIC on the TS2068. Coincidentally, I became adept in
BASIC programming.

I gave that system to a church in 1990, while I was
enlisted in the Coast Guard. I recently regained interest in
the computer while siirfing the web.
I bought my current one on e-bay, and I've made it my
mission to maximize my TS2068 over the next year or so.
The hardest things to acquire will likely be a FDD system
(preferably 3.5 disks), an adapter for a modern printer, and
(if possible) a hard disk drive-- yes, I've my work cut out
forme...

I look forward to knowing more about each of you.
If you want to know more about me, here is my rather

pathetic website:

http://ww ? w.geodties.coni/grey_six/jay_and_sheiri.lii

ZXir QLive Alive!

8

Spring 2003

ml?103578 1498 145
John Simpson

jegs_and_sherri@msn.com

Hi Abed " ~

It's several weeks ago that I have received the
Autumn 2002 issue of ZQA! I was really sad to read that
you will stop with your nice magazine.
I got in touch with several friendly people through ZQA!
Though there wasn't too much about my favorite computer
ZX81/TS1000, 1 enjoyed to read about the activities in the
USA. Especially I likes to read the articles about Z88. Be
sure I will miss ZQA!

We do also have the problem getting articles for our
ZX-TEAM-MAGAZTNe from most of our members, but
fortunately there are some, who support us on a regular
base. And you may have seen in the last issues, I could
take some information from the internet too.

So we will keep on editing our magazine.
Unfortunately I do not have the time to translate to English
and I didn't find someone to do this job, so everyone who
doesn't understand the German language, will be unable to
participate.

Please tell me if you still want to receive the ZX-
TEAM-MAGAZINe in future. I would be glad to send it to
you! Goodby(t)e

Peter Liebert-Adelt

http://www. zx8 1 .de

Hello Everyone....

I am still interested in working with Hi Soft Pascal
programs but I am out of ideas on what kind of programs
you need. Send me some ideas and I will try to develop
them.

David Solly

k_d avid_solly@h otm ail.co m

Helo AbedL "

Paul Holmgren and Frank Davis have given an
official okay for die

IfiL Emulators €11

published by RWAP Software of West Yorkshire,
UK to be distributed in North America with the QL
ROM images under certain conditions and in return
for a small royalty. The ROMs, software, hardware
and name of Sinclair Computing and all trademarks
still remain the protected intellectual and copyrighted
property of Paul Holmgren and Frank Davis, till the

end of 2007. This should make the use of QL
emulators for those who have not owned a legal QL
easier to set up as long as all conditions are met.
Frank Davis
F WD Computing
fdavis@iquest.net
www.fwdcomputing.bizland.com/

Abed-

I just learned from Jack Boatwright that you are
terminating publication of ZQA. I am certainly sad to hear
this news.

U i mm. I would like to ask if you would

■ please include a request for

information in the final issue. Some
time ago Jack sent me a LarKen 1000 floppy disk drive
controller for the TS1000/ZX81. The device appears to be
faulty.

I am in need of the ROM code (in *any* format),
schematic, docimientation, and *any other information or
knowledge* regarding this device. Thanks for your help.

Glen Goodwin
acme@ao.net

Hello Abed,

I would be interested in articles on ZX81 emulators
and WRX16 Hi-Res Video, especially!
My address is:

Mark Anderson

319 South Grove
Mora, MN 55051
pfoiuiertSjmninter.net

Hi Don! " ' ' "

Long time, no see. I hope to find you well and still
focus on Sinclair/Timex products. If all goes well (and it
does), ZX91 and ANDRE*** should be back this coming
fall with all the goodies as before plus release of new
programs of 3 kinds Free-Ware, Shareware and Pay$-
Ware. But my final decision is not made up yet on how to
make them available.

Hope to ear from you and will give you more details.
As you see I am now playing on internet. Keep the good
work. Best regards.

Andre Baune

ANDRE***
zx8 lab(a)progression.net

2003-04-03

Abed.

There is a set of freeware QL emulators for DOS and
Windows and Linux downloadable from;
wwvv.inter.nl.net/hcc/A.Jaw.Venema

These work fine except reading program files is a
little klunky since you first have to get them into QL
format. But there is a separate program QLtools that does
it for you. Smoother is the low cost emulator for the MAC
on:

http://users.infoconex.com/daniele/q-emulator.html
which also has low cost ($22.50) and a more versatile
($40) emulator for Windows. There is also the high end
emulator, QPC2v3 (EUR 99 which is about $110 US)
available from:

www.qbranch.demon.co.uk or http://qpc.j-m-s.com

Also available, but more expensive, is the advanced

QL hardware the Q-40 and Q-60 with things like Ethernet

cards, stereo speakers, 128 MB ram, and 32 bit graphics.

Info available from: info@q40.de

There is also a ton of freeware programs available.

See the above site for links. God bless,

AlBoehm

TS-2C3S I ill I; II I

I want emulator for TS2068, not the Spectrum. I had
a Spectrum deal on my TS system but rarely used it. The

ZXir QLive Alive!

9

Spring 2003

Spectrum was no way as good a machine as the TS2068.
My concern is to save my own programs written on
TS2068...to be honest. Still, I will check them out if I ever
fire my TS2068s up again. Both my Dell and iMac have
crashed this week and Dell has been sent back to
manufacturer. Thank God for revivable Macs.

Promise still holds -$100 for knowledge of TS2068
emulator for Apple or Wintel. and with bad experiences
with Dell I would prefer TS2068 to Mac emulator. I
would simply transfer my progs over to Mac and still give
Callum my TS stuff, books and all the rest as we talked
about for Spring Cleaning plans.

Ok. yeah, two disk systems I have are Zebra drive
and LarKen drive. Both were working last time I tried
them.

Joan Kealv
hikealy @ nonet org
You can load real software from tape into Warajevo
(maybe others, but I haven't checked) and save it onto
your system. There are several utilities that are available to
let you do this if the emulator you choose doesn't support
it, but most do. PlayTZX and Taper are both the most
higlily regarded tools to convert software from tape to
emulator files (.tap and .tzx are exact images of a real tape,
and can be used to make tapes from if you need to do so
later) Warajevo v2. 51 Available from:
ftp://ftp.worldofspectn^

s/warsp251.zip>ftp://ftp. worldofspectrum.org/pub/sinclair/
emulators/pc/dos/warsp25 1 .zip

M.E.S.S. Available from:
<ftp://ftp.worldofspecrnim.Org/pub/smclair/emulators/pc/w
mdows/mess0612b.zip>ftp://ftp.woridofspectriunorg/pub/
sinclak/emulators/pc/windows/mess0612b.zip This can be
used on Apple or PC platforms - the above link is for the
Windows version, with the Macintosh one being available
from: http://mess.emuverse.com/

Each of the emulators 1 mentioned are TS-2068
emulators that run on either the PC or Mac - Warajevo is
by far the most accurate, but the most slightly more
difficult to configure. MESS is very straightforward and
works for the Mac and PC platforms. There are literally
100s of ZX Spectrum emulators, but very few TS-2068
ones, and these are they. The only other I'm aware of is
MultiMachine (PC Only) which is available from WoS as
well, but you'll probably find Warajevo is better.
All of them include ZX Spectrum emulation, and usually
other models as well; the TC-2048, etc. Virtually
all emulators other than these do every variation of ZX
Spectrum, but not Timex. Those listed also do both Timex
andZX Spectrum 'natively' without re-emulation,
independently of each other. Hope this helps!

Callum Davidson
callumdavidsoni@ihotmail.co m

I've owned various Sinclair products since about
1983, and have fairly recently had my interest re-kindled
in them and the early home-computer industry. I'm
originally from tfie UK and moved to Tennessee about 5/6
years ago so, naturally enough, I started educating myself
about the US market as it compared to the UK one I was
familiar with. Alongside this, I began to build up a
collection of things I used to own, and things I always

wanted to own but could never afford, for their "nostalgia"
value more than anything else. As far as the UK goes, I
know the market industry and products as well as
(probably better by now) almost anyone else in the US -
half because I was there, and half because of the huge
amount of time I've spent in the past few years
''rerninding'' myself of what it was all about through
research, etc.

The flip-side being that by comparison, I know
virtually nothing about the Timex machines and the US
industry from the same era, and it's proven to be
surprisingly difficult to track this information down online.
With the exception of a few (admittedly, very good)
Thnex-specific sites, there doesn't seem to be much
information or material readily/publicly available. This
surprises me since there seemed to be a lot of interest in
the machines at the time, and they are radically different to
their UK equivalents. There are countless Spectrum
emulators, software titles, user guides, manuals, magazine
archives available, but hardly arothing about the Timex
machines, and this bothers me.

So, I joined the ZQA Mailing List shortly after it was
set up so I could improve my knowledge of these
machines, etc. and to learn from the people that were
actively involved with them while I was over there,
blissfully unaware, fiddling about with the Spectrum. I can
contrast what they know to what I do, and vice-versa,
which helps us all out because we each learn something
new that can be passed along for the benefit of everybody.
I find this very rewarding, and it gives me a "warm-and-
fuzzy" to know that there are still people interested in
something so old and "useless" by comparison to the PCs
of today. That we've come this far in +/- 20 years astounds
me, and 1 like to contrast the type of things we're taking
for granted now with how imimaginable they were then,
which puts eveiything into perspective to me in a fairly
humbling way.

Nowadays, I write code for a living and can do things
at the push of a button that hadn't even been visualized 5
years ago, let alone LO or 20. I have a 2-year-old Son, and
the things he'll be doing will have their roots in what I'm
building today. Seeing the distance we've already covered,
and knowing that the "next generation" platforms I'm
building now will amount to no more to him in 20 years
than a ZX-80 does to users today is quite inspiring, and I
can't wait to see what he has at his disposal when the time
comes.

Harriet, clearly to me, has a long-standing interest
and enthusiasm for the Timex macliines, and wants to
make sure they're not relegated to the "oh yeah, them too"
category, and that anyone that expresses an interest or
airiosity in them has a place to go for information. I
suggested a few emulators a while ago that might be of use
to her, and she emailed me a couple of days ago to say she
may need some guidance when she starts working with
them. I'm no expert on the emulator front but I'm
certainly happy to lend a fresh set of eyes to any problems
she might have with them, and can help figure out a
solution (if there is one) if possible. I believe she has been
unwell recently, and wants to transfer some software she
wTote way back before clearing her storage facility of all

ZXirQLive Alive!

10

Spring 2003

the old items she has boxed iip and getting dusty, which is
why she wanted to investigate the feasibility of using an
emulator at all.

I get emails all the time from people asking questions
or looking for some piece of information they know
they've seen but can't find anymore. I've accumulated
quite a lot of material that I can check for references (and I
enjoy this, because it provides me with a "excuse" to fiddle
with old machines!) and can put people in touch with
others that I think might be able to help when I can't. I'm
forever mailing books, lists, tapes, etc. to people because I
have spares and they've asked for them I just give away
most things because I know those who are asking are
genuinely interested in making use of whatever it is they
need, and they're not just transient "collectors" building
their next eBay inventory - 1 don't deal with those people
on any terms, and can usually spot them coming a mile
away.

I've been trying to locate a lot of old magazines,
catalogs, newsletters, etc. recently to build a proper list of
references and would like to scan some of these in and
share them (copyright issues notwithstanding) in an online
library of sorts at some point Also, there seems to be a lot
of people looking to find the inevitable missing issue(s) of
their otherwise complete collections, and they're always
the ones somebody else has a mysterious extra copy of!
There's volumes and volumes of otherwise "lost"
information lying at-the-back-of-the-garage all over the
country that would be really interesting to read and refer to
in future, so I'd like to concentrate on building some sort
of a central archive for these things. Long-term vision,
maybe, but it would be very worthwhile, in my opinion.

So, that's my 2c on the whole Timex/SinclaiMhing.
Bit of a rant, I know, but it's one of those things I get a lot
of enjoyment from, and I like to think there's still a place
for altruism :)

Callum Davidson

callumdavidson@hotmail.com

, •— ^ —

WN Richardson & Co
6 Ravensmead. Chalfont-St-Peter
Gerrards Cross
Bucks, SL9 OMB, UK
wnr@.compuserve. com
Bill Richardson will have usual Z88, QL units,
spares etc. and is looking for your redundant Spectrurns
and parts, particularly Interface Ones and connectors,
please. He will also bring RGB, monitors and dot matrix
printers if asked for at £15 each, and other bits and pieces.
Traders ads Qbranch:

www.qbranch. demon. co.uk/showflyer.htm>
Tony Firshman

http://wTvw.firshman.demon.co.iik

Hi Abed,"

The only thing I have to offer for the last issue of ZQA is
that I will always remember my TS-1Q00 fondly and continue to
use it today, but not very often. It has been a good friend. But
the people I have met through the users groups are just
wonderful, fantastic, kind people, and I will always remember
them most fondly since they are very special friends!!! Take
care, Joe.

Joseph Rampolla

jprampolla@hiazenet.net

ZXir QLive Alive!

In ts2068@yahoogroups.com. Hector Jorge Picone

<dunkelj3iky@y...> wrote:

Hi, Anybody can help me?

F m hying to make a ^ister board for my JS2068.

Greetings, Just a bit of Twister history.

I designed the original "Super Twister" board for
Zebra back in the day. Most of the electronics design was
done by members of a user group in Long Island, I
collected all the circuits and put them together on one
board. I don't remember all of the details but it had
memory decoding for a replacement ROM, a voltage
regulator, an external reset button, some sort of video port
and some other circuit, the purpose of which I do not
remember. Sorry but I don't have the documentation
anymore.

The board was designed to fit into a VHS video case
with cutouts for the connectors. As I recall, the 2068 was
the same color as a silver '82 Honda Chic. I made a few
prototype cases and painted them with a can of DupliColor
paint. They sure looked slick but were too labor intensive
for production.

I also wrote an extended BASIC that was called
WindowPrint 32/64 which Zebra sold. You can find a
copy on the Warajevo web site somewhere. The 64
column software was advertised to work with the OS-64
cartridge Zebra developed, actually it was a 64 column
driver which could replace the OS-64 cartridge. Naturally,
the one line BASIC command to kick the 2068 into 64
column mode was never published in the manual

There are several PCB prototype houses now that do
nice work, some of them even have free downloadable
design software. It might be worth looking into if you
want to create a new twister board. Regards,

John B.

"j lb320Q ! ' jlb3200@yahoo.com

Alvin,

I gave my Dell laptop to my grandson for med school
and bought an Apple iBook nearly a month ago. He knew
MS computers and I prefer Macs so any emulator must be
able to transfer to my Mac computers. Sorry, but Callum
Davidson was first so I am spending the $100 to send my
TS-2068 stuff to him He had offered to pay postage and
sliipping, but I said the reward would be used to cover it. I
just this week sent him my tiny TS-2040 printer and last
week a box load of the thermal paper. I shall try to figure
out if I can make you cassette copies of my music, but I
may have to depend on Callum to reproduce those tapes-
he is welcome to circulate them. I confess I did some dern
good translations for the TS2068 with chording along with
lead plus the lyrics going on the screen as the music
played.

Astounding that that little computer was so fine.
When I consider that I bought each of my TS-2068s for
roughly $100 apiece and have spent over $1300 each for
three Macs and a Dell.. .not counting software and all the
extras we are constantly buying. In many ways I enjoyed
my TS2068s more.

Harriet J. Kealy

hjkealy@rionet.org

" Spring 2003

11

Can NASQLUG Take The Slack?

byAlBoehm

It is with considerable sorrow that I heard that ZQA
would put out its last issue. All of us that enjoy using
the T/S computers will be a little diminished. I still
remember how my ZX-81 solved a tough math problem
I had worked on for years and how r my kids grew up
playing games on our TS-2068.

Now most of my computing is on the QL. Well,
actually most of it is on QL emulators - the QXL,
QLAYW, Q-emuLator, and QPC2. Yes, I have
Windows and MAC and use them when they are the
best tools for the job at hand. However, I find for
development work the QL far exceeds anything
available on the PC or MAC .

I'll give you one example. I write games for the youth
group at church. Pretty easy and fun to do, with
SuperBasic. The kids can run them on the QLAYW
freeware emulator.

In recent years, the New England Sinclair QL User
Group has revised its operations to meet the changing
times. One change is that we went to Virtual Meetings
via email. This allows members who could never
attend a meeting in New England to have a say in
things. Some of the debates have been quite vigorous.
M dually, most members live outside New England.
MlSo we changed our name to North American
Sinclair QL User Group - NASQLUG

NASQLUG sponsors an annual QL show. Many of
the European vendors and developers attend and demo
the latest hardware and programs. This year the show is
in West Haven, CT on 17 May. Last year it was near
Washington, DC.

FBlhe NASQLUG Journal is published quarterly. It has
■ 6 to 8 pages of technical and news articles. The
Journal is a semi-ezine. That is, about half the members
elect to get a paper copy but many only obtain the
articles via the Internet. However, all can obtain the
articles from our web page, which means no more
keying in those long programs from the paper copy.
ASQLUG is a sub-group of Quanta, the large QL
group centered in England. This affiliation has
several advantages. The two most important are: 1.
Quanta helps out financially with the annual US QL
shows. 2. All the technical articles published in the
NASQLUG Journal are also submitted to the Quanta
editor who publishes them in the Quanta magazine if
they appear to have broader interest . Nearly all of the
Journal articles have been reprinted in Quanta. It is not
required that a NASQLUG member belong also to
Quanta although Quanta membership is encouraged.

development is supported by NASQLUG with
seed money grants and prizes. For example,
ZXir QLive Alive!

NASQLUG provided Simon Goodwin some seed
money to develop a MIDI (Musical Interface)
capability for the QL. He was able to devise a Keyword
to send MIDI compatible signals out of the QL NET
port. All of the numerous MIDI music available on the
Internet can now be played from a QL hooked to a
synth or MIDI keyboard.

There is a NASQLUG web site. In fact, several of
them! The old site:

http://geocities.com/nesqlugl/
has last year's Journal articles available for viewing and
downloading. It has links to individual member sites
such Herb Schaaf s Math site. The link to my MIDI site
doesn't work since Juno stopped providing web space.
However, our new Webmaster Phoebus Dokos is
loading eveiything on our new site:

wvw.dokos-gr.net/~nesqlug/
the idea is for everyone who wants to can have a link to
their own site. Others can send material to Phoebus to
upload to the master site.

ASQLUG is a non-profit organization plus we have
learned to produce and mail the Journal at a very
low price. The basic annual dues are $12 to include a
paper copy of the Journal or $5 for Internet access only.
To provide an incentive to authors and officer
volunteers, dues are reduced by $5 for anyone that
promises to write at least one article per year or
volunteers and is elected as an officer. The reduced
rates are thus: $7 for paper copy and FREE for Internet
access only.

All members of a household become members if one
is a member. Children have played important roles
even as officers. We had an article on Turtle Graphics
to let elementary school age children do simple
programs. Also once we found a wife that stayed in her
motel room during one of the QL shows. Since then we
have always provided activities for family members that
are only marginally interested in computers.

Our officers currently include: Director, Treasurer,
Show committee, and Webmaster. But several
important jobs are empty: Secretary to those without
web access. Program Librarian, and Editor (Articles are
now published as is without checking for errors!).
Moreover, if anyone sees a need, for example a Grant
Officer to vitalize and monitor grants, then they can
volunteer and be voted into office. Indeed, I have
ahvays desired that most members become an officer (A
worker Bee! You only get out as much as you put in.).

If you want to join NASQLUG, contact the Treasurer,
Kevin O'Leary

Spring 2003

Box 172
Meriden, NH 03770.
olearyk@cyberportal.net
For more information contact Director

Al Boehm

2501 Ermine Drive
Huntsville, AL 35810
albertboehm@jimo.com

NESQLUG

To: <goodolejohn@LIGHTFIRST.coin
John, (Donaldson)

Sorry to hear about the nursing home. Bobbie and you too
will be in my prayers.

The QL emulators that run on a PC are getting so good that
rarely do I use my SuperGoldCard QL. The article below
tells about them. With them on my PC, I feel I have the best
of both worlds.

NESQLUG is doing pretty well mostly because we have
change our mode of operation. We are spread out all over
the country. A few of us do see each other at the QL show
(usually in the Spring) and at a overnight Fall meeting at Bill
Cable's in New Hampshire. But most of our meetings are
Virtual Meetings done by email every other month.
If you would like to join NESQLUG, the fee is $5 for email
only and $12 for paper copy of the NESQLUG Journal.
Send to the treasurer: Kevin O'Leary

Five QL Emulators On My PC; Which is Best?

by Al Boehm

Jhy would anyone have five QL emulators on one
PC? Well first there was the QXL. At the time
it was the only emulator on a PC. I am calling it two
emulators since I run it with two operating systems.
Next I bought Q-emiiLator for my MAC laptop. So
when the PC version came out, I bought it since it was
similar to what I w r as used to. Later I bought QPC2
because it could do some things that Q-emuLator could
not. Finally I downloaded the free QLAYW because I
wanted to use it on the PCs at the church hall to let kids
play QL games I had wrote.

When I realized I had all these emulators on one
machine, it looked like a good opportunity to present
an unbiased comparison.

iCWy deskt °P PC ^ a CYRIX 5x86 CPU running
2iWat 120MHtz with 24M ram and a 2.5 Gbyte hard
drive plus a SyQuest Ezflyer 230MB removable drive.
It has an early Windows 95 OS. A hot machine in
1996, now it is considered out of date. But a major
reason I keep it, is that is has ISA slots that I can put
the QXL into. Most of the new machines no longer
have an ISA slot.

Jt have bad eyes. So I use a 17 inch monitor which
3lprovides a picture 12.4 inches wide. By
comparison, the original QL monitor had a picture just
over 9 inches wide. Plus some of my preferences are
based on the fact that I can not see small fonts. This is
a personal thing, but I cant help but believe that there
are aging QLers out there with similar problems. In

any case, I have the screen set for 800 by 600 pixels
which affects some of the screen sizes mentioned
below.

The QXL

jfXjfy QXL II has 8M ram. It runs quite well in DOS
^Wmode. It can also run from a Windows 95 DOS
window but more slowlv and with some limitations

ml

and glitches. The QXL has it's own CPU. Thus
internal processing times are independent of the host
PC. However the host is used for I/O and in particular
the screen display. So some timings are affected by the
host.

JJfhe QXL does have NET ports which net well with
^standard QL's, SGC's, etc. However, the QXL
NET uses different circuitry so that the current DIY
MIDI will not work on it.

S\ major drawback of the QXL is that it can not
^"▼access PC files on the hard disk. Instead, special
QXL.WIN files are formatted on the hard disk which
contain QL type files with their special dataspace
headers on executable files. Many of the QL CD
ROMs being sold contain a QXL.WIN file so that the
QXL can access them via the PC's CD ROM reader. A
major plus for the QXL is that it reads QL and PC
floppy disks automatically. One bad quirk is that it will
not detect a second PC disk after a PC disk has been
read; a QL disk needs to be read in-betw r een to set it
straight.

Actuallv three QXL OS are installed on my hard
disk SMSQ, SMSQ/E v2.83, and SMSQ/E v2.98.
I rarely use the SMSQ OS which came free with the
QXL. Instead I use SMSQ/E which has additional
features such as the PE and changing screen sizes on
the fly. However, there was a major change between
SMSQ/E v2.83 and v2.98; namely enhanced color
drivers. This is why I call the QXL two different
emulators for comparison below.
'Jjffor me and my QXL setup, the enhanced color
drivers were a step backwards. Through some
type of incompatibility, the enhanced colors do not
work with my QXL. They do work OK with QPC2 on
the same machine!?!? Also the enhanced color drivers
slow r down screen writing quite a bit as detailed below.
Worst for me and my bad eyes, the enhanced color
drivers provide the same small font for QL. EGA.
VGA, or SVGA screen options.
The 512 QL window is only 7.6 inches wide for v2.98

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but 10 inches for v2.83.. Thus I have QXL 2.83 and
QXL 2.98 as separate emulators in the comparisons
below.

Software Emulators In General

Q-emuLator 5 QPC2, and QLAYW all act like
Windows programs. You start them like a Windows
program and can switch back and forth between them
and other Window programs merely by clicking the
mouse. Q-emuLator and QPC2 allow text saved in the
scrap area to be transferred to the paste area of
Windows and vice versa. With a little finagling, they
can access the Windows files on the hard disk or CD.
Each can read QXL.WIN files but only QPC2 can
write to a QXL.WIN file.

'jSfrhsy all do a good job of running QL programs
^'although they each have some limitations. They
each can BEEP through the PC's speaker and can
access the parallel and serial ports, but none have a
NET port. They each have a provision for using the
PC mouse input. Their speed depends on the host PC.
On the newer PC models, it is blazing fast, but each
has a way of slowing things down for playing games.
Q-emuLator v 2.1

taniele Terdina mote Q-emuLator first as a MAC
based emulator. Then a Windows 95 based
emulator It requires a file containing a QL ROM. I
use a JSU ROM by permission of Frank Davis who
owns the North America copyright. Amstrad which
owns the copyright for the rest of the world has given
permission for non-commercial use. It also comes with
an older Minerva ROM which I understand is freeware.
1 use TK2 since Tony Tebby has given permission for
use in emulators. Q-emuLator can not run SMSQ/E
although it handles the PE extensions without any
trouble.

|j£|~emuLator has only an original QL 512 by 256
window. However, it can display the window in
two different sizes. One is 7.7 inches wide on my 12
inch wide screen and the other is 10 inches. This
additional width is of great importance to me and my
eyes. Daniele advises me this would be even wider if I
had my PC set to 1024 by 768.

#ne of the unique features of Q-emuLator is that it
you can change win assignments on the fly. For
example, WIN 1 can be changed from meaning the
directory C:\QL\docs to meaning floppy drive a: QPC,
QLAYW, and the QXL have WIN definitions assigned
at startup and can not be changed except by rebooting.
Jjjxecutable files run OK when copied from QL
>^disks into standard window 7 directories. Daniele
has some chicanery here that is beyond me but greatly
appreciated. The Q-emuLator Manual is remarkably
readable.

-emuLator was $60 but recently has been reduced
to $40. Also Daniele plans a $22.50 version that

only emulates an unexpanded QL Q-emuLator can be
obtained from: http://users.infoconex.coin/daniele/q-
emulator.html.

QPC2 v3.03 [VER$(1) says 2d99]
/tjijarcel Kiigus wrote QPC2 to ran smoothly in the
^■^♦Windows environment. It is a top notch program
as the timings below show 7 . Nevertheless it is not
without its shortcomings.

JJfhe most important limitation to me is in the
^screens. QL, EGA, VGA, and SVGA are all the
same small font size as on the QXL 2.98. This could
be a plus for someone who likes to have several small
windows open at the same time. For example, running
QPC2 with a small QL window to provide answers to
put into a small PC window along side it.
/MJPC2 runs in SMSQ/E only. Most of the time I
HIT admire the extra capability of SMSQ/E. But
every now and then I wish I could shut it off when
there is an incompatibility with older programs. For
example, until recently the Turbo compiler would not
run on SMSQ/E and even now I can't get programs
Turbo compiled on SMSQ/E to run on other systems.
Perhaps George Gwilt has already got this sorted out,
and I just haven't gotten the word. In any case, I still,
on occasion, run into incompatibilities.
2Vfote, I am not complaining about the additional
capabilities of SMSQ/E which I use all the time;
it's just that I wish QPC2 had a capability to run QDOS
when desired.

I have only had QPC2 v3.03 since the Oxon Hill
Show. So I haven't had time to delve into all its added
attractions. QPC2 v3.03 is available from J-M-S for
EUR 99.90 or QBranch for 65 pounds.

QLAYW 0.9c
3|an Venema wrote QLAYW as a freeware Windows
"J program. There are also QLAY versions for MS-
DOS and Linux. Since QLAYW is freeware, I can
send it to others who can rim my QL programs on their
PCs.

'JjTor me, the best attribute of QLAYW is that the QL
<3*i 5 12 screen fits all the way across my monitor -
12.3 inches. Only with the Aurora on my other system
am I able to get such a large easy to see screen.
Moreover, the screen can be adjusted to any smaller
size by using the mouse. There is no noticeable
aliasing of pixels and fonts - this is really quite
remarkable. On the other hand, only the original 512
by 256 screen is supported.

/j|JLAYW T boots up noticeably quicker than the other
two software emulators. So if I just want a QL to
make a quick calculation, it's my choice.
One bug is that the QL pointer occasionally gets
separated from the PC mouse pointer which is
disconcerting. Since I rarely use the pointer (I do use
the PE!) on the QL, this is not a problem for me.

ZXir QLive Alive!

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Y[ found the manuals hard to follow mainly because
Jfthey bounced back and forth between the DOS,
Linux, and Windows versions. The Windows
quickstart text once I found it was easy to follow,
^fhe poorest part of QLAYW is the way it handles
VJ^files. Files must first be read in by an off-line
program - QLtools or QLayt - to make a special
directory (qlay.dir) which keeps track of header info
such as dataspace for executable programs. This is not
much different than the QXL.WIN files except that the
QXL can handle floppies directly. I had so much
trouble understanding how to do this that I wrote my
own reminder which I include:

How to make files available to QLAYW
Make sure QLAYW is not running.
Choose a directory to put the QLAYW win files in.
Copy Qltools.exe into this target directory.
Open DOS from Windows and navigate to target
directory.

Have files on QL floppy disk in drive a:
Type: QLtools a: -q

Start QLAYW selecting the target directory for a win
drive.

JJfhe target directory will contain ail the files that
^•■Kvere on the disk. The first time QLtools is used it
makes the file called qlay.dir which has header info for
the files. Fiutlier uses of QLtools adds files to the
directory and updates qlay.dir Additional file
manipulation can be done with qltools.exe and
qlayt.exe. I haven't had much experience with
QLAYW. Most programs seem to work OK. QD with
the PE works OK. Quill works OK. However,
Xchange would not nm - 1 guess it had to do with the
RAMdisk that Xchange uses.

QLAYW and the other versions (including source!) are
available on:

http:/A^w\^inter.nl.net/hcc/A.Jaw.Venema
Math Speed

1ft use a simple double loop to time 1 million math
^operations. First I run it with just a simple

replacement to get the overhead time:

100 b=23:c=49: REMark arbitrary constants

1.10 StartTime=DATE

120 FOR 1=1 TO 1000

130 FOR J=l TO 1000

140 a=b

150 END FOR J

160 END FOR I

170 OverHead=DATE-StartT.ime

JVfext I change line 140 to a=b+c to get addition
time after subtracting OverHead. Then change line
140 to a=b*c to get multiplication time after
subtracting OverHead. This timer was rim with
SBasic/SuperBasic and as a Turbo compiled program.
Times are in seconds.

SuperBasic/SBasic
OverHead Additions Multiplication

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1 A
14

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14

AVI .-OQO

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12

v^-eniuijaior

1 14Z

Zjd

Zyj

yrLZ

OZ

1A
J4

11
55

OT 4YW

1ZUU

250

307

Turbo Compiled

V,/AJ_f \Z.o3

i n

1U

6

12

i n

6

11

v£-emuJLator

fj

46

125

DZ

24

28

QLAYW

70

39

143

The most notable difference is how fast SBasic is
compared to SuperBasic.

Jjfhe QXL times are not a true comparison since they
^depend solely on the QXL CPU not the host PC.
Apparently Marcel has done some fine optimization to
get those fast number cnmching times.

Scroll Speed
"TSfo time screen operations, I used the original QL
^512 by 256 MODE 4 screen on all emulators. I
scrolled in Quill through the MIDIPlayer manual, a
5382 word, 539 line document. Also I scrolled in ED
the MIDIPlayer bas program of 797 lines. The results
in seconds were:

Quill 539 lines ED 797 lines
QXL 2.83 17 38

QXL 2.98 43 95

Q-emuLator 28 37
QPC2 37 63

QLAYW 76 145

J think you can see why I prefer the earlier v2.83 on
the QXL. I guess the enhanced color drivers are
what slow QPC2 down with respect to Q-emuLator.
However, it was in MODE 4 and used none of the
fancy colors.

Conclusions

f\ 11 of the emulators are really quite usable. They
^▼all have small quirks and limitations. All required
about an hour of configuring, tinkering, and
reading the manual to get them running. Although
QLAYW r is not the equal of the other emulators in
many categories, it has a smooth feel to it and is easy
on my eyes. Moreover, for my intended use for it
running QL games on other PCs - it is the best. I can
configure it for a particular game and put it on a disk
so that a Windows user thinks it is a native PC game.

J[ still favor the QXL and use it the most. However,
■KQXLs are becoming rare, and so are the PCs with
ISA slots to hold them. I am very thankful to the
software developers that brought about these emulators
to make my fun more interesting and my work easier.
I hope this article aids the competitive spirit to make
the emulators even better. God bless,

Albert R Boehm
albertboehm@juno. co

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Spring 2003

tEimtx €

ar 1

bv Galium Davidson

jlT'he number of ZX Spectrum emulators available
Vi/must be running into the hundreds, with dozens
more being produced each year. Given the huge
popularity of the Sinclair machines throughout Europe,
this isn't really a surprise. What is more surprising,
however, is that mere are very few emulators available
that support the TS-2068.

^iT'his may be due in part to the relative rarity of the
original machines, a limited awareness of their
unique features by members of the wider Sinclair
community, and a comparative shortage of original
documentation being available online that can be used
as a complete reference while developing the emulator
itself. While this is certainly improving, the Timex
machines are nowhere near as well publicized as their
Sinclair counterparts.

sjfT ortunately, the quality of what is available is very
*J* high indeed, and emulator authors appear to be
increasingly interested in the Timex machines and how
they differ from their Sinclair counterparts. This is good
news, and I hope we'll see more, and better, emulators
released in the next few months that provide support for
the TS-2068.

Until then, those of us that can't wait should find one of
the following emulators suitable for our "everyday"
needs*

PC (MS-DOS) : Warajevo v2.51

7J71U ara J evo * s > by a clear margin, the most complete
^M^t-and accurate TS-2068 emulator available.
Unfortunately, it's also the oldest and can be a little
difficult to use unless you do so regularly enough to
become familiar with it.

each key feature of the TS-2068 is supported
directly, with several "plug-ins" being available to
supplement the core functionality. Note, however, that
third-party- peripheral emulation is a little lacking.
Emulation of Disk Interfaces is limited, as is Printer
support.

jjjn reality, these issues don't necessarily represent a
^c/ major problem for most users; original cassette
software can be transferred directly from tape, through
the soundcard fitted to your PC, and loaded into the
emulator. From there, it can be saved in a variety of
emulator-neutral file formats and used directly.
Transferring software from disk is more difficult, and
loading from cartridge is not possible. Each of these
problems can be worked around with a little tune and
creative thinking, so should not be seen as a major

barrier.

[arajevo is designed to run under MS-DOS, but
kan be used with Windows. I have had no
difficulty in running it under Windows XP Professional,
for example, without the need to adjust any settings
directly, or forcing the program to run in compatibility
mode.

^fT'he documentation included with the emulator is very
Vl^extensive, and covers every feature in great detail. In
addition, a lot of technical information is provided that
describes the way in which the emulation is achieved. The
,dck file format was developed to allow "virtual" cartridges to
be loaded - this format is fully documented, and is the
standard for all TS/TC-2068 emulators with cartridge
support.

PC (Windows)

3Jf you are prepared to trade features for convenience,
-clor are interested in more than just the Timex
machines, I have found M.E.S.S (Multi Emulator Super
System) provides a good compromise.
The TS-2068 is emulated well, with support for
standard tape and cartridge files (in .dck format). The
source code for M.E.S.S is freely available, and can be
modified to suit your own requirements if needed.

ince M.E.S.S is an emulation framework, literally
hundreds of machines can be emulated by simply
"plugging-in" the appropriate ROM image. No ROMs
are included with the distribution, although these are
readily available (see below). Any other supported
systems can be emulated by simply placing the ROM
file in the 'Bios' folder and choosing that system from
the application window.

Unix / Linux

'JtT'here are no dedicated emulators available for Unix /
Linux users that specifically support the TS-2068,
but all is not lost. The latest version of Fuse, v0.6,
emulates the TC-2048 and TC-2068, as introduced to
European markets by Timex Portugal. These machines,
while not identical to the TS-2068, have some
similarities and may work well for you.

r s a momentary diversion, the TC-2048 is similar to
►the original ZX Spectrum, but includes the
additional screen modes found in the TS-2068, and a
slightly enhanced version of Sinclair BASIC. Note that
there is only one Joystick port on the TC-2048, and
several internal differences in the two designs that are
more significant. There is no cartridge port, for
example, so .dck files cannot be used. I have found this
model to be slightly more compatible with the ZX

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Spectrum than tk TS-2068, providing access to many
of the software tin , eleased for the Sinclair machine:
games, utilities, tic. ^ iddition, many titles that depend
on die additional featur , of the Timex machines (high
resolut m screen modes in particular) run without any
problems, and BASIC is very well supported.

he TC-2068 is, at first glance, the same as a TS-
2068. As a general rule, the internal differences
between the two designs have no obvious effect on the
emulator, and I have had no problems with any software
incompatibilities, etc. so far.

ne thing to consider, however, is that there will be
timing differences between the TS and TC models
that may need to be accommodated if you are
developing your own software that depends on
particular events occurring at fixed intervals. Similarly,
simply because the differences in design do not appear
to outwardly affect the emulator does not mean that
they are of no importance! However, TC-2068 support
will suffice until true TS-2068 support is included.
Now, back to Fuse ....

ne of the most appealing features of Fuse is that the
full source code is available. Therefore, if the
emulator doesn't work the way you want it to, or is
missing a feature you feel you need, you can make
changes to the source, recompile it, and make your own
custom version to suit your particular needs. Not an
insignificant task, admittedly, but certainly worth
noting.

Apple Macintosh (OSX)

use has been ported to the Macintosh platform
(OSX only) and is feature-identical to the Unix /
Linux version. Similarly, a version of M.E.S.S is also
available, which includes the features described earlier,
use is certainly the most accurate of the options
available, but provides only "TC" emulation, not
"TS", albeit in addition to a range of ZX Spectrum
models. The same caveats still apply, but should not
prevent experimentation!

Summary

ach of these emulators offer a similar set of
features; which one you choose will largely depend
on your current Operating System, and personal
preferences.

he relatively limited number of emulators available
on each platform, and the fact that they are all
available at no cost, means that you can download
several and evaluate their features in context of your
particular requirements.

Tf t is worth bearing in mind that, thanks to the huge
*j number of ZX Spectrum emulators available, and
the relative ease with which support for the European
Timex machines can be added to them by authors, that
having one of these available as an additional option

can prove worthwhile. Normally, unless I know that a
particular piece of software makes use of Tim ex-only
features, I'll try- running it using Spectaculator v5.0 -
tins is a superb product that stands apart from other
emulators, in both features and accuracy, and I
encourage any PC users to download a copy and try it
for themselves. TS-2068 support may be added in
future, but is not currently available. Regardless, I have
found that many programs will work unmodified, with
the obvious exceptions.

f you have programs that make extensive use of
Timex-specific features, try them on the TC-2048 or
TC-2068 if these options are available in your emulator.
On the PC, I find vbSpec vl.80 provides good TC-2048
support, and most Timex software seems to wx>rk well.
Only in rare circumstances, or if I need to work with
cartridge-sourced software (.dck files), do I find I need
to use Warajevo at all.

acintosh and Unix / Linux users are somewhat
more limited in their options. In essence, if neither
Fuse nor M.E.S.S work to your liking, tracking dowii an
alternative that does is likely to be quite difficult.
Hopefully, this will be a rare occurrence, and there will
be more widespread support for these systems in future.

Conclusions

he Timex emulation scene is relatively healthy,
with several emulators being available on each of
the most common platforms that will meet most users'
needs, most of the time. Fortunately, most emulator
authors like a challenge, and seem quite prepared to
consider requests for additional functionality. They will
likely add TS-2068 emulation to their products if people
seem to want it, so get typing!

qually, if you find that none of the current offerings
work as you need them to, a short email to their
developers should bring results that ultimately are of
benefit to us all.

References

he emulators listed in this article, plus thousands of
original Timex/Sinclair programs are freely
available from a variety of sources. Most emulators
have full documentation included, and a small selection
of software to get you started.

he following sites provide a wealth of information,
utilities and software that you may find useful:
Emulators, Software, Documentation, Utilities,
etc. http ://www. worldofspectrum.org/

http://wv\^v.vvorldofspectrum.org/emulators.html
http ://www. worldofspectrum. org/archi ve . html
http.7/vvwvv.worldofspectrum.org/warajevo/index.html
Reference information, file format specifications, etc:

http://www. sinclairfaq. com/
Emulators:
http://wvy%v.spectaculator.com/

ZXir QLive Alive!

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http ://www. srcf. ucam.org/~pak2 1 /spectrum/fuse, html

http://wwwmess.org/

http://www.mufo.org/vbspee/
ROM Images:

ht^://www.srcf.ucam.org/~pak21/spectmm/roms.htitil

General Timex Reference:

http:/y^w^^outla\\Ttetxom/----jboatno4/welcome.htm

http ://www. timexsinclair. org/2 068/
http ://timex. j ohrmyred. org/

^[finally, anyone wishing to contact me is
*P welcome to do so.
My email address is:

callumdavidson(S),hotmail.com

C Programming and the Timex/Sinclair 2068

by Alvin Albrecht

t took nearly 30 years but the de facto standard
programming language of the software industry has
finally made it to the humble Timex/Sinclair. It has
been a long time since I have been this excited about
anything in the T/S world and actually being able to
write programs in C for the TS-2068 over the past few
months has brought a warm grin to my face. What
makes it possible is the Z88DK Small C Cross Compiler
("http://z88dk. sourceforge.net"). Z88DK supports a
nearly ANSI-C implementation of the language and
comes with many of the standard C libraries built-in for
a variety of Z80 machines, including the Spectrum and
ZX81. The level of support for each platform varies
depending on the interest paid by the platform's users.
The Spectrum has seen some of the most support and
boasts a fairly complete set of standard libraries.
Y H ^his is not the first time a popular high-level
language lias been made available for Sinclair
machines. David Solly has previously written
articles about programming the TS-2068 using HiSoft
Pascal. Indeed, HiSoft also sold a C compiler for the
Spectrum (HiSoft C). The problem with these
implementations is that both the compiler and source
code had to fit into 48K of memory. This led to
compromises, the most important one being that the
compiler only implemented subsets of the actual
language. Having to split up large programs into many
small pieces that could be compiled in memory and then
hand linking all the pieces together also made
compiling any serious program a serious hassle.
Z88DK is a cross compiler, meaning it actually runs on
a third computer (like a PC) and generates programs for
the TS-2068. Since the source code is entered on the
PC and compiled there, Z88DK has the necessary
available memory to be as fully featured as desired and
can compile source programs of any size with little
hassle. There is still the matter of transferring the
finished product to the TS-2068 itself but that is also
straightforward with the right tools,
r ^or the iminitiated, C was originally developed by
Dermis Ritchie in the early 70s to write the first
Unix operating system on the DEC PDP-11. It

was intentionally made a small language and as far as
high-level languages go, it is as low-level as they get
(Forth would be the only example of a lower level
language that I can think of). This last point does not
mean C is a hard language to pick up like assembly
language, but that it deals with the kinds of objects that
the bare CPU deals with: bits, characters, numbers and
addresses. For these reasons C inherits many of the
advantages of both high level and low level languages:
it is easy to learn, C programs can be written quickly
and the compiled result is fast and compact. The fact
that C is such a small language manifests itself when it
is realized that nothing much useful can be done with it
without additional libraries. Libraries are vendor or
user supplied collections of subroutines. Without these
libraries there would be no way to print a character,
read the keyboard or draw a line. The C language
provides the structure of the program and the libraries
provide the essence.

Ctook off like wildfire in the mid 70s and like
amthing that grows out of control, pretty soon
many variations of C not quite compatible with
each other arose. The solution was a standardization
that occurred in 1983 with the adoption of ANSI-C.
ANSI-C formalized various language constructs and
clarified many (but not all) implementation issues for
compiler writers. Also part of ANSI-C is a
standardized collection of libraries (the "standard i/o
library") that grants C programs basic i/o functionality
(character output, character input, etc.) and access to
useful utility subroutines (such as conversion from
strings to integers, allocating memory, etc.). With
compilers written to adhere to the standard made
available for all computer platforms, significant C
programs could be written with cross platform
compatibility.

Since ANSI-C was introduced the language has evolved
into C++, now the standard among desktop and larger
computer software. C++' adds language constructs that
support object-oriented, generic and functional
programming styles. C, like Basic, is an imperative or
procedural language where programs are written as step

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by step instructions. Unlike C, C++ is a large language
and takes many months (some would say years!) to
master. Because of its size and complexity it is an
inappropriate language to program with on small
computer systems.

K // 88DK supports a nearly complete subset of
/f ANSI-C and supplies most of the standard
// «A library functions expected by C programmers. I
have felt little restriction in writing C programs with
Z88DK, retaining the typical style I use when writing
programs for modern systems. The small nature of the
underlying machine means you do have to be more
aware of memory constraints, speed issues (i.e. efficient
algorithms are important?) and data type sizes (ints are
only 16 bits). It is also helpful to know 7 a little about
how r the C is compiled into assembly language in order
to write efficient C on the T/S. Z88DK also supports
embedding Z80 assembler into C programs.

hat are the advantages of using C on the TS-
2068? The biggest advantage is speed.
There is simply no way to write anything
taster without resorting to assembly language. With C
you will also have access to many structured
programming constructs that are lacking in Sinclair
Basic, like while loops and functions with local
variables, that make the programming experience easier
and more expressive. Z88DK's libraries also supply
many functions that have no Basic equivalent. For
example there are functions for printing formatted
output, reading formatted input, searching strings and
classifying characters as numbers / letters / punctuation.
Non-standard library additions allow drawing of lines,
filling screen areas and manipulating graphic sprites.

Cis not only a significant step up for Basic
programmers, it is also a significant tool for
assembly language programmers. Complete
programs can be written very quickly with excellent
performance. If the performance needs to be improved,
critical sections of the code can be rewritten seamlessly
in assembler. Typically 90% of the time a program
executes 10% of the code. Only having to rewrite that
10% of code in assembler to squeeze out the last
vestiges of speed can reduce development time from
months to weeks. There is also another secret: most of
the library routines are written directly in assembler,
meaning the C program is mainly used to hold together
calls to already optimized assembly language
subroutines. This is why C programs on the TS-2068
can be so quick.

I have played cheerleader long enough now: how-
does one get started? The best reference for
learning C is The C Programming Language by
Kernighan and Ritchie. I have the second edition,
which is refreshingly compact having just 200 pages
full of examples explaining all the features of C. Most

computer books I own near 1000 pages of text and have
little content; the reverse is true of this one. The
authors do stress that the book is not meant as an
introduction to programming but as a presentation of
the C language itself. You do not need to buy a book to
learn C — your local library' will have many books to
choose from and the internet is full of introductory
tutorials on C. If ZQ A manages to survive past Abed's
service to the community- I would likely volunteer to
write an introduction to C in this newsletter

With some sort of C reference in hand, the next
step is to get hold of the Z88DK compiler.
Z88DK is distributed in both binary and
source code form. Binary distributions include an EXE
for Win32 console with other distributions for the
Amiga, Linux and Unix systems. Visit
"http://sourceforge.net/project/show r riles.php?group id=
29 17" to reach the Z88DK download page. Grab the
latest version (1.5) by clicking on the appropriate link.
Windows users should grab the Win32 version. The
following discussion pertains to installation for
Windows users.

ith the zip file download, extract all the files
in the archive to some directory (I suggest
"C:\z88dk"). Create a file "init.bat"
containing the following text and save it in "C:\z88dk":
SET PATO=c:\z88dk\bm\;%PATH%
SETZ80 OZFILES=c:\z88dkVLIB\
SET ZCCCFG=c:\z88dk\LIB\CONFIG\
This batch file will set up the environment for Z88DK
when you are ready to compile your C programs.

also suggest creating a "work" directory in
"C:\z88dk" to contain your C programs. You can
write your C programs using any text editor such as
Notepad in Windows. When you are ready to compile,
open up a dosbox and change directories to "C:\z88dk".
Run "init.bat" to set up the environment, then change to
your work directory where your C program is saved.
Compile it with the following:

zee +zx -vn myprog.c -o myprog.bin -lndos -1m -lsplib2
Where:

+zx - tells z88dk to use the Spectrum's standard
libraries

-vn - tells z88dk we are not interested in verbose
messages

myprog.c is the name of the C program(s) to compile.
This can be a list of files if your program is split across
many files.

-o myprog.bin - specifies that the output machine code
program should be named "myprog.bin"
-lndos - links in the dummy i/o stubs for the Spectrum
(essential). The Spectrum does not support all the i/o
facilities expected by C.

-lm - links in the floating point math library (optional)
-splib2 - links in the Sprite Pack library (optional)

ZXir QLive Alive!

19

Spring 2003

Z88DK will create a machine code program assembled
to am from address 32768 by default. Z88DK will
automatically attach machine code subroutines from the
libraries listed in the compile command as they are
needed. The math library ("-lm") is needed if your
program manipulates floating point numbers. Integer
operations do not require the math library to be linked.
The Sprite Pack library ("-lsplib2") is a non-standard
library that contains a collection of machine code
routines that I have written over the years. It does not
come with Z88DK - you must download it from my
web page at

f 'http://justme895 .tripod.com/main.htm" .
y )f ^he Sprite Pack zip file contains the complete
source of the library and can be customized for
- the various video modes of the TS-2068, among
other things, by editing the "SPconfig.def ' file prior to
compilation. The header file "spritepack.h" contains the
function prototypes for all the functions available from
Sprite Pack. Compilation of the library creates the
"splib2.1ib" file. The zip file comes with a precompiled
version of the library using the default settings in
"SPconfig.def. Copy "splib2.1ib" ' to

"C:\z88dk\lib\clibs" and "spritepack.h" to
"C:\z88dk\include" to get access to the library. Sprite
Pack contains many library functions that support
sprites, dynamic memory allocation, IM2 interrupts,
keyboard / joystick / mouse scanning and a host of other
fimctionality which makes writing exciting programs
for the TS-2Q68 much easier. The best way to learn
how ? to use it is to go through the examples in the
"examples" directory of Sprite Pack. The w r eb page will
also have a tutorial in the near fixture.

We have assumed that you made no mistakes
with your C program in order to get the
resulting binary file. If you did make some
mistakes you will learn about them through error
messages. Z88DK compiles C programs in a two step
process: first the C is translated into assembler and then
the assembler is compiled into machine code. If you've
made a mistake you are likely to hear about it twice. To
save some headache and deal with the C errors only,
compile your programs with "zee -a -vn myprog.c" at
first. This command asks to translate the C to
assembler and then stop there. Then only the C errors
will be reported.

nee you have a binary file ("myprog.bin") the
'next step is to run it. The most convenient
means to test your programs is to run it on an
emulator on your development machine. I typically use
the "vbSpec" emulator for Windows available from:
"http://www. worldofspectrum.org" because it supports
loading binaries directly into memory and it has a
Timex TC2048 mode that allows programs that use the
advanced video modes of the TS-2068 to rim properly

(recall Sprite Pack will generate programs for all the
TS-2068's video modes). VbSpec's load binaries option
asks for a filename and a memory address to load the
binary (enter 32768). With the file in memorv it can be
run with "RANDOMIZE USR 32768".
p^JP^o transfer the program to a real TS-2068 it must
first be converted to tap format, which is an
electronic representation of the contents of a
tape. Z88DK has a tool that will do this for you. Run
,f \z88dk\support\zx\bin2tap myprog.bin 32768" to
create the "myprog.tap" tape file. This file can be
played out of the PC's soimdcard and recorder on tape
with the "Taper" utility (again available from World of
Spectrum). Load this program from tape into your TS-
2068 as you would any other program and then
"RAND OMIZE USR 32768" to execiuethe program.
PTP^he one gotcha to all this is that the Z88DK
libraries target the Spectrum and not the TS-
2068. This almost doesn't matter, except for the
few cases where the Z88DK libraries make calls into
the Spectrum's ROM. For those few cases, the
compiled program may need a Spectrum emulator to
run properly on the TS-2068. Most programs generated
will not require the emulator, fortunately. The Z88DK
folks are just waiting for one of us to create a TS-2068
specific library to add to their collection.
y ){ ^his has been a brief introduction to the Z88DK
compiler; there is still much to know but you
have enough information to get going. It is
important to know that Z88DK is being actively
developed and as such has a few^ bugs (though very 7
few!) and is being expanded to be more ANSI-C
compliant. Between official releases, the latest bits of
the compiler can be retrieved from the CVS repository
at source forge and from:
http://www r .algonet.se/%7Edemusgr/z88dk.htm
You should do the necessary update to fix a few bugs
that have been corrected since version 1.5. If you don't
know what CVS is, don't worry ~ that's the subject of
another article for another time,
f N xperienced C programmers: With the latest
W updates to Z88DK there is only three noticeable
L-^/deficiencies that I am aware of. One is that
function pointers cannot be prototyped. I solve this
problem by declaring all function pointers as void*
type. The second is that complicated types cannot by
typedefd. E.g.: it is okay to "typedef unsigned char
uchar;" but it is not okay to "typedef struct {...}
mystruct;" This also means pointers cannot be
typedefd as in "typedef void* pvoid,". The third is the
lack of support for multidimensional arrays.

I?or more info, be sure to read the z88dk
documentation in "C:\z88dk\doc", particularly the
"zeehtm" file.

1

ZXir QLive Alive!

20

Spring 2003

UBPIiU® IT

TS Items (all prices include shipping cost). These are
all complete with instructions, unless noted.

Items From RMG

> TS-2068 States & Capitals (Timex
cartridge) $7.00 (only 4 left)

> TS-2068 Spelling 1 (Timex cassette) $4.00

> TS-2040/Alphacom 32 printer paper
$3.00/roll; 3 rolls/$7.50; 5 rolls/$10.00

> TS-1016 RAM pack $5.00

> TS-1000 User Manual $5.00

> The Ins and Outs of the Timex 1000 & ZX-
81 $5.00 (book)

TS-2068 BASICs and Beyond $5.00 (book)
Computer Interfacing Techniques in
Science $5.00 (book)

>

❖

❖

❖

Pljlhe following TS-1000 individual software prices
-uL may seem high, but shipping for one is $1.92
First Class. A larger quantity would lower the
effective individual price significantly by reducing the
shipping cost, i.e.. the price for one lot of any 6 below
is $7.50. There is a significant quantity of these
(except Gulp (3) & Super Math (2)).
TS-1000 Chess (Timex) $2.50
TS-1000 Loan/Mortgage Amortizer (Timex)
$2.50

TS-1000 Super Math (Timex) $2.50
TS-1000 States & Capitals (Timex) $2.50
TS-1000 Red Alert (Softsync) $2.50
TS-1000 Alien Invasion (Softsync) $2.50
TS-1000 2K Games Pack (Softsync) $2.50
TS-1000 Gulp (Mindware) $2.50
o that I can track these through my organizational
nightmare, please indicate in the Subject line of
your email, "ZQA! Last Issue => RMG Items".

Magazines (each issue = $3)
SyncWare News: V2N1 through V3N5 (V2N4 has
the address label cut out).
Time Designs Mag: V1N3, V1N4, V1N5, V1N6
Timex Sinclair User: #7 (last issue)
SYNC: Special Issue #2, V1N3, V2N4, V2N5,
V3N2 W \ .

SQ (Syntax Quarterly):V2Nl
Ramblings V1N2 through V1N5

All are in pretty good condition, with the noted
exception. There are scans of every one of these on
the web site if you want to look at them

From my private collection

• Non-working Sinclair QL (for parts?) $9.50
(computer only)

» I '

ZXir QLive Alive!

21

• Tandy 1000 EX, 640K RAM, internal (5-1/4") &
external (3-1/2") disk drives, modem,

• CGA monitor, software manuals (very heavy,
shipping would be expensive!) $25.00/or trade

The following are for trade oniy

• Australian Telecom Computerphone (QL
clone)(no manuals, 220V power)

From Brazil

• CP-200 Computer (1000 clone by Prologica) 16K
RAM, full keyboard, manual, 220V

• CP-200s Computer ( 1 000 clone by Prologica)
16K RAM, full keyboard (this is new!) 220V

• TK-82c Computer (ZX80/MicroAce clone by
Microdigital) 8K ROM, 2K RAM, 240v power
supply, in original box with software

From China

• Power 3000 Computer ( 1 000 clone) 2K RAM,
16K RAM pack, power supply

From Russia
» ZX Spectrum clone 48K RAM

Items I would trade for (or buy)

o 1959 Chevrolet El Camino

o Zebra/Timex FDD disk drive system: extra

modules, manuals, software
o CP/M Software

o TS-1510 Cartridge Player & cartridges

o TS-2068 Pinball cartridge & box

o TS-2068 third party peripherals (disk

interface, i/o boards, graphic boards, memory,

etc., etc.)

o TS-1000 third party peripherals (see above)

o Sinclair ZX Interface 1 & microdrives

o TS-2068 twister boards

o TS-2068 cartridges (Timex or third party)

o TS Books, magazines, etc.

o TS Software

lso, any TS item no longer needed would be
dllmgly accepted for entrance into "The
TIMEXsinclair Showcase", the history website of
Timex computers. Hardware, software, books,
documents, magazines, scraps of paper, ... anything is
worth while. Nothing is EVER thrown out!

lot of information has been added to the website
recently (it's only taken 4 years to do a
significant update). Right now ambition is high, so
check in once in a while to see what's new! We may
even get around to finishing the Spectrum Emulator
cartridges started by Alvin Albrecht (and sat on by
me) back in late 1999. They still need to have a
capacitor soldered onto the boards and then tested.
We've had 2 computer crashes in the past 18 months
and have lost all the ema il s regarding t his project (and

everything else archived, as well). Also a scan or
picture of something you're doing (or something that's
missing) would be a welcome addition to the site.
Anyone having an idea for the site, or if anyone would
like to help, let me know.

I will be retiring from my present position at the
end of April and beginning a construction
management consulting service, working out of my

home.

JACK BOATWRIGHT

67325 FRYREAR RD
BEND OR 97701
Website: wwv.outlawnet.com/~jboatno4/index.html
Email: jboamo4@outlawnet.com (personal) or
jbcs@outlawnet.com (business)
Telephone: 541-389-735

Present and Past Members

PAUL M ANDERSON

2226 DALEY DR

HOWARD CHEGWIDDEN

DOMINO CUBES Z88

0 QTPPWFM QT
iL o I CrnCIN O 1

OCT 7 TH awc 4 c th CI p
OOd. t nvC tO rLrv

DOVER NJ 07801

NEW YORK, NY 10001

GERALD ANSON

2226 W SUNNYSiDE DR

JAMES P CURRY

DOUGLAS L DUNBAR

*\% PI If 1 MAM M/F APT4

AC.-] C CTU OTDCCT [Sj\A/

ROCHESTER NY 14615

ALBUQUERQUE NM 87107

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1532 W57TH AVE

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JACK BOATWRIGHT

GEORGE CHAMBERS

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BEND OR 97701

SCARBOROUGH ON M1K2Y1

RUA DO CASTELO N°24 R/C

CANADA

ESQUERDO PIRESCOXE

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INIANAPOLIS IN 46236-1647

JOHN FRANKE

ZXir QLive Alive!

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ROSCOE IL61073

MEL E LA VERNE

ROBERT GILBERT

RICHARD A JELEN

j ft a a— a i ir*v t y-s. /a. - » »"f - i V 1

103 ENDICOTT LN

12A NATHAN RD

11443 ISLAND RD

/Ai & \ S ft. | f*"ft rf-V |A<A ft | A AA> AA A AB

OAK RIDGE TN 37830

WALTHAM MA 02154

GRAFTON OH 44044

f*x a \ zip** i r~" r~" /"*v i i

DAVID LEECH

I—* a r*** "TP* I CI \T*\ IK f r~N Ik !

R ARTHUR GINDIN

DAVID JOHNSON

BYTE-BACK

821 STRALEYAVE 9

3517 DUNEDIN DR 102

536 LONG TER

PRINCETON WV 24740

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GLEN GOODWIN

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7723 AVONWOOD CT

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SPRINGFIELD WV 26763

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j i l'"S. *»ft v*— * \ A tt"" ft I

ROD GOWEN

JON J KACZOR

JAA. AAA —A— AAA AAA | 1 f" 1*1 P* F^T A J"**"™! "T"

PETER LIEBERT-ADELT

14784 S QUAIL GROVE CIR

d it*" f\ 1 B III 1 J ft ft B ^v—r" I A * f I~"

4568 WILLIAMSTON AVE

LUETZOWSTRASSE 3

jAa (>. IM -Alt Aft. a 1 \ JC J—\ f~A — , — — . V 1— A» J A

OREGON CITY OR 97045-8843

BROOKLYN OH 44144

D-38102 BRAUNSCHWEIG

GERMANY

FERDINAND GUNTHER

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J VS. Aft J*ft ( 3 K 1 * I

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NESQLUG NEWS

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r*~ i~"v i/it, i/s /*s i ■"-■•ft /

ED KINGSLEY

16 HIGHLAND AVENUE

• j- »— n t jft i -r 1 < * r~v lift n n I*t*

KENNETH R HARBIT

1 I r" ft 1*T**5 ft f 1 v I—" ft

QUENTIN KENT

y~V All 1 | /*fti AAA f*ft ji /*\ /-!/*'*

SAUGUS MA 01906

983 E KENOSHA AVE

PO BOX 363

1a a pa a»a ft ■ aav ja a <»*■. *ft. *>l jai >tft J —j

FRESNO CA 93720-2175

ALLENTOWN PA 18105

r"\ II 1 AAA r**> f~*\ i /N*T*T

BILL MARRIOTT

1 1613 NE 97TH LN

«au «a-v VMM MB f AA- lift (AAtAAAl f 1 JM

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KEITH ELECTRONICS

KIRKLAND WA 98033

2416 N COUNTY LINE RD E

224 NORTH GROVE ST

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LOCK HAVEN, PA. 17745

rft i I * * a <a^ > |AA» j x |>-\/

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612 MERCER AVE

CY HERRE

EARL L KIELGASS

SPRING LAKE HTS NJ 07762

666 S BLUFF ST 802

2015 E DUKE DR

S BELOIT IL 61080-2166

TEMPE AZ 85283-2413

t 1 I A f A ft /^v ft • t /-». lift r*" 1

JOHN MCMICHAEL

1710 PALMER DR

«m miii- _aa ««. am 7A» 1 -A 4 > » • fit t >»*», g ' 'ft

FREDERICK R HILL SR

WAYNE KNAUST

LARAMIE WY 82070

136 LEXINGTON ST

2 PEAR TREE CT

WOBURN MA 01 801

— . — » J— t. »■ — »— •"— r~V M ft a /ft A A JfS. warn art

ST PETERS MO 63376

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4714 ARBOR DRIVh # 207

LEON HOWELL

JEFFREY A KUHLMANN

ROLLING MEADOWS IL 60008

6150 MONUMENT DR #2

CMR/416 BOX D

GRANTS PASS OR 97526

APO AE 09140

HARRY E MILLER W1DRD

PO BOX 62

PAUL HOLMGREN

i i in i i * ft n i /r\/\ (*"** ^**v ir*n

WILLIAM KROSSNER

BERLIN MA 01503

5231 WILTON WOOD CT

t**-l V**t f**A, jfft, *v r A A Jt

PO BOX 3047

INDIANAPOLIS IN 46254

S**A- 1 ■ ■ 11 '■ *■! 1 1 ft K ft 1 *A* A* Jai «*a yft «*ft jr "•

DULUTH MN 55803-3047

SEYMOUR H MILLER

1 09-14 ASCAN AVE 1 L

GLENN HUFSTEDLER

BOB KWATER

r-AnCPT l III j o KIN/ 4 H 07C

FOREST HILLS NY 113/0

4405 WINDSWEPT WY

1641 BLEDSOE DR

LOVES PARK IL 61 1 11-4429

M _ ■ , 1 | |_ Ak AV AV I . A 1 I J A> A A JA* I J— | (W A

BELLBROOK OH 45305-1350

JOSE MORENO

18/1 N bLAUto UK Ar! o

ROD HUMPHREYS

PHILLIP KWITKOWSK1

N MIAMI BEACH FL 33162

10984 COLLINGS PL

2106 DOVER LN

DELTA B C V4C 7E6

^A AH AA» lift ■ ) f — '"■ AV * I ^ft JAV > —J .

ST CHARLES IL 60174

GREGORY M NEWKIRK

CANADA

6321 KNIGHT AVE

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i amp dcapu <^a nnans ocm n

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2590 N JORDAN DR

45294 UNIVERSAL CT

TUCSON AZ 85745-1 132

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UTICA Ml 48317-4941

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ZXir QLive Alive!

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KEVIN O'LEARY
BOX 172

MERiDEN NH 03770

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5 MATTHEW CT
ARNOLD MO 63010-5126

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1114 CATHEDRAL LN
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3409 NE 62 ND AVE #187

VANCOUVER WA 98661

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PO BOX 116
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HARVEY RAIT
5 PERI LN

VALLEY STREAM NY 11581

JOE RAMPOLLA
8 MAGNOLIA LN
HANOVER PA 1733

WiLF RIGTER
12388 88 AVE
SURREY BCV3W7R7
CANADA

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HOME ELECTRONICS SERVICE

5222 KAZEN DR

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AFR SOFTWARE
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7747 W BRYN MAWR AVE

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CRETE IL 60417

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CANADA

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880 E FREMONT AVE #609
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ZXir QLive Alive!

24

Spring 2003

Ri Fes* lliall-Eaftauatf! Fstiari FIeeA Fill

Alvin Albrecht

ecursion has always held a certain fascination for me
because it seemed that it made very complex problems
solvable with a simple, almost magical step. I have written
about recursion before in a back issue of ZQA! so I won't
be rehashing that material here, but a brief review is in
order before we tackle the subject of flood fills.

A Review of Recursion

So what exactly is recursion? In simplest terms a
recursive algorithm is one that calls itself. One class
of recursive algorithms breaks a complicated problem into
smaller, simpler pieces and then repeatedly applies itself to
those pieces, breaking them down even further.
Eventually, if everything goes well, you will wind up with
many small problems that can be trivially solved. An
example of a recursive algorithm of tins class is a recursive
solution to the Towers of Hanoi problem or the Quicksort
sorting algorithm. Another class of recursive algorithms
makes use of recursive backtracking -- a complex problem
is solved by trying to solve it one step at a time. When a
step is taken that cannot lead to a solution, the algorithm
backs off and tries another step. Recursive algorithms in
this class include solutions to the Eight Queens problem
and the Knight's Tour problem. You can find recursive
solutions to the Towers of Hanoi and Knight's Tour written
in BASIC in a back issue of ZQA!.

or those of us without back issues of ZQA! handy, let's
investigate the one recursive algorithm that everyone
sees in Computer Science 101 ~ the computation of a
factorial. N! (N factorial) is defined as (N)x(N-l)x(N-
2)x. ..xl with N being a positive integer. 5! = 5x4x3x2x1
= 120, for example. 0! is defined as 1. A recursive
solution might look like this:

int factorial (int. n)
{

if (n <= 1)

re turn 1 ;
return n*f actorial. (n-1) ;

}

ait a minute, that's not a BASIC subroutine, that's a
C function! Sinclair BASIC does not directly
support recursion so a BASIC version of the above would
need a bunch of artifacts decorating it which would only
obscure the point I want to make. Now that a decent C
compiler is available for our T/S machines, I don't feel too
guilty about sticking with the C. We make a call, asking to
compute the factorial of N. If N <= 1 the answer is 1
(ignoring the case that N is negative which should throw
an error). Otherwise the problem is too difficult to solve
so it is broken into a smaller one: N times the factorial of
(N-1).

That was easy, but it might be initially surprising to
learn that this is a poor method for calculating
factorials. To understand why, we'll need to pay closer
attention to what is involved in a recursive call. The
factorial function, as written above, needs to remember

two things: the number N and where it was called from so
that it can return there later. Compiling the above for a
TS-2068 using the z88dk C compiler would reserve two
bytes to store N and two bytes for the return address, for a
total of four bytes. So the initial call to compute 5! would
require four bytes to be reserved. But then factorial(5)
would try to return "4*faetorial(4)", causing another call to
be made to factorial with N=4, requiring another four
bytes. Factorial(4) would make a call to factorial(3),
requiring a further four bytes, etc. In other words, to find
the answer to factorial(5), the computer would make calls
to factorial(5), factorial(4), factorial(3), factorial(2) and
faetorial(l). Factorial(I) returns 1 as the answer,
factorial(2) returns 2*1 as the answer, factorial(3) returns
3*2 as the answer, factorial(4) returns 4*6 and factorial(5)
returns 5*24. We say that factorial(5) has a recursion
depth of 5 because a maximum of five instances of
factorial will exist at any one time during its computation.
With each instance needing four bytes to remember its
value of N and return address, factorial(5) requires 5*4=20
bytes of memory to compute the result. More generally we
can say that the recursion depth of factorial(N) is N and
4*N bytes are required to compute the result.

Even on our small 64K machines, that doesn't seem to be
a lot of memory and really it isn't. ITiings get worse if
you try 7 to compute something like 69! which would seem
to require 276 bytes in the recursive solution. I say "seem
to" because we would need a new large variable to hold
the result in each recursion step — 69! requires 41 bytes to
hold its value precisely! Switching to a floating point
representation would reduce that to four bytes (at the
expense of precision), compared to the two bytes we've
assumed (the result in each step is held in the HL register
pair, a consequence of how the z88dk C compiler does
things). With the way our subroutine is written now we
couldn't compute anvthing more than 8! and therefore
memory 7 usage is never really an issue. Other recursive
algorithms may have a recursion depth in the thousands
with dozens of bytes needed for each instance. Then the
matter of memory is significant, and, indeed, you will see
one such example shortly.

ninother problem with the factorial recursive solution in
[Hour case is runtime. It takes time to set up calls and
return from them ~ these actions translate directly into
pushes and pops on the z80's stack. Compare this
recursive solution to the "regular" iterative solution below:

int factorial (int n)

{

int fact, i;
fact = .1 ;

for (i=2; i<=n; i++)

fact = fact*i;
return fact;

}

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e need two bytes for "tact", two bytes for "i", two
bytes for "N" and two bytes for the return address =
8 bytes total no matter what "N" is. There are no calls to
set up, just a for loop. This version will be faster and use
up a small, fixed and predictable amount of memory. It is
superior to the recursive solution in every way.

So what is the conclusion of all this discussion? You
must use recursion with care. It can be a panacea to
solve many very difficult problems, but you must be fully
aware of how much memory will be required and the
rantime necessary in comparison to an equivalent iterative
solution. The Towers of Hanoi solution in a back issue of
ZQA! has a maximum recursion depth of 64 (for 64 disks)
and the Knight's Tom has a recursion depth of 64 (the
number of squares on a chess board), very manageable
numbers. You can see in both of those BASIC solutions
that an array of those sizes was allocated to remember the
state in each recursive step.

A Recursive Flood Fill Algorithm

So what has all this got to do with flood filling? It turns
out that the obvious approach to filling an arbitrary
region involves a recursive solution. And the recursive
solution is a bad one.

■ n comp.sys. Sinclair, Geoff Wcarmouth shared a BASIC

■ subroutine from an early '80s type-in magazine that
would fill an arbitrary area on screen bounded by a solid
pixel boundary. Here it is:

5 REM AUTHOR UNKNOWN
10 CIRCLE 128,88,4

20 LET x=100 : LET y = 100 : REM START
POINT

30 GO SUB 1000 : STOP
1000 PLOT x,y

1010 IF NOT POINT (x+1, y) THEN LET x=x+l. :
GO SUB 1000 : LET x=x-l

1020 IF NOT POINT (x-1, y) THEN LET x=x- 1 :
GO SUB 1000 : LET x=x+l

1030 IF NOT POINT (x,y+l) THEN LET y=y+l :
GO SUB 1000 : LET y=y-l

1040 IF NOT POINT (x, y-1) THEN LET y=y-l :
GO SUB 1000 : LET y=y+l
1050 RETURN

The main subroutine begins at line 1000 and the
algorithm used is a recursive one (did you spot the
"GOSUB 1000" statements in the subroutine itself?)
Filling an arbitrary region is not a trivial problem so a
recursive approach is taken to whittle away all the
complexity. The fill subroutine above plots the current
point (the PLOT on line 1000) and then tries to move in all
four directions away from the point. Before each move, it
checks to see if the point is already black, indicating a
boundary. If not, it considers it a valid move and tries to
fill from that point by calling itself with the new pixel
coordinate in (x,y).

Earlier I mentioned that Sinclair BASIC does not
directly support recursion. The reason it doesn't can be
seen in this fill program Each run through the subroutine
at 1000 expects to have its own private copy of (x,y). The
value of (x,y) at 1010 must be the same value at line 1020,
1030 and 1040 in order for the program to work. But there
are one or more "GOSUB 1000" calls in the middle, which

themselves require new values of (x,y) and which will
themselves change (x,y). Sinclair BASIC has only one
copy of these variables which must be shared by each
recursive call. A recursive C call would give each
"GOSUB" a private copy of (x,y) on the stack independent
of all other "GOSUBs". ' Not so* in Sinclair BASIC, So the
problem is, after each "GOSUB 1000" in the fill
siibroutine, how do we make sure that our own (x,y) has
not changed? In the above code, the solution is simple.
We promise that when "GOSUB 1000" returns, the value
of (x,y) is not changed from what it was when "GOSUB
1000" was executed. In line 1010, for example, x is
increased by one before a call to "GOSUB 1000". Because
of our promise (the jargon calls such a promise an
"invariant") we know that when the GOSUB returns, x will
be one larger than what it was at the beginning of line
1010. So to get x back to where it was, decrease by one
and everything will be fine for the next line. Before the
routine returns in line 1050 we know that (x,y) has not
changed from its initial state in line 1000. That's the
subroutine keeping its promise.

The kind of fill algorithm this program uses is formally
called a flood fill because the fill "floods away" from
the initial point in all directions. Other fill algorithms
exist, but this one is both easy to understand and capable
of filling any arbitrary region without restrictions. Earlier
I hinted that a recursive solution to the flood fill problem is
a bad one. I'll leave that thought here and come back to it
later when we've looked at a couple of machine code
implementations of the algorithm. For now, realize that
each "GOSUB" requires the TS-2068 to remember a return
line number (two bytes) and then consider what the
recursion depth might be for a 256x192 resolution blank
screen (hint - you wouldn't be far off if y ou just multiplied
256 and 192 together!).

ff you typed in the BASIC program and ran it you'd
realize that it is mighty slow. Any useful fill utility will
need to be written in machine code. To do that, we will
need to review the structure of the TS-2068's display file.

Display File Organization

The TS-2068's display file is where all the screen
information is stored. The SCLD chip constructs the
TV display by reading the information stored there. The
display file is termed "memory-mapped" because the
storage exists in the z80's memory space, from address
16384 to 22527 (not counting the colour attributes for each
character). If you poke values into those addresses you
will see the display change. In the TS-2068's other display
modes (dual screen, hi -colour, hi-res) more areas of
memory are used to hold the display. In tins article, we'll
only concern ourselves with the default 256x192 mode.
P| pixel display occupying 16384 to 22527 reserves 6144
iH bytes to store all the screen information. The TS-2068
has a resolution of 256*192 = 49152 pixels. How do we
cram information about 49152 pixels into 6144 bytes?
Well, each pixel can be represented by one bit - either one
or zero, on or off. Cramming 8 pixels into a byte, we'd
need 256* 1 92/8 - 6 144 bytes. Problem solved!

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[J| simple way to organize the display might have pixels
(So..? for the top line of the display stored at address
16384, pixels 8.. 15 at address 16385,'... pixels 248-255
stored at address 16415. The next pixel line would follow
with pixels 0.. 7 of line 1 at address 16416, and so forth for
all 192 lines on the screen. This is indeed how the TV
draws its display, left to right, top to bottom. But the
display organization was chosen to optimize the printing of
characters so it's not done in this simple manner. To see
evidence of this, try this short program:

10 FOR z=16384 TO 22527
20 POKE z,255
30 NEXT z

If you rim this program you will witness how the display
file is organized. On the largest scale you will notice
that the display is divided into three parts (called blocks).
First the top block is filled- then the second and finally the
third. Each block is further divided into eight character
lines. Each of these lines is divided into eight scan lines.
The first scan line for all character lines in a block is filled,
followed by the second scan line for all character lines, all
the way to the final eighth scan line. Each scan line itself
is composed of 32 horizontal bytes with each byte holding
eight pixels.

This organization sounds complicated but it really isn't
that bad if some thought is applied to it. By paying
attention to how the display is built up in increasing byte
order (reread the paragraph above), we can construct a
screen address given block, character line, scan line and
column as follows:

FIG URE 1. Scr een Address O rganization

0

1

0

H

B

S

S

s

L

L

L

C

C

c

c

c

Where:

BB = screen block, 0..2

SSS = scan line, 0..7

LLL = character line, 0. .7

CCCCC = horizontal byte / character, 0..31
ij ■ bile observing the BASIC program, you'll notice
BJLithat the horizontal column changes the fastest.
There are 32 columns, requiring 5 bits to represent those.
They increase the fastest so they appear in the bottom 5
bits of the 16-bit address. The next fastest tiring that
changes is the character line. There are 8 lines in each
block, rarairing 3 bits to represent them. These 3 bits
appear next to the column bits. Next, in order of fastest
changing, are the scan lines (8 of them reqiiiring 3 bits)
followed by the block (3 of them requiring 2 bits). The
display starts at address 16384 (0x4000) so we add that to
our 16-bit address. This is responsible for the lone T you
see in figure 1.

The character position row = 10, column = 12 is located
in block 1 (the second block since it holds the second
third of the display, rows 8.. 15), line 2 (the third character
line in this block ~ rows 8, 9, 10), scan lines 0 (top)
through 7 (bottom) for the full character square, and
column 12. This leads to a screen address that looks like:

1

0

0

1

s

s

s

0

]

0

0 1

1

0

0

With various values of SSS:

SSS 0 12 3

Screen 484C 494C 4A4C 4B4C

Address 18508 18764 19020 19276

POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE

To print a letter 'A' at (10,14), poke the appropriate values
into memory at these addresses:

POKE 18508, BIN 00000000
18764,BIN 00111100
19020, BIN 01000010
19276, BIN 01000010
19532, BIN 0111111.0
19788, BIN 01000010
20044, BIN 01000010
20300, BIN 00000000

n|t this point you may realize why UDGs and printed
lm characters are 8x8 pixels in size. There are 8 vertical
scan lines in each character line and there are 8 pixels
packed into a byte. But you may not realize why this
particular display file organization speeds up character
printing. If you back up and look at the screen addresses
computed above, you'll notice that each scan line is
separated by 256 bytes (you could also see this from figure
I). In assembly language, an address is held in a register
pair, like HL. Adding 256 to an address is a quick matter
of incrementing the most significant register, in this case H
with the "INC H" instruction. That's all it takes! Moving
horizontally to the right one character position involves
adding one to the screen address, which can be done just as
quickly with "INC L". You can't get any faster than that.
In fact, tins display file organization was patented by
Sinclair's Richard Altwasser back in 1982 (visit http://. . . to
see the patent).

That's all fine and good but we still haven't managed to
easily map a pixel coordinate to a screen address.
Here's how we do it:

FIGURE 2.
Addresses

Mapping Pixel Coordinates to Screen

c c

T B B L

Y
17 L

The thought process that led to figure 2 is similar to the
previous one. The X coordinate is more or less
obvious: there are 32 columns horizontally (5 bits) with
each column contaming 8 pixels (reqiiiring 3 bits). The
pixel position within a byte (0..7) changes fastest as we
move horizontally so it appears as " in " in the least
significant bits of X. For the Y coordinate, the fastest
changing item as we move from the top of the screen to the
bottom is the scan line, followed by the character line,
followed by the block.

piiven an X coordinate in the range 0-255 and a Y
LB coordinate in the range 0-192, convert them to binary
as in figure 2 and reassemble the bits as in figure 1. For
example, pixel coordinate (x.y) = (133,67) in binary is
(1000 0101, 0100 0011) with CCCCCM0000, BB=01,
LLL=000, SSS=011 according to figure 2. Moving the
bits around to the form in figure 1 gives an address of
"0100 1011 0001 0000" or 19216 in decimal. The bits
"TTT" in the X coordinate do not appear in figure 1. They
identify which bit within the screen byte corresponds to the
individual pixel. "0" corresponds to the leftmost bit and
"7" corresponds to the rightmost: in this case it's 5. To plot

4 the pixel $133,67) wg could simply "POKE 19216.BIN

4<OJ@00100!J.D4C 4E4C 4F4C

19532 19788 20044 20300

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If this had to be done by hand for each pixel, it would get
tedious quickly. Here's a short machine code routine
that follows this procedure:

Get Screen Address

Returns the screen address and pixel
mask corresponding

to a given pixel coordinate.

enter:

a = h = y coord
1 = x coord

de

exit,
mask

uses : af, b,
SPGetScrnAddr
and $07
or $40
Id d, a ;
Id a, h ;
rra
rra

rra ;

and $18

or d ;

Id d, a ;
address done

Id a, 1 ;

and $07

Id b,a
pixel?

Id a, $80

jr z, no rotate
right pixel, so skip
. rot loop

rra ;
place B times

djnz rot loop
.norotate

screen address, b = pixel

de, hi

A
A
D
A

A
A
A
D

A
A

A =

ooooosss

01.000SSS
01000SSS

Y coord = BBLLLSSS

???BBLLL
000BB000
010BBSSS
010BBSSS

top 8 bits of

X coord = CCCCCTTT
00000TTT

B = 00000TTT - which

10000000
; if B=

=0, A is the

rotate the pixel right one

B = pixel, mask

oooccccc

Y coord = BBLLLSSS

LLLSSS??
LLLOOO00
LLLCCCCC
LLLCCCCC

= 010BBSS LLLCCCCC,

Id b, a
srl 1
srl 1

srl 1 ; L

id a,h ; A

rla

rla ; A

and $e0 ; A
or 1 ; A

Id e,a ; E

ret ; DE = 010BBSS LLLCCCCC, the

screen address !

The subroutine is called with A=H=Y coordinate and
L=X coordinate and we get the screen address in DE
and the pixel mask in B on the way out, If we ORed B
into (DE), we could plot the pixel. If we ANDed the
complement of B into (DE), we could unplot the pixel and
if we ANDed B with (DE) we could test whether the pixel
was set

This subroutine is great for calculating a screen address
corresponding to a pixel position from scratch, but
you'll notice that it is rather lengthy and therefore slow, in
a relative sense. Frequently you'll be plotting a pixel and
then plotting many more nearby, possibly a single pixel
away. For example, in the process of drawing a line, the
initial point is plotted and then succeeding points above,
below, to the left or right are plotted. We could handle the

drawing of the line as plotting many individual pixel
points, calling the above subroutine to compute the screen
address for every pixel, but that would be much slower
than working directly on the screen address to move up,
down, left and right from a current pixel position.

Let's investigate further to substantiate that claim
Given a screen address in HL and a pixel mask in B,
how would one move left one pixel? Here's the necessary
code:

; hi = screen address, B = pixel mask
. left

rlc b

ret nc

dec .1

ret

The pixel mask is rotated left one bit This will be a
valid pixel position unless B was already at the
leftmost pixel position in the screen byte (i.e. B=1000
0000). The "RLC B" instruction will set the carry flag in
that case and leave B=0000 0001. We use the no carry
flag to return early if the new screen address and mask is
valid, otherwise we update the column position one
character to the left (the "CCCCC" portion of the screen
address in figure 1). The value of B at this point is 0000
0001, correctly masking the rightmost pixel in the new
screen byte to the left of the old one. These four
instructions are clearly quicker than rerunning the screen
address subroutine. The right pixel movement is similar,
substituting "rrc b" for "rlc b" and "inc 1" for "dec 1".
Notice that these subroutines don't check if we run off the
edge of the screen on the left or right side.
To move up a pixel, we need to move up a scan line
(decrease "SSS" in figure 2). If we wrap past the first scan
line (0), we need to decrease the character line. If we
move past the first character line (0), we need to decrease
the block. Here is the necessary code:
; hi = screen address
. SPPixelUp

Id a,h ; A=H=010BBSSS

dec h ; decrease SSS

and $07 / if SSS was not

originally 000

ret nz ; we're done

Id a, $08 ; otherwise SSS=111

(correct )

add a,h ; and we fix BB in H (one

was subtracted)
Id. h, a

Id a,l ; A=X coord=LLLCCCCC

sub $20 ; decrease LLL

Id l,a

ret nc ; if no carry, LLL was

not originally 000 , okay

Id a,h ; otherwise LLL=111 now,

that ' s okay

sub $08 ; but need to decrease

screen block

Id h,a

ret

This subroutine derives a lot of speed by minimizing the
number of instructions executed in the most common
cases. For example, 7 out of 8 times, only the first four
instructions will be executed. 7 out 64 times, the first 1 1
instructions will execute and the rest of the time (1 out of

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64) all the instructions will execute. This makes the
subroutine much quicker than one would initially guess by
looking at the size of the code. The PixelDown subroutine
is similar but is not shown here. All these pixel movement
routines are reprinted in full in the floodfill listings
elsewhere in this article.

That's enough information to have a first crack at a
machine code version of the BASIC flood fill routine.

Machine Code Flood Fills

Figure 3 contains a direct conversion of the BASIC flood
fill we saw earlier. No optimization has been done but it
has been improved slightly to check for moving across the
screen boundary . Type in the associated BASIC listing to
see it in action.

■ B je have managed to speed things up considerably by
UU moving to machine code, but there are still a couple
of improvements that can be made. First we compute
screen addresses for every single point plotted Since we
always move up, down, left or right from the current pixel
we could speed things up by avoiding this computation as
discussed earlier. The other optimization we can make is
to plot a Ml 8 pixels at a time rather than one. What?
Recall that each screen byte holds eight pixels. Why fiddle
with it eight times to plot eight pixels in it when we could
plot all 8 pixels at once with a single write of a whole
byte?

The secret to plotting multiple pixels at once is the
bytefill subroutine. It operates directly on a screen
address and pixel mask, exactly what we will have
available now that we have decided not to compute the
screen address for every single pixel plotted.
; hi = screen address

; b = incoming pixel mask

.Bytefill

Id a,b

r

get pixel mask

xor (hi)

; zero out incoming

pixels that

and b

; run into set pixels in

display-

ret z

t

if no pixels left, ret

.bfioop

Id b, a

r

b = incoming pixels

rra

r

expand incoming pixels

Id c, a

!

to the right and left

Id a,b

r

within byte

add a, a

or c

or b

; a = incoming pixels

wiggled

Id c, a

*

save in c

xor (hi)

; zero out pixels that

run into

and c

>

set pixels on display

cp b

; have pixels changed

from last loop?

jp nz, bfioop

keep going until

incoming does not

change

or (hi)

Id (hi), a

7

fill byte on screen

scf

; indicate that this was

a viable step

ret

SHytefill is called with a screen address in HL and a pixel
SJmask containing all the "mcoining" pixels. The
incoming pixels are those pixels from where the flood fill
grows in the current screen byte. Previously the flood fill
always grew from a single point but not anymore. The
origin of the incoming byte will be clear while perusing
the second flood fill listing in figure 4.

The Bytefill routine takes the inconiing pixels and
"wiggles" them to the left and right trying to grow
tliem into blank spaces within the screen byte. It does this
until no more growth is possible within the screen byte. It
then plots all those pixels and returns.
Putting these ideas into action produces figure 4, a byte-at-
a-tinie flood fill routine. Type in the BASIC listing to see
it in action. This routine is blazing fast; you will not see
anything quicker. But, and this is a big but, there is a
major flaw in the recursive algorithm that it shares with all
the previous fills we have seen so far: the recursion depth
is huge.

Consider a flood fill from the bottom left corner of a
blank screen. According to figure 4, the first tiling that
is done is the fill of the entire screen byte in the bottom left
corner Then a move to the right is made and its byte is
filled in a recursive call to "fill". Followed by another
right move and fill, then another, until we hit the right edge
of the screen. A right move is not possible from the right
edge of the screen so a left move is tried from there. That
is unsuccessful because it was just filled. An up
movement from the right edge is tried, successfully. Now
we are at the right edge, one pixel up from the bottom of
the screen. The filler fills in the byte and tries a right
movement. That's not possible so it successfully tries a left
movement. If this is carried on you'll notice that, from the
bottom left corner of a blank screen, the screen is filled
alternately from the left to the right and then from the right
to the left as the fill line moves one pixel higher for each
scan line filled. You may have noticed that not a single
return instruction is executed during the entire screen fill.
That is a problem. Each call to fill puts at least 2 bytes on
the stack to remember the return address. Since no returns
are made for all screen bytes on the screen, there are 6144
calls made to fill without a single return. That's a
recursion depth of 6144! Since at least 2 bytes are saved
on the stack for each recursive call, at least 12288 bytes
are needed to complete the fill. The situation can be much
worse, however. In the worst case movement (up or
down) 6 bytes are saved on a recursive call (two for be,
two for M and two for the return address). We may need
up to 36864 bytes to fill the screen! The truth is
somewhere in the middle. Notice mat by moving from a
pixel fill to a byte fill we have reduced the depth of
recursion by a factor of eight. Still this amount of memory
usage is unacceptable for most applications. How can you
use a flood fill in your own programs if it's going to need
most of the available memory to complete?

This recursive fill is an example of a depth-first
algorithm. It fills an area by going as deep as possible
into the area (one call begets another call begets another,
etc. without rettrrning). The result is a recursion depth that

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is proportional to the area of trie screen to be filled. We
can rescue the situation by considering another algorithmic
approach, known as a breadth-first algorithm. Instead of
going as deep as possible into an area, try going wide first.
This sounds like a lot of metaphysical talk of questionable
value, but the terms "depth-first" and "breadth-ffrst" are
bonafide jargon that is used to describe the solution
behaviour of many kinds of algorithms.
□I breadth-first approach to a flood fill would, instead of
IB going as far into a screen as possible, try to fill all
points in the immediate area first. From a starting point
all pixels to the immediate left, right, top and bottom are
filled. Then for all those adjacent pixels, their immediate
neighbours are filled etc. The savings comes from a key
observation: once the immediate neighbours of a pixel are
filled, there is no need to remember (come back to) the
current pixel. Its information can be forgotten. This was
not possible in the previous depth-first approaches. As
will be seen later, the breadth-first approach will have a
"recursion depth" proportional to the circumference of the
area being filled, a significant savings.

Figure 3. Pixel Coordinate Flood Fill

; Flood Fill Version 1

; H = Y coord 0..191, L = X coord 0..255
.flood!

push hi ; save (x,y)

coordinate

Id a,h ; Get.ScrnAddr

requires A=H

call SPGetScrn&ddr ; compute screen

address

pop hi ; restore (x,y) in

HL

id a, (de) ; byte on screen

and b ; check if this

pixel is set

ret nz ; if so, hit

boundary so ret

Id a, (de) ; get. screen byte

or b ; set. this pixel

Id (de),a ; plot it on screen

. right

inc 1 ; move pixel coord

right

call, nz, floodl ; if no wrap 255-->0

dec 1 ; restore x coord

.left

dec .1. ; move pixel coord

left

Id a,l
inc a

call nz, floodl ; if no wrap 0->255

inc 1. ; restore x coord

.up

dec h ; move pixel coord

up

Id a,h
inc a

call nz, floodl ; if no wrap 0-~>255

inc h ; restore y coord

. down

inc h ; move pixel coord

down

Id a,h

; if less than 192
; restore y coord

cp 192

call c, floodl
dec h
ret

Figure 4. Byte- At- A- Time Flood Fill

; h - y coord, 1 = x coord
. f lood2
Id a,h

call SPGetScrnAddr ; b = pixel mask
ex de,hl ; hi = screen

addr es s

.fill

call Bytefill ; wiggle around

incoming pixel mask

ret nc ; if incoming

pixels hit boundary, ret
. up

push hi ; save screen

address

call SPPixelUp ; move up one

pixel

jr c, offscreen!

push be ; save pixel mask

call, fill ; try to fill from

new screen position

pop be / moving up, pixel

mask remains same
. offscreen!

pop hi
. down

push hi

call SPP.ixel.Down

jr c, offscreeri2

push be

call, fill

pop be
. of f screen2

pop hi
. right

bit 0,b ; if first pixel

in mask set, try right
jr z, left

inc 1 ; move right one

byte

Id a,l
and $lf

jr z, offscreen3

push be ; save current,

pixel mask

Id b,$80 ; new incoming

mask = leftmost pixel set

call fill / fill from new

screen position

pop be
. of f screen3

dec 1
.left.

bit 7,b

ret z

Id a,l

and $lf

ret z

dec 1

Id b,$01

call fill
ret

ZXir QLive Alive!

30

Spring 2003

QL, Spectrum, ZX-81 and Z88

www. members, tripod. com/hes_computing/hes 1 .html
E-Mail 7460 1 . 1 53 5@compuserve. com
Phone 210 661-4376

Heme Electronics Service

John R. Rish

oZzJ. Kazen ur.
San Antonio TX 78219 USA

VaCL. Hacker's Journal

Supporting All QL Programmers

Timothy Swenson, Editor

2455 Medallion Dr.
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The John Oliger Floppy Disk System
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http://home.t-online.de/home/p.liebert/zx-team.htm

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aibertboehm@juno.com

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olearyk@cyberportal.net

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ZXirQLive Alive!

33

Spring 2003

Z($ 3k! X09X to 2003

VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 5

Spring 1991

{ZX-91 10 Years Later No. 5

Andre Baune

SNUG is Dead! - Long Live T/SNUG

Bob Swoaer

New Commands JLO SAFE V2.6

John Oliger

From The Chairman's Disk - SNUG!

Don Lambert

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 4 Winter 1992

Oliger Proposes Detente With LarKen

Don Lambert

± rrom ine Jbditor s UesK - LogiCaio.l

Bob Swoger

Stepping Rate Fix (Disk drives)

Swoger & L. Kenny

Input/Output - Marvin Johnson and Joseph

Bob Swoger

VOLUME 1 NUMBER 2 Summer 1991

Kuuipoiia

Input/Output - Censorship. Mailing, N/L
Exchange, Mile High, Bill Ferrebee

Bob Swoger

50 TPS (Prog, for the 2068 & Spectrum)

Don Lambert

VOLUME 3 NUMBER 1 S

pring 1993

Reviews - QL Survivor's Source Book

Dyi & Frank Davis

Input/Output - D. Bern 7 (Master Scribe). T.

J Bob Swoger

Reviews - International QL Report

BobDyl

Simon and D. Lassov

T/SNUG, QUANTA, andPD-QL Software

AlFeng

Compound Interest and hivesting

Don Lambert

Converted TS-1 016 RAM That Works

Anthony Farrell

Changing a REM statement in ZX-81 BASIC

Bill Harmer'

Cassette LOAD/SAVE Problems Solved I

Don Lambert

Use Some Hitching Bits as a Flagman

Bill Harmer

Solar System Review - Computers/Tech.

Joan Kealv

VOLUME 3 NUMBER 2 Summer 1993

VOLUME 1 NUMBER 3 Fall 1991

SPDOS for RAMEX Mellina K (Disk drive) Don Lambert

Input-Output - Gill Parrish, Louis Eisen, Joan
Kealv. Bill Ferrebee and Rod Humnhrevs

Bob Swoger

RecordKeeping

Abed Kahale

input uuipui - i vrranam, n. Kaatke. vv.

rioitor

xvcviewb - j ivieg r nnter rsuiier irom
Technologic Systems

-

Bob Swoger

Knaust Keep'em Coming - G. Newkirk, D.
jciuoii, s\. iviaudiis, r. rienn, j\. oweiizei, w

How To Replace TS-1 000 Parts Cheap

Gill Parrish

aishjcd, s\. oyici, aim v-uiucii.

Cassette LOAD/SAVE Problems Solved II

Don T ,amhpTt

/-viex isurr

QLUSTer LITE

Al Feng

Disk T ife

i cu .icusen

VOLUME 1 NUMBER 4 V\

Hnter 1992

Disk T ife

euwihu snow

Input/Output - G. Chambers, W Harmer, R .
Wisti, H. Scriven, B. Allen and R. Madaris

Bob Swoger

VOLUME 3 NUMBER 3

Fall 1993

Spectnmi AUTOSTART

Don Lambert

Cassette LOAD/SAVE Problems Solved ffl

Don Lambert

Re-Inking, Ribbon Resuscitation

John Wase

Clean Screen Please TS-2068

Bob Swoger

js.eep em L-oming - j. rviuumann, u. v^nattm,

Editor

A Short History of The Z-88

Dave Bennett

u. oicgiiidiL Lj. oiniori

Transfer MS-DOS Files to the TS-2068

George Chambers

iuc.\pcui>lvc /,-oo r cUalicl lu ocnal v^-onveriei

Jay aiieparu Lil

QL Directory to Printer PDS DOC

Butch Wienberg

Did You KnoW? (LarKen Tips)

Les Cottrell

ZX-91 10 Years Later No.l & No.2

Andre Baune

labURlu JD I\llilUCl LlllCliuvC H_'ir 1 )

5>\\oger / 1j jvenny

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 1 S

Dring 1992

Index Highlights - Articles

Editor

Input/Output - W, Jackson, M. Kendoll, R
Shade, I. Zachev arid J. Shepard

Bob Swoger

Public Domain Library Listmgs

Editor'

VOLUME 3 NUMBER 4 W

inter 1993

Cassette LOAD/SAVE Problems Solved IV

Don Lambert r

Input/Output - Help - J Payne, W. Horner, TV
& Monitors, G. Parrish

Editor

An Updated ZX-81

Don Lambert

Bench Marking Hie ZX- 81

Edward Snow

Keep'em Coming - D. Lassov, F Sklar, G.
Simmons, Q. Kent.

Driving Your Tax Threshold

Joan Kealy

TAX-I-QL TIP

Al Fens |

. — ■.iy' — . „

MEMOTECH MEMOPAK 64K

MEMOTECH

ZX-91 10 Years Later No. 3

Andre Baune

TS-2068 Talks to a PC bv Modem

Abed Kahale

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 2 Summer 1992

Quanta-Gate?

Al Feng

Tandy CM-1 1 Monitor

William Horner

Input/Output - K. Krack, G. Hufstedler, F .
Sklar, C. Fox , A. Baune D. Lambert. J.
Rampolla, C. Kereluck, P. Anderson, D. Leech
and D. Lebiwitz

Bob Swoger

MSDOS to LarKen & MSCRTPT

Les Cottrell

D.U.S. Disk Utilit\' Software

Don Lamber t

Turbo Switch for the ZX-8 i

Tony WTliing

Using 16K MEMOTECH MEMOPAK

Don Lambert

Cassette LOAD/SAVE- Problems Solved V

Don Lambert

Public Domain Library Update

Editor

Modem Time 1 st MTERM II

Bob Swoger

VOLUME 4 NUMBER 1 Sp

iring 1994

Refining ZCOMM (MODEMing)

Joseph Rampolla

Input/Output - D. Lassov, L. Howell, D.
Williamson, G. Ray, D.Smith,

Editor

TS-2068 to Z-88 Transfer Via Modem

Dave Bennett

ZX-91 10 Years Later No.4

Andre Baune ■

W Knaust, R Jelen, R. Shade, G. Pamsh, R.
Gowen, SUGWNY

Bob Swoger

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 3 Fall 195

)2

Input/Output - A, Albrecht, D. Bennett, H.
Polley, M, Binstock, J. Caldwell, B.. Madaris,
G. Parrish, and J. Rampolla

Bob Swoger

Oliger UtiUties

Don Lambert

QL Date Gate! - DBEASY -

Al Feng

^ogiCall Review

Abed Kahale

BYTE-BACK MD-68 Modem

Bob Swoger

TS-2068 - CMOS On Board

Richard Jelen

Miner al Oil & The Printer Ribbon

Abed Kahale

Ni-Cad Charger

Richard Jelen

Mineral Oil & The Edge Connector

Bob Swoger

TJM4CHTNE and the FDD

James Brezina

Resetting Track 0 on Disk Drives

Don Lambert

QL Video Output Circuit

Richard Jelen

Writing More Efficientlv

Bill Harmer

— . . — i*

QL Woes

Nazir Pashioon

Moving Ramtop in ZX-81 TS-1000

Anthony Oresteen

Lassov. W T ire Guage

ZX-81 POKEs and Calls

Anthony Oresteen

CAMESF Stringy Floppy

Donald Lambert

Frastrated PC Users Flood the Help Lines

Joan Kealy

A Word to the Wise

Tim Swenson

D.U.S. Cheat Sheet

Abed Kaliale

Memories Mean a Lot

Abed Kahale

Why the Oliger Disk I/F with JLO SAFE is the
Best for Your' TS-2068

John Oliger

QXL Notes -Sequel

AlFeng

MDFR BAS vl.05 MDIR C

Al Feng

CW Decoder Circuit

Bob Swoger

Lil'Amp Rides Again

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 4 NUMBER 2 Summer 1994

Ql Corner

Bob Gilder

Input/Output - R. Men. E. Snow, R. Gilbert,
G. Ray, R. Bamett

The Musical PC8300

Gilliam Panish

QLuMSi -Recent Changes

AlFeng

R. Hartung, R. Gowen, D. Lassov

Editor

Daisy Be Good HI

David Lassov

LarKen Disk Interface Circuit

Les Cottrell

Waging in the TSRoom

Donald Lambert

QLuMSi v.4.30

AlFeng

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

QLUSTer Upgrade

Al Feng

VOLUME 5 NUMBER 3

Fail 1995

Relocating Machine Code - TS-2068

James Brezina

Input/Output - R. Haitung, P. Robinson, A.

Editor

PARTS Inventory

Richard Jelen

Albrecht, W. Haimer, D. Lambert, M.

Did You Trv This?

David Lassov

Binstock, F Henn, M.van der Zwan, L. Moll,

SNUG Notice

Abed Kahale

J. Dohany.

T/SNUG QL Piiblic Domain Library

Paul Holmgren

ZEUS Assembler

Alvin Albrecht

VOLUME 4 NUMBER 3

Fall 1994

Towers of Hanoi

Alvin Albrecht

Input/Output - W, Bizozowski, E. Phillips, A
Binstock, R. Shade,

Editor

Digitizing & Sythesizing the 2068 Sound

Alvin Albrecht

TTSUC

Robert Swoger

Smith's Chart.

Edwin Phillips

Daisv Be Good FV

David Lassov

Computus Interruptus - 1

Wes Brzozowski

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

Batteries for the Z88
SNUG

Don Lambert

Some Are QXL Notes

Al Feng

Windows by Shade 3

Robert Shade

Adjust DATABASE Please

Al Feng

VOLUME 5 NUMBER 4 \N

inter 1995

Information SuperHighway - Modems

Abed Kaliale

Input/Output- ZX-TEAMP.. Liebert-Adelt, F
Henn, J. Moreno, D. Lassov, K. Posey, S.
Dwyer, J. Clark, L. Cottrell, ZX81 LCD
Screen.

Editor

Complex ASCII Rotation

Tim Swenson

Z-SFO RS-232 Serial Interface

Abed Kahale

To PRINT or not to LPRINT

Jim Brezina

VOLUME 4 NUMBER 4 Winter 1994

Better Late than Never

Abed Kahale

Input/Output - B. Dyl, D. Lassov, D
Bennett, W. Brzozowski, T. Simon R Gowen,
NESQLUG, SNUG, W. Mossberg

Editor

PC Power Supply for your QL

AlFeng

QXL Totes

Al Feng

Daisy Be Good V

David Lassov

1994 UPDATE!

Frank Davis

QHJ Freeware

Tim Swenson

A Surprise Box of Tricks - Z88

Flugli Howie

IBM Keyboard Interface for 1000/2068

Jack Dohany

Z88 and its Power of Recovery

Hugh Howie

50 Something

Abed Kahale

JLO with LKDOS Cartridge

Bob Swoger

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 1 S

5ring 1996

SINCLAIR Rides the INTERNET

John Paznihio

Input/Output - Inter. ZX -81 Magazine, H.
Scriven, P. Liebert-Adelt, G. Panish, D.
Lassov, F. Davis, J. Cruz-Figueroa, ZX-Team
Magazine, QL Public Domain Library - S.
Johnson, J Moreno, TTSUC Library - G.
Chamber, J Dohany - JKI keyboard, L.
Cottrell. F. Sklar. SCC BBS.

Editor

Christmas Return Labels

Bob Swoger

DaisvBeGood - 1

David Lassov

Windows by Shade - 1

Robert Shade

Z88 Batteries

Mort Binstock

ZQA! 1991-94 Index to Articles

Editor

VOLUME 5 NUMBER 1 S

)ring 1995 I

Input/Output - Carlos Delhez, Robert Gilbert,
Larry Crawford, Rod Gowen, Fred Henn, Greg
Bridgewater, SNUG News, William Krossner.

IKI Keyboard Interface (ZX-8 1 , 2068)

Jack Dohany

Editor

ZX--81 Hi-Res?

T. Swenson- Internet

UDG s ZX-81

T. Swenson- Internet

Zebra FDD

Donald Lambert

DBEasy - 1.6 Review (QL)

Al Feng

Windows bv Shade

Robert Shade

fmprovmg Sector COPYing Program (QL)

Al Fena

i -~

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

Daisy Be Good - VI (2068)

David Lassov

QXL Notes

Al Fena

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 Summer 1996

Z88 - My Memory Surprise

Hugh Howie

Input/Output - D. Johnson, K. Harbit, P.
Liebert-Adelt, SJPD, GATOR, UPDATE!, J.
Moreno SCC BBS, J. Kealy, K. Harbit, J.
Shepard.

Editor

Z88 - Power to You

Hugh Howie

— SsT. m

Computus Interraputs 2

Wes Brzozowski

TS Bulletin & BASIC N-L

William Haimer j

Daisy Be Good H

David Lassov ■

Expand the ZX-81 Memory to 32K

ZX-TEAM

VOLUME 5 NUMBER 2 Sui

Timer 1995

DBEasy's EASY OUT Custom (QL)

AlFeng

Input/Output - Les Cottrell, Tim Swenson,
Robert Gilbert Francine Sklar, Harry Miller,
David Lassov, Joan Kealy, Bill Cable, Gilliam
Parrish, Ferdinand Gunther, Carl Jones, David

Windows by Shade - IV (2068)

Robert Shade

Enata - Sector COPYing (QL)

Editor

Editor

QL Hacker s Journal (QL)

Tim Swenson

Telecommunication (2068)

David Lassov

-L/aVlU L&SSOV

A.QO Kevisitea

Don Lambert

The Web WWW

Abed Kahale

u i ou jsjiow ; - mternet

Al Feng

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3 Fall 1996

iviore Kjii yrt

Robert Hartung

Input' Output - D. Lassov, K, Watson, J.
Kaczor, F. Davis, J. Pegrani, A. Feng, J. Kealy,
vj. ramsn. LtAiok, intemet virus, tl. Kaacler,
ZX-81 Hi-Res, J. faylor. J. Moreno SCC BBS.

Editor

yrt * iiic ivii5Siiig i^hlr.

Al reng

miemei to ijarjs.en

Les cottrell

Sequential Paragraph

David Lassov

Menu Magic

David Lassov

io rrank & Carol Davis

GATOR

TeleCom Menu

David Lassov

JJ1SK JJOCIor (ZUOo )

George Chamber

ZEBRA on the Net

vjMUoAiL. cnronicies (QJ_.j

AIT -1 -

Al Feng

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 4 Winter 1997

i_ogiv-aii L,ogic (2Uoa)

GAIOR

Input/Output - RMG Project. SmartWatch -

Editor-

QL Hacker's Journal (QL)

Tim Swenson

David Lassov. E-Mail from Frank Davis,

rew u serai Zoa CL1 Koutrnes

T"X T~> it

Dave Bennett

Recent QL FreeW T are - Tim Swenson

Ai Keyooara Jntertace ZX-81

Kai Fischer

More On QPC

Robert Hartung

Windows by bnade - V (2068)

Robert Sliade

QLATter

AlFeng

Daisy Be Good VET (2068)

David Lassov

Sex for the ZX-81

Wilt Rigter

Surfing-the-Net with Sinclair

RAMTOP

VAL Fimction

David Lassov

TTSUC LarKen Disk Library

| Editor

How to Hack on the Spectnmi

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 4 W

inter 1996

Lunch Hour Activity

Les Cottrell

Input/Output - RMG - R. Gowen, A. Tursucu,
H. Howie, L. Cottrell, GATOR, T. Swenson,
D. Lassov. S. Johnson. D. Lambert, J. Merz. P.
KwitkowsKi, A. Kaliale. F. Davis.

Editor

. — , — , „ a — ., ™_

VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 S

pring 1998

Input/Output - RAM Storage - David Lassov,
OS64 Manual, Garbage Gobbler David Lassov

Editor-

RMG Project - Earl Kielglass, Robert Schimke.
John Pegram, Gil Parrish, Hugh Scriven,

Donating
Members

"X Jf a T\1_ "ft" "XT' ."a. 7 1 "

Meet Phillip Kwitkowski

Bob Swoger

flow to be Chic (2068/Specy)

Gil Pamsh

Francme Sklar, Harry Miller, Bob Bamett,

QXL Ghosts (QL)

Al Feng

Thoresen, Donnson, Joan Kealy.

Daisy be Good - IX (2068)

David Lassov

s~\T TT 1 ? T 1

QL Hacker s Journal

iim Swenson

Disk Drive Dress-Up

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 1 S

Dring 1997

Telcomnranication a la TS-2068

David Lassov

Input/ Output - Did i ou Knou : by Les

y^~S j j 1 1 y"~\T n 1

Cottrell, QL Show

T~* J "a

Editor-

SeekQL 2.09 - Part 1 (QL)

Al Feng

ZX-81 Video Display System - Part 1

Wilt Rigter

TT* A T\ /"\ i

IRA Pay -Out

Don Lambert

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 1 S

Dring 1997

LarKen Disk System

Gil Parrish

Input/Output - Did You Know? by Les
Cottrell, QL Show

Editor

HJI Anoimces New FreeWare

Tim Swenson

Aurora - The QL Graphic Card

IRA Pay-Out

Don Lambert

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

LarKen Disk System

Gil Pamsh

Surfing the Net Willi the 2068

David Lassov

HJI Anonnces New FieeWare

Tim Swenson

Parallel I/O Modification

Al Feng

Aurora - The QL Grapluc Card

QLUTter BAS

AI Feng

QL Hacker s Journal

Tmi Swenson

Daisy Be Good X

David Lassov

Suiting the Net With the 2068

David Lassov

ZX-81 Video Display H

Wilt Regter

Parallel I/O Modification

Al Feng

TS-2068 Modem Compatible Serial I/F

Les Cottrell

QLUTter_BAS

Al Feng

stc L

SeekQL 2.09 Part 2

Al Feng

Daisy Be Good X

David Lassov

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 Summer 1997

ZX-81 Video Display U

Wilt Regter

Input/Output - WJDJUP CAD #3, 24-pin
Printer Driver- - Al Feng, TS-1 500 - Gil
Parrish, Battery Backup for the Z88 - Don
Lambert.

Editor

TS-2068 Modem Compatible Serial I/F

Les Cottrell

SeekQL 2.09 Part 2

Al Feng

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 Summer 1997

Input/Output - WJJDJUP CAD #3, 24-pin
Printer Driver - Al Feng, TS-1 500 - Gil
Parrish, Battery Backup for the Z88 -- Don
Lambert.

Editor

QHJ -Off The Net

Tim Swenson

More Net Surfn - 2068

Davisd Lassov

msomnia Over the Z88

Don Lambert

Civilization ZX-81 Game

ZX-Team Magazine

QHJ- Off The Net

Tim Swenson

Daisv Be Good XI

David Lassov

More Net Surfn- 2068

Davisd Lassov

Running Hie QPC

Robert Hartung

Insomnia Over the Z88

Don Lambert

Hack the ZX Spectrum

Les Cottrell

Civilization ZX-81 Game

ZX-Team Magazine

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 3

-al! 1997

Daisv Be Good XI

David Lassov

Input/Output - Qpc, Ramtop Ts-2068 - Bob
Swoger, Larken Graphic Adventure - Les
CottrelL DownLOAD from SOL BBS - Bob
Swoger

Editor-

Running The QPC

Robert Hartung

Hack the ZX Spectrum

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 3 FALL 1997

Input/Output - Qpc, Ramtop Ts-2068 - Bob
Swoger, Larken Graphic Adventure - Les
CottrelL DownLOAD from SOL BBS - Bob
Swoger

Editor

Z88 Revisited

Don Lambert

D' You Know? Internet

Al Feng

More On QPC

Robert Hartung

QPC - Hie Missing Link

AlFeng

m Ura AHvaI

T f»<; CnttrfM

Pfcfram frpralfl Ansrvn Coast Sinclair

Sequential Paragraph

David Lassov

Show' - Tim Swenson, David Lassov,

David T ,assov

GOODBYE Sinclair - Frank Davis

FOP OVER

Al Feng

I eleuom ivienii

lAiVlu Xjtib&Uv

LarKen/PASCAL

David Solly

ZJiisXA on me iNei

LarKen/HiSoft

David Solly

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 4 ft

inter 1997

Speed Comparison

David Solly

Input/Output - RMG Project SmartWatch -
David Lassov, E-Mail from Frank Davis,
Recent QL FreeWare - Tim Swenson

Editor

V^JU XiawACl b JUlliiia.1 —

VOMUME9 NUMBER 1 S

pring 1999

More On QPC

Robert Hartung

Input/Output - QL-East Coast, NESQLUG -
EdKingsley, Jose Moreno, David Solly, Peter
Liebert-Adelt, Clive Reveals ZX-2000 - Jack
Boatwright Jeff Burrell, Don Oviatt Earl
Kielglass, Bill Mckelvey, Bill Marriott, Frank
Davis, Memotech - Peter. Luke Perrv. Conrad
Perfett. Keith Watson. Mark McCann. SOLD -
Frank Davis, Timex - Sallv Jagello. Bob
Hartung - QL News, Fred Henn, Home
Electronics Service - John Rish.

Editor

QLATter

Al Feng

SexfortheZX-81

Wilt Rieter

.—

VAL Function

David Lassov

Flow to Hack on the Spectrum

Les Cottrell

Lunch Hour Activity

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 S

pring 1998

Input/Output - RAM Storage - David Lassov,
OS64 Manual, Garbage Gobbler - David
Lassov, Al Feng. Jack Boatwright, Fred Henn,
Dave Bennett, Rod Gowen, J Shepard,
GATOR, Bill Cable, George Chambers, Dave
Lebowitz, Doug Gellispie, KenHarbit. Andrew
Dansby, Peter Liebert

Editor

TS-2068 Talks to a PC bv Modem

Abed Kahale

QL Flacker' s Journal #30

Timothy Swenson

CHR$ Emulation - HiSoft Pascal

David Solly

How to Hack on the Spectrum

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 S

sring 1999

RMG Project - Earl Kielglass, Robert Scbimke,
John Pegram, Gil Par risk Hugli Scriven.
Francme Sklar, Harry Miller ; Robert Batnett,
Thoresen, Dorinson, Joan Kealy.

Donating
Members

Input/Output - David Solly (Larry Kenny),
Glen Goodwin, Jack Boatwright Boatwright
(Sir Clive Sinclair), Fred Henn (CTM), Don
Oviatt Rod Gowen.

Editor-

QL Hacker s Journal - If

i im swenson

QL Today Notes

Robert Hartung

VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 SU

VIMER 1998

Font Loader - HiSoft Pascal

David Solly

mput/Output -- RMG, Jack Boatwright Joan
Kealy, Jochen Merz, Alvin Albrecht Andrew
Dansby, Rod Gowen, Vacuum Tubes, Russ
Peny, Jay Shepard, GATOR, Termax, Bill
McKelvey, George Chambers, Frank Davis,
Tim Swenson, Al Feng, David Lassov, Rod
Gowen

Editor

West Coast Sinclair Show-

Tim Swensen

Jet Printer Ink

Editor

TS-2068 Internal ROM By-Pass

William Pedersen

How to Hack on the Spectrum VI

Les Cottrell

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3

Fall 1999

Input/Output — Joan Kealy, Dane Stegman,

Editor

Timex- Sinclair inventory

JaOK oOalvVIlgill

Stephen Waldman, Richard Burt, William

QLay .85

j\i reng

McBrme - TS-2068 Users 2068@unixville
.com, Joe Rampolla,

QrC Update

rvODci L i iiii tiing

QL Hacker s Journal

Tim Swensen

Review

vjii r arnsn

TS-2068 ROM ByPass

William Pedersen

burl n trie Net

iyaVIU L/dSSOY

Function for UDGs HiSoft

David Solly

How to Hack the ZX Spectrum -3

ijes coureii

How to Hack on the Spectrum VI

Les Cottrell

MaxCom

David Lassov

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 4 W

inter 1999

RMG List

Rod Gowen

Editor

Internet Glossary

Editor

Input/Output - Joe Rampolla, Antonio Castro,

ZQA! Index 1997-1998

Jack Boatwright Boatwright, Jim Mack,
William Girnius, Larry Kenny, Rod Gowen, Al

VOLUME 8 NUMBER 3 FALL 1998

Feng, Mike Kondrac, Sinclair Zl Radio, Visit

Input'TOutput - QPC - Hartung, LarKen Boards
- GATOR, Rod Gowen, David Lassov, Jay
Shepard, Louis Florit Josh Payne, Jack
Boatwright HP 500C Printer fire, Puzzle - Gil
Parrish.

Editor

to Larry Kenny's Page, Hie Train, Douglas
Dunbar, Dean Mikolajczyk, Alvin Albrecht, J.
Shepard, Joan Kealy, Robert Gilbert, David
Lassov, Donald Lambert Luke Perry, Johon
Kasza. Frank Davis. Jeff Burrell, Dane

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

Stegman.

ZipaDee BAS

AlFeng

Changing Scren Attrb. HiSoft

David Solly

QLABer Update

Al Feng

Z80 Workshop

E. A. Parr

QLATer

Al Feng

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1 S

aring 2000

How to Hack on the ZX Spectrum - 4

Les Cottrell

f Input/Output --Paul Anderson. Jack

Editor

RMG Inventory

Jack Boatwright

Boatwright. Dane Stegman, Joan Kealv, Andy

VOMUME8 NUMBER 4 \N

inter 1998

Barber, Bill Matins, Don Lambert, David
Lassov, Fred Henn, Jeff Burrell, Joe Rampolla,
Earl Kielglass, Harry Miller , Luke Perry-, John
Ohger,

Input/Output - Puzzle solved - Peter Liebert-
Adelt, GATOR, Les Cottrell, Jack Boatwright,
David Solly, Inventory List - Jay Shepard,
Louis Florit Frank Davis, Sinclair Show, John

Editor

Fun With Hardware I

Jeff Burr ell

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

Creating TS-2068 Fonts

I

Diskette Menu Program

David Solly

Emulators

j Warajavo

ZX MicroDiive

David Sollv

Z88 Source Book

TS-1000I/O Board

Joe Rampola

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 4 Winter 2001

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2 Summer 2000

Input/output — Dean Mikolajczk, Peter

Editor

Input/Output - Joe Rampolla, Neil, John
Pegram, Al Feng, Davis Leech, Jack
Boatwright Jeff Burrell, Rod Go-wen, Dane
Stegman, Robert Webster, Tom Parks, Robert
Swoger, Hugh Scriven, Fred Herm, Bill Cable,
Keith Watson, Don Lambert, Jay Shepard, Juan
Caprio, CATUG Members, QL Users E-Mail
(Quanta)

Editor-

Liebert, Robert Webster, David Solly,
MSCRIPT, TS-2068 Disk Drive, David
Hartman, Dane Stegman, Burke Mawby.

Another Monitor Adapter

Les Cottrell

Making Cassette Tapes

Don Lambert

Z88 Source Book - 2

VOLUME 12 NUMBER 1 S

pring 2002

Input/output — Luke perry 7 - Mike Ingall, Earl

Editor

7-Bit ASCII Filter for LarKen Disk I/O

David Sollv

. Kielglass, Paul Holmgren, QL Show

How to Hack on the Spectrum

Les Cottrell

Z88 Source Book -3

Memory Improves with Age

William Pederson

QL Hacker's Journal

Tim Swenson

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 3

Fait 2000

The TS-2068 SCLD

Victor Acuna

hiputfOutput - Luke perry. Rod Gowen,
Darreli Hamilton, Frank Mills, David Lassov,
Leon Howell, Dave Bennett, Wilf Rigter,
David Solly

Editor

VOLUME 12 NUMBER2 Summer 2002

Input/Output — Ruth Fegley, Jack Boatwright,
Ed Kingsley, Al Feng, Bob Hartung, Don
Lambert, Louis Fiorit Bob Swoger. Tonv
Firshman.

Editor

ZX-81 Video Display System

Wilf Rigter

Z80 LCD

Wilf Rigter

QPC2 for Windows

Robert Hartung

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 4 Winter 2000

Tasword to Mscript

David Solly

Input/output — Don LambertPeter Liebert-
Adelt, Robert Gilbert, Jeff Burrell, Joe
Rampolla, Al Feng, Robert Swoger, Louis
Fiorit David Solly, Keith Watson, Jonny Red,
Alvin Albrecht, John Donaldson, Luke Perry,

Editor

Sinclair ASCII to IBM

David Solly

Internet File Format On The QL

Tnnothy Swenson

Z-88 Source Book sec. 4

VOLUME 12 NUMBER 3 AUTUMN 2002

Input/Output — Hector Picone, Don Lambert,
Bjorn, James Cole, Scott Rossell. Joan Kealy,
Tonv Firshman, Ruth Feslev. David Solly.

Editor

QL Hacher's Journal

Tim Swenson

Fourth

Glen Haydon

TS - ZX Spectrum

David Solly

SupeiBASIC

Al Boehm

EZ80 Micro Computer

Wilf Rigter

LarKen Disk Dri ve Manual

Larry Kenny

Z88

Dave Bennett

VOLUME 12 NUMBER 4 WINTER 2003

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 1 S

oring 2001

Input/Output — Jack Boatwright Loic
Daneels, David Solly, Luke Perry, Louis Fiorit,
WTlliam McBrine, Les Cottrell, Bob Hartung,
Jim Ditton, Keith Watson, Don Lambert Bob
Swoger, Galium Davidson, Edwin Krampitz,
Jonny Red,

Editor

Input/Output — Paul Anderson, John Gaylor,
Stephen Beals, Peter Liebert William
McBrine, Luke Perry, Louis Florif, Johnny
Red, J.. Shepard, Tim Swenson, John
Donaldson, Robert Swoger, Dane Stegman,
David Solly, Joan Kealy JLO PD

Editor

TS-2068 Cassette Meter

Don Lambert

Setting Caps Lock

David Solly-

Z-88 Source Book Conclusion

Graphics HiSoft

David Solly

12 th Anniversary NUMBER 4

Spring 2003

Flasht Listings

David Solly

ZQA! Signing Off

Robert Swoger
Abed Kaliale

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2 Summer 2001

Input/Output — David Solly, Tim Swenson, J,
Shepard, Don Lambert, Dean Mikolajczk, Jack
Boatwright, Louis Fiorit, Peter Liebert, Paul
Harris, Luke Perry. JLO PD.

Editor

1991 ZQA!

Robert Swoger

From the Chairman's Desk

Donald Lambert

Input/Output — Al Boehm, Les Cottrell, Keith
Watson, Bob Swoger, John Simpson, Peter-
Liebert-Adelt Glen Goodwin, Mark Anderson,
Andre Baune. David Solly. Joan Kealv. Callum
Davidson, Tony Fh shman, Josef R ampolla.

Editor

MSCRIPT Command Sitmmary

David Solly-

The Rings of Saturn

David Solly

Our Past is Dying

David Solly

LarKen Tape Backup.

George Chambers

Can NASQLUG Take Up The Slack

Al Boehm

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 3

r all 2001

NESQLUG

Al Boehm

Input/Output— Will Knight, Joan Kealy, Tim
Swenson, John Donaldson, Leon Howell, Don
Lambert, J Shepard, Jose Moreno, Paul Harris,
Peter Liebert, Jeff Burrell, Dave Bennett,
Richard Tryon, Uwe Schonewolf, ZX-96,
Union City' Man.

Editor

Timex Emulation

Callum Davidson

C Programming

Alvin Albrecht

A Fast Pattern Flood Fill

Alvin Albrecht

Members Addresses

ZQA! Index

Back copies mailed for $250 each: -

A. KAHALE
432 WEST OAKS TRL
WOODSTOCK GA 30188-7358

Structured SuperBasic

Trials and Tribulations

Don Lambert

True Type Fonts

David Solly

Spectrum Fonts

Darko Stanicic