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From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
Morphology
NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been
published by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan.
Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the
publishers have retyped the contents pages with
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Title
From the Treasures of Arabic
Morphology
Author
Moulana Ebrahlm Muhammad
First Edition
Safar 1427 A.H.
March 2006
Published by
Academy for Islamic Research
Madrasah In'amiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa
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Copyright © 2006 Madrasah In'amiyyah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of Madrasah In'amiyyah, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by
Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah In'amiyyah, Camperdown,
KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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Contents
Introduction
10
Some Useful Terms
11
Arabic Terms
12
The Types of Words
14
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
15
Positive and Negative
15
Active and Passive
15
The Second Category of Verbs
16
Exercise 1
17
Types of Nouns
18
The Scales of Verbs
Exercise 2
22
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
23
Exercise 3
25
The Perfect Active (<~ijjii ^W)
26
Exercise 4
28
The Perfect Passive (J*ii ^Ui)
29
Exercise 5
33
The Imperfect (^jUii)
35
Exercise 6
38
The Imperfect Passive (J yyk\ ^jUdi)
39
Exercise 7
40
The (wu J_,^)
41
Exercise 8
44
The (uju ^ij^)
45
Exercise 9
49
The (fM) and ( j y ) of Emphasis
50
Exercise 10
55
The Imperative (jJ)
56
Exercise 1 1
61
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The Prohibition (^Ji)
61
Exercise 12
65
The Derived Nouns (lisili *u-Vi)
66
The Active Participle (JpUJi ^t)
66
Exercise 13
68
The Passive Participle (J y£\ ^i)
69
Exercise 14
70
The Elative (J^i
71
Exercise 15
73
The (h^ w)
74
The Noun of the Instrument (ifti ^i)
76
Exercise 16
78
The Adverb (d> >Ji
79
Exercise 17
81
The Intensive Adjective
82
Exercise 18
84
The Categories (^\ y \) of Verbs
85
TheC^f) of(v*^)
85
The First (^u)
85
The Second (s^)
86
The Third
86
The Fourth (^)
87
The Fifth (^)
88
The Sixth (^u)
88
Exercise 19
90
The (^0 of(v
91
Construction of the Derived Nouns
95
The Abbreviated Paradigm of each (<_jI*)
97
(JUil ^b)
97
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Exercise 20
99
99
Exercise 21
101
101
Exercise 22
103
(JUiJI i_jLl)
103
Exercise 23
105
(JUdl <_jLi)
105
Exercise 24
110
(J^l <_jLl)
110
Exercise 25
112
112
Exercise 26
114
114
Exercise 27
117
117
Exercise 28
119
119
Exercise 29
121
f IM .it , jtA
121
Exercise 30
123
(Jl>il 4^)
123
Exercise 3 1
125
Four Root-Letter Verbs
126
Exercise 32
129
Xhe Derived Forms of Four Root-Letter
130
Verbs
QLX ^)
130
Exercise 33
132
132
Exercise 34
134
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1 'XA
Exercise 35
136
Other Derived Forms
1 ~X1
LJl
Exercise 36
1 AO
The Seven Categories
143
Exercise 37
146
The Rules of )
147
Rule 1
147
Rule 2
147
Rule 3
148
Rule 4
148
Rule 5
150
Rule 6
151
Rule 7
152
Rule 8
153
Rule 9
154
Rule 10
156
Exercise 38
156
The Orthography of the Hamzah
157
TVip P^rtirli cmc of ( ■ * *\
1 11C r dl dLllH Ills \JL yjj^~Q-*J
158
Exercise 39
160
Exercise 40
161
Exercise 41
163
Discussion of (oyJi
163
Uiscussion ot vc*^ jy~fr*)
164
Exercise 42
165
The Rules of (J^)
166
Rule 1
166
Rule 2
167
Rule 3
168
Rule 4
169
Rule 5
170
Rule 6
171
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Rule 7
171
Rule 8
179
Rule 9
184
Rule 10
189
Exercise 43
193
Rule 1 1
193
Rule 12
194
Rule 13
195
Rule 14
196
Rule 15
199
Rule 16
199
Rule 17
202
Rule 18
203
Rule 19
204
Rule 20
205
Rule 21
206
Rule 22
207
Rule 23
208
Rule 24
209
Rule 25
210
Rule 26
212
Exercise 44
213
The Paradigms of (Jit.)
214
Exercise 45
220
The Paradigms of (<J» yJ)
221
Exercise 46
228
i lie r di aui &iii ui vi^^ J
229
Exercise 47
240
1 11C I al aUlglllft Ul ^^(Asu j dliu y^SL^Juj
241
Exercise 48
250
Exercise 49
260
Exercise 50
271
Combination of ( Jr ~^) and (J^)
272
Exercise 5 1
283
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The Rules of (_ipU-)
284
Rule 1
284
Rule 2
286
Rule 3
287
Rule 4
288
Rule 5
289
Exercise 52
290
Exercise 53
297
A Combination of (^i*u~) , (jj^*) and (Js«)
301
Exercise 54
303
Special Meanings (oL<=u) of Each (^u)
304
The (ouu) of Cr-i ^)
304
The (oL^u) of (v > ^)
304
The (^u) of ^)
305
The (ol^u) of ( fj r ^)
305
The Derived Categories
306
The (ou^u) of (Juit i_jVj)
306
The (oL*=u) of (J-** ^)
309
The (oL^u) of (iipu. t_jLj)
311
The (ouu) of GM ^)
312
The (ouu) of (Juai ^)
314
The (^u=u) of (j!5U»j ^b)
314
The (^u,u) of (>aj ^i)
315
The (oi-^u) of (>u; v b)
317
The (oL^u) of (Ji*iM ^l)
318
The (oL^u) of (ju^j
319
The (oL^u) of (J*5U*i v^)
320
The (ouu) of (Ji>»i ^i)
320
The (oL^u) of (aiu v^)
321
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The (oL^u) of (Ji*i- ^u)
321
322
The (oi^u) of (J5U»J ^u)
322
Application of the Special Meanings
323
Challenging Words
325
Appendix A - Morphology or Etymology?
352
Bibliography
356
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Introduction
Arabic Morphology — ^ * Lp) is a branch of Arabic
Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is
highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to
learn this science in order to be proficient in the language.
Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime
importance in learning the language.
This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the
important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study
this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good
foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the
need to study any further books on the subject.
The Arabic names of morphologic terms have been
adopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the
text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the
term (A^dSCjl j^p) instead of (2 — «iS" — p). Similarly, instead
of writing (c — S" y>~), the correct Arabic form of (2 — S" y-)
has been used while the term — s^ul) is used instead of
— ^l*) which is incorrect. This will enable the student to
learn the correct Arabic terms from the initial stages of his
learning.
Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes
which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have
been clearly explained with examples and a step by step
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method as to how a word is changed from its original form
to its present one.
It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students
of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path
to understanding the intricacies of the language. Amln.
For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject,
whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to
Appendix A at the end of this book.
Some Useful Terms
Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in
such inflected languages as Latin and French, where
elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of
inflection relating to tense, person, number. 1
Declension: A term used to describe the case system of
nouns and other words. 2
Inflection: The variation or change of form that words
undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number,
tense, person, mood, voice, comparison. 3
Linguistics and Philology: The study of language.
Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of
all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes,
wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model
for all other words of the same type. 4
1 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.
2 Ibid, p. 281.
3 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.
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Arabic Terms
The following are some of the Arabic terms used
frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn
them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout
the book.
Term
Meaning
A diacritical point — denoting the sound
of 'a'.
A diacritical point - — denoting the sound
of 'u'.
A diacritical point - — denoting the sound
off.
A diacritical point - — that serves the
purpose of joining two letters in
pronunciation
A letter having a fathah, e.g. (< — ^)
A letter having a dammah, e.g.
A letter having a kasrah, e.g. (ii)
A letter having a sukun or jazm, e.g.
*>
The three diacritical points, fathah
dammah and kasrah are each called a
harakah
A letter having a harakah, e.g.
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The first root letter of a word, also referred
to as consonant or radical, e.g. the of
(^)
The second root letter of a word, e.g. the
(o) of (^S)
<UiiOl •'if
The third root letter of a word, e.g. the (^)
of (jbsJ)
Word-form denoting the number, gender
and mood of the verb
is the plural of (<-r>^>) which refers
to a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
(^^slll) and the imperfect tense (^jUall),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.
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The Types of Words
Term
Meaning
Example
word
noun
ja
verb
3>
particle - it is dependent on either
an U — -»\) or (J — «i) in conveying its
meaning
With regards to meaning and tense, a verb is of three
types:
Term
Meaning
Example
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the past tense. It
is referred to as the perfect
tense in English.
J_^i - He
did.
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the present or
future tense. It is referred to
as the imperfect tense in
English.
J*Jl> - He is
doing or he
will do.
a command
J— ill - You
do.
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Term
Meaning
Example
Intransitive - does
not require an object
^ - He is
walking.
Transitive - requires
an object
— J! £sJu - He is
opening the door.
Positive and Negative
Term
Meaning
Example
positive
Jiij - He is doing.
negative
J*ij ^ - He is not doing.
The terms (^-~~*) and (^^>) are also used.
Active and Passive
Term
Meaning
Example
active tense - the doer
of the action is known
J*ij - He is doing.
passive tense - the doer
of the action is not
known
J*ij - It is being
done.
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The Second Category of Verbs
With regard to the root letters (2-1*3^1 l3 j of a verb, they
are of two types:
Term
Meaning
Example
3 root letters or
triliteral
4 root letters or
quadriliteral
Each of these two types is further divided into two categories:
(1) (j jA) - the (^^lll) consists of root letters only, without
any extra letters.
(2) (aJ - the (^^lll) has root letters plus extra letters.
This results in the following four categories:
Term
Meaning
Example
3 root letters only
3 root letters plus extra
letters
4 root letters only
4 root letters plus extra
letters
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Exercise 1
(1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 root-
letters or 4 root-letters.
(a) J^
(b) C >S
(c)
(d) >j
(e) >Ii
(2) What do the following terms mean:
Term
Meaning
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Types of Nouns
(1) There are three types of nouns - (s-LH):
[a] , [b] jx^* and [c] J^Ur .
(2) The (j^ — ^2j> - verbal noun) is a word that indicates the
occurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. (j — ^aiit) -
to assist.
(3) The (J£ — ^») is a word derived from a verb e.g. (j — vfU) -
helper is derived from (j-^J).
(4) The — «Ur) is neither a (jJ — nor a (js — ^) e.g.
(J^j) - man -
(5) The (jJ y2») and the (js ^) also fall under the
categories of ( lS j%"), — (-Sj — 4) and — i ^ — j like
the (J *^). The categories mentioned under the verb like
(^px^a) etc. also apply to an (^').
(6) The noun with regard to its letters can either
have three root letters (triliteral), four root letters
(quadriliteral) or five root letters (quinquiliteral). It is
therefore of six types:
[1] 0^ Jrt) e.g. - a man
[2] (v Jjj-a e.g. (j^) - a donkey
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[3] 0 A ls^ j) e -g- ^-/j**) ~ scorpion
[4] («ui -ky ^bj) e.g. Cftie°J>) - paper
[5] l^^) e-g- (J*-'j£*) - quince
[6] (aJ Jjj^. ^*-l>-) e.g. (o^JkIp) - a
spider
(7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the
(J — **) because most of the changes (<^^ij — v^J) occur in a
(J — *i) while few changes occur in an U — *>\) and none occur
in a (tJ j>-).
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The Scales of Verbs
The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually
consists of three letters called consonants or radicals.
These consonants form a kind of skeleton which
constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes
may be added.
Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are
constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the
verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect
tense — ^li! J — j — » 4 jLp £s — » J — m most
dictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are
entered under the third person masculine singular form of
the verb.
In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past
tense — ^Lu), denoting actions completed at the time to
which reference is made; and the imperfect — v^ail), for
incompleted actions, referring to the present or future
tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by
the imperfect form (^jl — <^U). The imperative (j — oH) may
be considered a modification of the imperfect.
To indicate patterns or type-forms of verbs, the
grammarians use the three letters of the verb (J — **), where
the (<-i) represents the first radical of the verb, the (£)
represents the second radical of the verb and the (J)
represents the third radical of the verb. This is the scale
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( 01 j — *a) or standard by which the root letters of a verb are
determined. Accordingly, the word (4- — is on the scale
of (Jii), (s sC) is on the scale of (J — *jsj) and — 1S1)
is on the scale of (J**f).
The letter that corresponds to the (<-3) of the (Olj — ^») is
called the 0 — liS^Jl g.\ — s), that which corresponds to the (£) is
called the 0 — HSvJl — p) while the letter corresponding to
the (J) is called the (,CKil
Example: the word (s-^") is on the scale of (J*^):
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Exercise 2
(1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what
each letter represents. The first one has been done for you.
(a) M
The (0) is the (Jui&l the (^) is the (2 — u^_p), the
(J) is the (Ul&l fV).
(b) (^1-1)
(c)
(d)
(e) (J*W)
(f) (£0
(g)
(h)
(i) (Jt-)
0)
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The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah (2 — >*zi).
The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a (2 — >^i),
or (a j — The active perfect tense ( ^ — ^Lll J —
t-^jj — of triliteral verbs (-ij — £ ^ — "%") is used on three
scales:
[a] J*i e.g. (^s»)
[b] J*i e.g. (^-)
[c] Jii e.g. CfiO
(2) The conjugation of the (J — *i) and (J — *i) forms is similar
to the conjugation of (J**).
(3) The imperfect tense (^jj — ** «^») of (J — *i) is
sometimes (J — e.g. (g£ — k ^ — '*) and sometimes (J —
e.g. (j — j — *aj) and sometimes (J — *jL) e.g. ( s-Jj — ^
(4) The conjugation of the (J — and (J — is similar to
the conjugation of (J*^).
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(5) The 0~^jj — ** ^j^ 2 -*) of (J — *i) is sometimes (J — e.g.
>) and sometimes (J*A>) e.g. ^~).
(6) The Mj^^* ^jL^) of (J—ii) is only (J— iij) e.g.
(7) The (J y-^) of all three scales is (J*i).
(8) The (J j&Z jU^>) of all three scales is (ji>).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories (<-^jj)) of y~ ( _ S J "*^ J ") which are as follows:
O ^») (2)
^) (3)
(4)
(#5 £0 (5)
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to
which category (>_->t — >)• It is based on (£j — f ) - as heard
from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of ( ^ >
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£tX — ij) the second or third letter will be from the ( ^jj — >-
3Jil^~y e.g. (Jtl~j J^), ((^-o- 5 ^ ^ J>r )-
[b] If the perfect ^lil J is of the form
(J — the imperfect — ja±\ J — is generally from the
category of (^-*— *d ^°-^)-
[c] If the perfect — J*£jl) is of the form (J —
the imperfect .Ml J is generally from the
category of (f ? J?).
Exercise 3
To which category (^>\ — >) does each of the following verb
belong:
(1) (i^r lij
(2) (1^ *1> £ )
(3) j^i)
(4) (sJUaj CJ^)
(5) (<3j4 I3>)
5 The (■5*2L>- t-ij^) are the following six letters:
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The Perfect Active Tense (<-^jj*ii i^^)
(1) There are 14 word-forms — of the perfect tense
(2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect ( J —
(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
(4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense.
Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while
the second three are for the feminine of the third person.
The following six forms are for the second person, the first
three being for the masculine and the second three for the
feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.
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AA-^flii (Word-form)
Verb
c-JLp C-JJ^» JL>-t J
j^>\s>~ cUj^ -b^tj
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Exercise 4
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense ( ^ —
l3j in table form :
(a) CUp)
(b) (£*4i
(c) 64' jS)
(d) (d^ d^o
(e) (J^lb Jio)
(f) (LiC Lis")
(g) jU*)
(h) (j^j jnu)
(i) (JL^JfJ J^r)
0) (j4 J^>
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Perfect Passive (J <^*»U1)
The (J j ^ — <M) is constructed from the ( ^ — M
t-^jj — in all triliteral verbs ( -ij — £ ^ — If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, (J — a
(5^ — js) is rendered to the first letter, a (o j — is rendered
to the second letter while the third letter remains in its
original condition. The result is (J — No matter what the
(2 — S" j>-) of the second letter in the active tense is, in the
passive tense it will always be Examples:
Active - 0-£j j**)
Passive - (J
Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle (<-» _?-), e.g.
(aj L-ai) - It was taken.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
C~ill J j^fcl ^lll J*iJl
Word-form
Verb
singular masculine 3 rd person
^
dual masculine 3 ld person
plural masculine 3 rd person
\°JJ
singular feminine 3 rd person
dual feminine 3 rd person
plural feminine 3 rd person
singular masculine 2 nd person
dual masculine 2 nd person
plural masculine 2 nd person
singular feminine 2 nd person
dual feminine 2 nd person
plural feminine 2 nd person
singular first person
dual and plural first person
lii
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
Verb
Pronoun
J** u
Ll*3 La
1 jixi La
C-Jlr3 L»
LUxi La
Li
LoJU*i La
LaJol
(1 jd*i L»
O-Ui L»
cJt
LoJUjtS La
Lo-ol
^iiLa
cJbti La
llLU La
The words (I — a) or (V)
are used for the
negative sense. To use
01) with ( LS -^\i\), the
condition is that the
(V) must be repeated
The column on the
right indicates how the
pronouns (jjL» — are
used with the verbs.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Word-form
Verb
ttliJ!
olJUJl
Note the Arabic terms used for the different word-forms in
this table.
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 5
(a) Translate the following sentences:
jTyiJl s. J
(b) What is the (4*^) of the following verbs:
[1] jib a j^S" 2ju Cw,.Lg- SlJli Sis ^jf)
[2] (ill- ji ^>
[3] (obr ^ IjT^ ^)
[4] (OlJJ! ji! bf)
[5] Uj3 j^j)
(i)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
[6] (o IjJ^i)
[7] {^\~A ^SUp L^T)
[8] (CJUli blj)
[9] (°cis3 ^Ji tfl)
[10] (^alijj If j)
(c) Are the following verbs (uJjj*^) or (Jj^)?
[2] (^ii)
[3]
[4] (oiT)
[5] (IjJUaJ)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Imperfect jUail)
The Imperfect (^jL^it) is formed by adding prefixes and/or
suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the
letters The suffixes may either be ( ( jj), (ji) or just
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
(0 jSw), e.g. the (t-^) of (J*^>) has a sukun. The second letter
can have any of the three harakat, depending on which category
the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case (^i J\ the final vowel of the third
radical is (4^i>) in the singular form of the verb, e.g.
(Jiij), (J*ij"), (J*^) and (J*^>). For the subjunctive case ( 4JU-
t»_~v^i), this (4^i>) is changed to e.g. (J*-*i), (J*^")>
(Jiil) and (J*-^); while for the jussive case (f j^M ^b^), it is
replaced by a (0 j>~*), e.g. (J*-^), (J*-^"), (J**b and (J*a>). The
changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
call ^jUii J*i)i
Meaning
Verb
He is doing or he will do.
J*i
They (2 males) are doing or they will do.
jlliij
They (plural males) are doing or they will do.
She is doing or she will do.
They (2 females) are doing or they will do.
They (plural females) are doing or they will do.
You (1 male) are doing or you will do.
You (2 males) are doing or you will do.
You (plural males) are doing or you will do.
You (1 female) are doing or you will do.
You (2 females) are doing or you will do.
You (plural females) are doing or you will do.
I am doing or will do.
We are doing or we will do.
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SJzom ids. ^3xs.aiuxs.i. oj ' c/fxalju
d\l\oxjriholoc]ij
Jpl
dull
oil*!- v
jUbi ^
Dili- *y
J*
lP 3
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 6
(1) To which category >) do each of the following
verbs belong:
(a) (jk jU)
( b) (,0^ ,Jfe)
(c) (JL*j JLp)
(d) (diU diL)
(e) (jL >)
(2) What is the of the following words:
(i)
(2)
<3)
(4)
(5)
J Jai Lfti\ 1!M ^
(6)
(7)
(8)
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The Imperfect Passive Tense (J ^ jUail)
The (J j — — v^ail) is constructed from the ( j\ — ^
<-t jj — in all triliteral verbs (jj — A ^ — If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, (J — a
(L» — j>) is rendered to the first letter which is the ( 2 — «Mp
jA\) - sign of the imperfect tense. A (2 >ds) is
rendered to the (2 — <J5nJ1 ^ — p ) while the (2 — «iSCj1
remains as it is. The result is (J — No matter what the
(2 — f />-) of the (2 — <d£Jt — p) in the active tense is, in the
passive tense, it will always be y**). Examples:
Active - (Vj
Passive - (J
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 7
(a) Translate the following into English:
j^ulo jL£ ilp jjslo *y ( 1 )
^li! (2)
j^diUji^ijrj; ( 3)
CjlklS! ^ ^CL*Jl JiL' (4)
(b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
[1] The door of the school is being opened.
[2] He is being sent to Madinah.
[3] The disbelievers will be defeated.
[4] The car will be left on the road.
[5] The book will be read today.
(c) Conjugate the following verbs into the ( ^>
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
c>-
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
The J^")
The ^Jj^) are: (01), (jJ), ([^T) and (<l)il). When they
precede the (^jU^ J*i), they render (s-~^) to the following
five words:
t-Jlp £±A Jb-1 j t Jii^ (1)
l_jLp dJj-a c JjtiJ (2)
jTx. j t Jii? (3)
Jb-1 j t Jiil (4)
^ Cf < (5)
The (<— *' j^V' ^ J^) °f me following seven words is deleted:
l_JLp ^Jl* c oUiij (1)
l_JLp ^TJL* t Dyiij (2)
l-oLp cJj-« t jUiiJ (3)
^-^U- ^S'ijs ( jlliiJ (4)
j^s\s>- j~> X» l j jiiiJ (5)
C-Jj-* -l^lj t (j^JJJ (6)
ouiij (7)
The following two words remain unchanged:
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
c^ilp dJj-« c (1)
j-^U- dJj-« c (jl^ij (2)
The word (jJ) changes the positive imperfect tense (
o-jia) to negative (<^*) with emphasis.
The paradigms of (eij^) - the active tense and (Jj^St) - the
passive tense - when used with the other particles, (01), {^f) and
(jit) will be the same as was in the case of (jJ).
Examples:
\°j\jJu jf
MiiJ jf
J*4 0t
\°j\j*Ju jit
jit
JiiJ jit
Hereunder follow the paradigms of (^jU^ J*i) when used with
the particle (<jJ).
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 8
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (<l)l):
J^J(l)
(2)
^(4)
U>'X (5)
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ((X):
^i(l)
(2)
(3)
din: (4)
J^(5)
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
The ^jj^)
The (21. jU- <~>3j>-) are (01), (jj), (lU), qA| fV) and ( ^
i^-^O- When they precede the (^jU^ J**), they render
to the following five words:
l_JLp ^SM. Jb-1 j t Jil' (1)
c_JLe CJ j-* ^1 J t JiiJ (2)
^Tx. ^1 j t J^i? (3)
Jb-1 j t Jiil (4)
^Kx. ^ t (5)
The (v' ^ J^) °f me following seven words is deleted:
l_JLp ^Jl* c jUiij (1)
l_Ap jS'X* c Oj1*jsj (2)
i Jlp ki^Jj-< ^u^S C jUiiJ (3)
j^s\s>- £ J0» A^uiJ t jliiiJ (4)
j^sU- jS'i-a C j jliij (5)
j^fl\s>- C-Jj-« -b^tj C (6)
Oilii; (7)
The following two words remain unchanged:
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
j-a C J&jl (2)
The word (jj) changes the positive imperfect tense ( ^jUiil
cudll) to the negative perfect tense (^^^ LS *tfli().
The paradigms of (<-3j j*-*) - the active voice and (J - the
passive voice - when used with (01), (U->), G-*V and (
I), will be the same as was in the case of ((J).
Examples:
\°j\*Jj 01
ijii ill
The word (uJ) means 'not as yet'. Thus (J*A> ^) will mean 'he
did not do as yet' .
The ^) enters all the word-forms of the passive tense
(J In the active tense it is only used in the third
person (v^) and first person (J&s*) word-forms.
If any of the precede a (^jU^» J*i) whose ( ft
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa ^A/ioiljIzotocjij
:uK)l) is a (JO j^), the (3LJI ^> is deleted.
Examples:
Example of
(J)
Example of
Example of
0)
Hereunder follow the paradigms of (^jU^ J*i) when used with
the particle ((J).
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
ILuL
1 jj
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 9
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (jj):
(i)
(2)
<3)
(4)
(5)
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (y^t fH):
(1)
(2)
* tO s
(3)
din;
(4)
(5)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa ^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (f V) and ( J y) of Emphasis
(4J jj j jISUI - The Energetic Forms
(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of (^jL^-* J**), the ( ^
-aIS'IxJI) is prefixed to it and j jj) or ^ j-0 suffixed to
it. The (4LiJ ^ jj) is (-iAA^) and is suffixed to all the word-forms
The (4jLa>- Ojj) is (^jS'L-) and is not suffixed to the
(V^) and (cJ j-* word-forms.
(2) The letter prededing the Oj) is in the
following word-forms:
y^il! _ l-JLp ^TJu. j i. (1)
— t-JLe cJ j-* ^1 j t Jiif (2)
_ jTx. j t Jiif (3)
^liitJ _ Jb-1 j t Jiil (4)
J£i2 _ ^Kz* ^ t (5)
(3) The j^V' ^ y) * s deleted in the following words before
attaching the (-^txJl d y):
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
jiiil) — c-JLp £ ' Aj> i DjiiflJ (2)
DLUjjxi Ju)J^ <iuiS c jliiiJ (3)
j> Sj> ^uiS c OU*jSj (4)
— j-^l^ ^S"^ c j jliiJ (5)
(jliiixi — ^-^U- oJj-« -b^tj i (J^jsj (6)
(4) The (cJtit) of the is retained while the (^Li* j jJ) itself
becomes (jj^Jx^), e.g. ( JlUiJ).
(5) The ( j! j) of (/'JLi ^) and the (c5) of ^-1 j) are also
deleted. The (>w?) before the (jlj) and the (a before the
(jS) are retained, e.g. (jiiiJ) and (j-Uixi).
(6) In the (cJ word-forms, an (cJ>Jt) is inserted between
the ( 0 jj) of and the j y) so that three nuns do not
occur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-
forms:
oiiiiiii t_jLp cjj-* 1 (1)
(7) The (SI-aj j jj) itself is (j j~~SO) in these two words. In short,
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SJzom ids. ^ZJxsxiiXxxsA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
the Oy) is (jj~^x-a) after and (^jSjL*) in the other
instances.
(8) The (ajLas- Ojj) is similar to the (3iJL j jj) except in the
(4^") and (dJj^ word-forms. The (4jLa>- ^ y) is only used
in those words where there is no (<-il!) before (^i-i) 0 jj) and
these are eight word-forms.
Once (Sl-i) j jj) and (*jLjb=- 0 jj) enter a (^jU^ J**), its
meaning changes to the future tense.
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Dili]
jiii]
yti3
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 10
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (2 — LJL j j — ;) in the
active and passive tenses:
l£j (i)
(2)
(3)
'-A (4)
U>'& (5)
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (2 — kJaf- jj — >) in the
active and passive tenses:
(i)
&
(2)
* fa s
(3)
(4)
(5)
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Imperative ( J)
The (j — <^?L>- j — *l - imperative second person) is constructed
from the (^jU2» J*i) in the following manner:
(1) The (^jl — «Ml 2 — - the sign of the imperfect tense -
is deleted.
(2) If the following letter is (iij the final letter is
rendered QjS'L-). Example: the verb (**jJ) changes to (-^).
(3) If the following letter is — a (J — o jJl Sj — =*) is
inserted at the beginning and the end is rendered (jS'L*).
(4) If the (2 — J&1 CJ*) has a — the (J — * jJl S is
rendered a Example: (j^>) becomes (j-M>).
(5) If the (JUl&l j^p) has a (3—^9) or (ij—^S), the (
J-^jJl) is rendered a (a Examples:
(^zsJu) becomes (^i).
j-M) becomes (<v j-^i).
(6) The j jJ) is deleted while the (S j — j j— !) -
the nun of the feminine plural - is retained. Examples:
( jllii;) becomes (U**!).
(^jiiij") becomes Qj-^i).
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(7) The (2 UJ! — >-) at the end is deleted. Examples:
(y>JJ) becomes (£^>).
(tf h becomes (pi).
(^^.ioiJ) becomes Cj^-}).
(8) The imperative of the first and third persons ( j »i
Itj v is formed by adding a (^V) at the
beginning of — ^> J — This has the same effect
on the verbs as (*->).
(9) The (JL-sTtsJl pV) and (JL-jTtsJl j can also be attached
to the ( word-forms.
Hereunder follow the paradigms of (^jj — *^ j — - the
imperative active) and (J j j^l j - the imperative
passive).
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
0^1
i4
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
A
'jib
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 1 1
Conjugate the imperative (j 4) of the following verbs in
the active and passive forms first and then conjugate them
using the (JLSlsl! fi) and (JLSlsi! 0 y):
(1)
(2)
U^; ( 3)
J***' (4)
£4 (5)
The Prohibition
(1) The particle (V) is used before — yaj> J — *i) to denote
prohibition. It has the same effect as (p — i) in changing the
different word-forms.
(2) The (2 — L2j j jj) and (2 — a-i^- Oj — >) can be attached to all
the forms of { LS ^\).
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
jjj^ Jib
*y
*y
i^Il *y
^1- v
*y
*y
!>ui; *y
•y
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
LT -
(_r -
° r x". M
° r i- m
V
o
° r -A v
° r i? m
° 1' M
o
o
o
o
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 12
(1) Conjugate the prohibition ^) of the following
verbs in the active and passive forms first and then
conjugate them using the (wLS"li)t ("V) and d jJ):
^ (1)
(2)
_ ( 3)
(4)
(5)
(2) What is the (4*^0 of the following verbs?
DlH^Jy^ (1)
^ (2)
olLaj *y (3)
'u&V (4)
jil^^J *y (5)
*J*J V (6)
jill^Iij *y (7)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
THE DERIVED NOUNS (Usiil *U"Vl)
The following six nouns are derived from the verb:
U^Jl (4) Js^aisil (H-l (3) J jiuii! ^\ (2) JpUJ! (1)
(J >Ji (6) sJVi I (5) H^ii
The Active Participle (JpUJi ^i)
The active participle (J^Lail j^-t) indicates the person or being
from whom the action emanates, e.g. (^^) - a person who
listens.
In 3-root letter verbs (J j£ the (J*^ j*-^) is formed by
adding an (eJ-it) after the first letter, rendering a (a to the
second letter and (jj j^j) to the final letter. Thus, (J**) becomes
(Jpli). In the dual forms (V^'X 0-^') and (0 jj) are attached to
the end, e.g. (O^Ip-U). For the feminine form, a round (a) is
inserted at the end. For the masculine plural (_f (^j) is
inserted, e.g. ( jjipli), while for the feminine plural (cJ y
the syllable, (ot) is attached, e.g. (oMe-li). There are three
scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i oj ' c/fxaljLa ^A/io^ljIzotocjij
-T J
u
0°JLpU
^ 3
-
In the indicative case (£» jJl 3J^~), the (V^) is used with an (cJ-it)
while in the accusative and genative cases (yMj 4-~^Jl ^^), it
is used with a (c5) preceded by a (^oi). The ( j jj) of the (ViS) is
(jj^50), e.g. (O'jUli) and (<>^).
For the masculine plural in (^i J\ 2 -!^), a (j) is used while in
(yMj (w^aJl 2 -!^), a (c5) preceded by a (a j-^S") is used. The
( j y) of (^) is (£■ e.g. (O^pli) and (^iL^li).
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Exercise 13
Conjugate the (J^LaM ^J\) of the following verbs:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Passive Participle (J *^\)
The passive participle (J f>\) is that entity on which the
action occurs, e.g. - the thing which is opened. It is
formed by adding a {^y^ f) at the beginning, a (j) after the
second letter and (jj j£) at the end. The first root letter (
jJUf I) becomes (^jS'L-) while the second one becomes j^-^).
The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
(J^-liJl j*—t). Like the (J-p-^ it a l so has six word-forms.
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Exercise 14
Conjugate the (J j*iit ^S) of the following verbs:
(i)
(2)
fa
(3)
(4)
<-
(5)
J— k
(6)
(7)
(8)
j£k
(9)
(10)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Elative (J-^Ji p-l)
The (J^2ii)l ^l) is a derived noun that indicates the comparative
or superlative degree e.g. (J-^') - more virtuous or most
virtuous. The scale of (J**') is used for this purpose, except for
colours and defects. In the case of colours and defects, the scale
of (J*ii) is used for ajL^JI) e.g. (J*^) - red, ( LS -«-^) -
blind. Tanwm never enters the end of (J*^aixil ^1). The ( j»— <!
J^aixil) generally renders the meaning of the doer (J^) but
sometimes it can render the meaning of the object (J j***), e.g.
- more famous.
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the (J^aixJl <l):
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c^xaSna ^A/loili/iofogLj
£ '*L» sl*
lLj'J^ ji SLx
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 15
Conjugate the (J^aixJl ^J\) of the following verbs:
\% (1)
J1W (2)
(3)
'P* (4)
JA' (6)
(7)
( 8)
J£*' (9)
(10)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The {*jrA* 2jL^)
The ajL^j) is a derived noun referring to the permanent
quality of an entity, e.g. (J4*-*-) - beautiful. The (J-£^ r*-^) on
the other hand describes a temporary quality e.g. (^^) -
listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as
(t-jjW?) if the quality of (<— ' emanates from him whereas the
attribute of (J^-^-) applies to a person all the time. The ( "^p
H^>) is always intransitive G»jV) even though it may be
constructed from a transitive verb (c^-bc^). Hence the difference
between and (j*^*-^) is that ( ( ^»^) indicates a being
listening at the moment while (£s^-~0 indicates a being which
permanently has the quality of listening even though there may
be no object. Therefore one can say (dl^US" but to say
(JX»U5' £^«-~>) is incorrect. The (^r^* " e ^ s ) has six word-forms
like the (J^Li^ r*-^)- For the dual and plural forms, changes are
made to the end as in the (J-£^ r*-^).
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ^i-^):
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The ('H-^ 2j ^ 3 ) is used on many scales for which there is no
rule. It is based on (^Lc) - as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes
a (I), (j) or (c£) is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g.
UtJi), (jjij), j^i). Sometimes the root-form remains
intact but a change occurs in the harakat, e.g. (t-ot^), (t-u^-),
* °.
( yu&). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.
Scale
Example
Meaning
handsome
* •».»
impure
brave
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
chaste
J* 3
1< o ^_
thick
empty
J*
free
J**
* r
happy
IP Is
companion
noble
red
thirsty
The Noun of the Instrument (aJ^t f\)
The is a derived noun that indicates the instrument
used for the action. It is formed by adding a f ) at the
beginning of the root letters. It has three scales.
Scales
Examples
Meanings
needle
fan
key
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The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows:
Scales
Examples
Sometimes the underived noun is used to denote an
instrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is
no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples:
(<_^) - axe , - adze 6 , (^^) - knife.
Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 16
(a) Conjugate the ^>\) of the following verbs:
> r (5)
'J> (4)
v' (3)
^(1)
J^(10)
e*(9>
yi(8)
(7)
J^(6)
(b) Identify the derived nouns in the following sentences:
. Lo^jJbl ! jjjaala 2lSjLJ(j JjjLJl (2)
. jvs y> ji'ij "AS- y> j L^J 4jjUr J^P (3)
. jljjj j JL&1 I^U NJ j (4)
. jlw>J £iL» LgJ j,J=J (5)
. £~^Jl ^jj^ jl (6)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Adverb >Jl ^\)
The (<-3 JiJl ^1) is a derived noun that indicates the place or
time of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it
is called ( JlSCll tJ> J&) and if it indicates the time of the action, it
is called (Ob»jJi Ja). It is made by adding a j^-i* at the
beginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely (J*-**) and
(JjuL*). If the (^jU^») is (uv^l or (uytSl ^wa*) or
(^yaSU), the jJi!l will be on the scale of (J^»), e.g.
and y>). If the (^jU^) is (Oi*^ jj^Jx^) or
(JU>), the jjiil will be on the scale of (J^- 4 ), e.g.
and
The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:
scale
example
The ji-^t) is often constructed from the underived noun
(J»*U-) on the scale of to indicate an excess of that object
in that place, e.g.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(cjC^\j>) - a place of many lions - derived from (*xl*t) - lion,
(Aji^. a place of many predators - derived from -
predator,
(A^Ja^) - a place of many ducks - derived from (^kj) - duck.
There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a (^is) on the (4^i^J( (A?), but have been used with a (a j-^S")
instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The
scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a (^*^*) as well. These words are:
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
place of
prostration
■fi _ 0 s
place of assembly
jit
place of rising
ia a ■ ■■ *
place of falling
place of staying
intersection
place of
slaughtering
place of slaughtering
place of
germinating
east
place of resting
the elbow
west
nostril
place where one
expects something
Sometimes the (<-i jjall is used on the scale of (tiki*), e.g.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
(Sj^Jx^) _ antimony bottle, from (J^O - antimony.
The scale of (2Jl*i) indicates the place where a thing falls during
the action, e.g.
(2jll~p) _ the water which falls during bathing,
(4^* US') - the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 17
(a) Conjugate the {y* J&h of the following verbs:
b 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
><
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Intensive Adjective (a*JQl
The (SAJLII Ai^) is a noun that indicates excess in meaning of
the verbal noun e.g. - one who hits a lot. The difference
between (aAJLII aA^) and (J~^ixi1 ^t) is that in (aAJLII Zk^),
the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into
consideration whereas in the (Jy^iill ^1), the excess in
meaning is in comparison to others. Hence (■X^^> ^ j^>\) or
jilt ^1) is in comparison to others while (<~j1 j^) is not in
comparison to anyone.
In the (4*JLl1 **-z^>), there is no difference in gender. Sometimes
a (a) is added for excess in meaning, e.g. (a^Up J^-j) - a very
learned man, (4^lip al - a very learned woman.
When (J^) is in the meaning of (J^Li), or (J j**) is in the
meaning of (Jj*jL»), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Scale
Example
Meaning
very cautious
J?
very knowledgeable
Sy^
big eater
Jlii
shedder of blood
JlHi
very great
j£
very truthful
■>» ^ 0
one who cuts a lot
one who awards many prizes
chatterbox
very strange
very decisive
one who habitually laughs
Jj^
eternal
most holy
lib
very agile
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Exercise 18
(A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
(1) He is very agile.
(2) This book is very strange.
(3) The principal awards many prizes.
(4) Abu Bakr is very truthful.
(5) She is a big eater.
(6) Allah is very knowledgeable.
(7) The king was a shedder of blood.
(8) The student is very cautious.
(9) His mother is very patient.
(10) The mujahid is extremely brave.
(B) What is the scale of the following (AjJLii £^>):
(i)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
pi
(7)
(8)
(9)
yjii (10)
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
The Categories {<~>\jv) of Verbs
The MjJ) of {sj* JM)
You have already learnt that the verbs of (-1 -three root-
letter verbs - have six categories - plural of (<-r-^)-
The First 0-^): Cr*4i ^)
(J^j Jii) - the (aIKJI ^Ip) of the (y^Hl) has a while
the (^jL^») has a (3-*-^), e.g. (j-UJl) - to help. The abbreviated
paradigm 7 of this («— is as follows:
7 The abbreviated paradigm is where the first (Si* — of each paradigm
of the active and passive tenses is used.
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
The Second (v^) : ( ^ J*4 <~/j*=)
(J*il Jii) - the (aIKJI *Jje) of the (y^Hl) has a while
the (^jL^») has a (a j^), eg _paJl) - to hit. The abbreviated
paradigm of this O—^) is as follows:
The Third (s^L>) : (^£sJ ^xi)
(Jj«il Jis) - the (SliSCJt ^Ip) of the has a (2^xs) while
the (^jL^>) also has a (*>cxs), e.g. (^L^') - to open. The
condition for this (s->^) is that if the verb is (^x^») 8 , the ( ^
must be from the (5-ii>- This
does not mean that every verb which is (^y>^>) and whose (
8 — ^) is that word which has no (3 — Ull — >■), two letters of the
same type or (»_y*) as its root letter.
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
aIISCJI) or (aIISCJI fi) is from the (^il>- J>jj>-), will be from
(j^i i—>L)). The abbreviated paradigm of this 0—^) and the
remaining (c-jIjj!) is similar to the above-mentioned examples.
^ ^XjL° j g * L>t3 ^-^! ^-^J ^Jli jg« ^-XjSj
The Fourth (v>L>) :
(J^-aj J*i) - the (SlKJl jIp) of the (^LU) has a (« while
the (^jL&») has a (^), e.g. (£*Ul) - to listen.
j)^ 9 ^aw^O J ^«U^ j^S L^aw^v £^<»-^
sTUf,
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
The Fifth M)
(jii; Jii) - the ^Ip) of the (^lil) has a while
the (^jU^») also has a (3-«~<^>), e.g. (f ^J') - to be noble. The
verbs of this (s-^) are intransitive. In this (s-»b), instead of the
(JpliJl the C 2 -^-^ ^i^) on the scale of (J^) has been
used, e.g. (p->y ).
^ cy yyi yy j ^y 'jp cy \y^ yy
tyjai\ yys ^ yy\ ^tli
The Sixth (^b) : (v— ^ ^)
(Jjufc J*i) - the (aIKJI jIp) of the has a (o ^-S') while
the (^jUk^) also has a (o y^), e.g. (l-^L^JI) - to ponder.
Besides (c--^^), no other J*i) has been used in this
(^L). Acccording to some scholars, the verb is also
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
from this (s^). However, verbs that are (J^) 9 or (U^iJ) 10 have
been used, e.g. (o j. ^>jj) and c^j)- The verb (4—*^) has
also been used with a on the (S^ifsJl ^^p) of (^jU^),
that is (t^-U-J).
9 A word having a (j) or as the (a^I^JI «.Ls).
10 A word having two (SjjJl
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 19
Conjugate the following verbs as done above:
Li"(l;
r^(3:
J- (5;
(6)
LJ>> ( 7;
,> ( 10)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c^xaSna ^A/loili/iofogLj
The (V 1 Jih of (4^ >ky jyt)
The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb
Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms
which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of
the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a
common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it
reaches its pinnacle in Arabic.
Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the
root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, (j-v^j), which is the
root, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are
derived with differing meanings:
Verb
Meaning
to support
to try to help
to render mutual assistance
to come to someone's aid
to ask for assistance
Another example of derived verbs is (JS) which means to kill.
When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings
are achieved.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Verb
Meaning
to massacre
to combat, battle
to fight with one another
to risk one's life
Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like - <—o to drive away) or two (like - to sink),
while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. ( - to arrange).
The (s-^O of (v wbj^> are twelve in total. They are
formed by adding extra letters to the {^"^ J**^) of ( J?£i
■5 Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to a
verb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to
six (root letters plus extra letters).
Seven of these (<_->IjjI) have (J-^ j-Jl aj^*) at the beginning while
five do not have. Besides (-5 t y%"), every letter with a y~)
will become (j* in the (J i^ 9 ^) except for the
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa ^A/ioiljIzotocjij
penultimate letter which will be The Q^L-) will
remain as it is,
e.g.(^J), G^i).
When (£) or (V) are used in the ( tJ iAl ^^), the (J^ jJ!
will not be pronounced as will the (*J^) of the (V) and (V), e.g.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The 12 M jit) of (v ±>y jyt) are as follows:
Example
Extra Letters
f
1 mil
I
no hamza
\
no hamza
o t f
cW 1 ^
j c T
JlLi]
J«f
J^Jl Sy
j£
^ ( o
no hamza
jpii
1 t o
no hamza
J^l
J^l
J t U T
j ' '
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Construction of the Derived Nouns
To construct the (J-^ti^ ^>\) of any (s->L>) besides (J ^J^),
the (uijyt^ ^jUi*) is modified by adding a ^) at the
beginning and making the penultimate letter (j if it is not
already (jj~J>1*).
Examples:
fj** - f>i
The (J (t—l) is like the (J^LiJl ^1) except that the
penultimate letter is j^- 4 ).
Examples:
The of these (s-Mjji) is used on the scale of the
(J ^1). There is neither (2J^I (»— I) nor (J^aijt j^-t) in
these (<_.»!jj)). In ordert to express the meaning of the (Sj^I
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
the words {^>M) are added to the (j-Wa-») for this purpose, e.g.
(<_jux?rUt 4jU) _ the means of refraining.
To express the (J^ixJt ^\), the word (Xil) is used before the
(<_jj^2^» jJ^2^»), e.g. (L>u**-} -Lit) - more refraining. Words like
(j^!), (Jit) etc. can also be used.
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The Abbreviated Paradigm J> ~=) of Each
The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern.
The detailed paradigms of this verb are provided
hereunder.
11 A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any
letter.
The sign of (Jl — *i\ *-M — >) is a M Sj — «*) 11 in the
^U! J_«AJI) and (j-^t) while the ji — ^il 2 — is
always (^j** — ^u»~). The (£- — Sj — «*) of the — s^lu) is
deleted from the — ^»). Thus jSi — j) becomes Q» j —
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r#
^p,H
c>i
VP
^p
\°pp
e#
^p
&ph
p
}p
c 3 « c j j « p* c jl « ^x^» c ^ — ^» : J P-LaJl
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 20
Conjugate the following verbs:
(5) [pjf (4) (3) atf (2) ^Xf (1)
The sign of (J^> s-^b) is the tashdid of the (S^JS^Jl in the
( L? ^>ll1) and (j^>^>- y>\) without a (o) preceding the ( s-li
The (£_ jUait 2^.Mp) of this (*-^) is also always
(fj— ^).
The (j-U^) of this (v^.) is also used on the following scales:
(JVii) e.g. (f lL t fUT);
(J&) e.g. (L^oT);
(51**) e.g.
(JUiJ)e.g. 0^).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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Li
lis j->^>
c v2^» t o jij t oLij *oj> i lJ$j : J pL«J|
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 21
Conjugate the following verbs:
'<3& (5) jos (4) % (3) j3 (2) (1)
The sign of (SlpLi* is the (S*tf! j <JiJl) after the (4^KJl
in the (^lil J*^) and (j-^U-l yS/t J**) without a (o)
preceding it. The (^jL^ll 4^*>Ip) of this is always
(fj— ^).
The (jX^2j>) of (31pLL» ^L) i s also used on the following scales:
(J&) e.g. (Jl3);
(JQ) e.g. (J£»).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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Jjii" h
Jill' N
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 22
Conjugate the following verbs:
(5) >C (4) £ilS (3) Jlili (2) Lilj (1)
Jy^ q\ a ^ g ft l^j l ; l? ai l ^ a : ) ^ ; l? a i I ^ Jfo q\a ^ g ft l^j l ^ ai l ^j^jajj ^ ,1? a i I
The sign of (JUii! <-->L>) is the (0) before the (3_oiS0l s.li). This
is always intransitive (f*j^).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
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>&Sl
>&)
Si
Si
l>#Sl
j JsJcj
>1 ; ! Si
>l ? li
>iii Si
>illi
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 23
Conjugate the following verbs:
Li^aJi (5) JiiJi (4) Lis!} (3) Lidi3i (2) (1)
The sign of (Jl*x»l *-»^) is the (o) after the (3^JL50l
Rulel
If the (aJ&l of (Jl*s»! ^U) is (a), (i), or Q), the (o) of
(J Lot) is changed to (». If the (A^ifsJl is a 0), then (fbol -
assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. ( j*>sY) changes to (^^i).
If the (2^ifsJl s.U) of (Jbcil s^b) is (i), then after changing the
(cj) to (i), the following three changes are permissible:
(1) The (i) is changed to (J) and the rule of (f^i) is applied,
e.g. (j^j^I) changes to
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(2) Sometimes the (-5) is changed to (i) and then the rule of
(^U-^t) is applied to the ^li), e.g. ( ^SvJi}) changes to
(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of
( f liol), e.g. (X^i)-
If the (2-J^J( s.li) of (JUiil ^l>) is (j), then after changing the
(0) to (-5), the following two changes are permissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (^lio}),
e.g. Cp^ji).
(2) Sometimes the (^) is changed to (j) and then the rule of
(^liot) is applied to the (a^xJI e.g. changes to
(A
Rule 2
If the (*J&1 sXs) of (JUiil ^b) is (^), (^), (J?), or (Js>), the
(o) of (JUxil) is changed to (-^). If the (S^KJl ^li) is a (-^), then
it is compulsory to apply (f L^i) e.g. (^_-ixl?() changes to (^_Jif ().
If the (A^iisJl ^li) of (JUcil s-^) is (-^), then after changing the
(o) to (-^), the following three changes are permissible:
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(1) The (J«>) is changed to (-If) and the rule of (f^i) is applied,
e.g. ((i-^i) changes to (ji-^f i).
(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (f L^}),
e.g.
(3) The (-if) is changed to (-if) and the rule of (f is applied,
e.g. changes to
If the (iuKJl of (JUal <-A0 is (^) or (Jo), then after
changing the (o) to (-if), the following two possibilities are
permissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (fL^}),
e.g. (jJh-^l) and (<-?>
(2) Sometimes the (-If) is changed to (^p) or (<_/?) and then the
rule of (c^i) is applied, e.g. (j~^>i) changes to (jr-^i) and
(<_j jX^st) changes to (<—> j-^i)-
Rule 3
If the (A^iSCjt s.\j>) of (Jijtxit is (o), then it is permissible to
change the (o) to (o) and apply the rule of (^l£o|), e.g. (j^|)
changes to (jL>|).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Rule 4
If the (JuA&l of (JUal <_Aj) is (o), (o), Qr), Q), (i),
(*), (a"), (J 1 ')' (l^)' O)' (^). or (^)» then after changing the
(o) to the same letter as the the (25" _/»-) of the (o)
is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of (fb£o|) is
applied. The (Jvj-^ is deleted, e.g. (*-*ax?M) changes to
U-s^) and (c^^l) changes to
(4.2) The jU^) of these verbs - (jU^) and - will be
(j^akJ) and (c^-^j).
(4.3) It is permissible to have a (a y^) on the (S-JiCJl s.li), e.g.
(^♦-ya^j j*-*a^-) and (c^-^j The words (Oj^-^o) and
(tS'Ht) which have appeared in the Qur'an are from this («- J b).
(4.4) It is permissible to read a on the (S-dSOl of the
(J^-liJl j^-l). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g.
(^*), {^^), ((H^ 1 ).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 24
Conjugate the following verbs:
J^M (5) (4) r >i (3) J^i (2) (1)
The sign of (J%^i <—^) is the repetition of the (kdSCjl and
four letters after the (J*» jJl S>°*) in the (^lil J*aM). The ( £i
of this (s-'Lj) is always except in (^yziU). 12
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
12 The rules of (^L;) will be discussed later.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa i^A/loifi/iofogLj
0 J, - 0 4
ki c c>£_
^>t-4 t j
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 25
Conjugate the following verbs:
[A (5) %>l (4) % (3) (2) £,} (1)
4_L« j^Ul JlIaIL* j g * lilaj jj^-^j (J4^J J 1 ^*^ 4 J & * lilaj jJ^flX) (J4^
The sign of (J*^~ s->^) is the tashdld of the (A^iSCjl ^^p) and (o)
precedes the (4^i5Cj( in the (^LlJ J*-^)-
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
c— LSj
'Jul
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 26
Conjugate the following verbs:
fa (5) L££ (4) fa (3) fa (2) fa (1)
^LaX* j *^L)l_aj JjLali j-*JJ J 1 " 1 ^^ J ^ * *^ J ^-^ J 0 ^*^ J J ^'
The sign of QJ^-Laj c_-jLj) is that the (o) precedes the (A^i^Jl
in the (/jV'LlI J*-*^) and there is an extra (i_i!t) after the ( s-li
Rulel
In (J*flJ s-'L;) and (J*^ <-r^), when two (<-^)'s are adjacent to
one another in the (^jL^» J*i), it is permissible to delete one,
e-g-
(fa) ► o$f)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Rule 2
If the (JuA&l ftt) of (Jlflj and (JpU: ^U) is (o), (o),
Qr), W ,(*), 0), (t/), (J>), iw*), (J>), (^) or (Ji), it is
permissible to change the (o) into the (^<J^J( s.\i) and apply the
rule of (f L£oi). In this case, the Cg-^^ J**^) ar *d Cr*') require a
(J^> jjl at the beginning. The (J*il «_^) and (JpUI <_Aj)
have been created due to this rule.
Examples:
(a&) ► (a^) — ► uM)
(jsii) — ►(jsbj) — ►(jiiii)
^jij ^Li ^ y^i y& 1^4 *J$4 — J**i ^
jsi?i <u* jiii OsiJi jib' jiifi _ JpiIi ub
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
cJLjLSj
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 27
Conjugate the following verbs:
^ikf (5) y>ijaf (4) 'JjU; (3) JiLsf (2) oSi^j (1)
The sign of <_jU) is the extra and (o) before the
It is permissible to delete the (o) from the verb ( ^IkiLl
£vk£~o). The verbs (I jpUaI*>1 ui) and (^jal-j jj mentioned
in the Qur'an are from this (4-^).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(Jjjjdl ^jUall
(JjjJ.1 ^lil
' ' !i° t
, y2 . . . »> 1
1 ■ ^ «7.
1 ,</?■■«* 1
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 28
Conjugate the following verbs:
^k£-i (5) (4) (3) (2) ^LS*£-i (1)
The sign of (Jl*l*i1 is the repetition of the (£j and the
appearance of a (j) between the two (£0's. This (j) has changed
to a in the (jwL^») due to the preceding (a This (<-r J ^)
is mostly intransitive (f j^).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
;yy^v
y,yukl
lliyuk; H
Qyukl
f^y^
y,yuk£)
y^yuk;
^ykl
jlli y*kf
l£liyukl
^yukj
y^ Si
[yykj
y^yuk;
oliyki
Liyukl
oll^yuk;
f^yukf^
lyiyukl
o^yukf
jv-u*^ y^>-i
>>k;V
v^yuk;
oiiyki
Liykl
ol^yuk;
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
Exercise 29
Conjugate the following verbs:
$M (3) }Spi (2) ^Sj^i (1)
The sign of (jLb^j <_jL) is the repetition of the (J) and the
appearance of an extra (t-iJt) before the first (J) in the ( J*-^
This (^1) changes to a (l£) in the
The (f in this (<-r->L>) is similar to the (f ^i) of <~>\j).
The verbs of (jU*i| <^^>) and (JtL*i} <^^>) mostly have the
meanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
^lijJ
*lilb
^liSl
£lio3
OUliOj
Cilia}
f^lioIJ
! j^lia}
^liox!
*»liOj
cJilia}
lilios!
l^lia}
^^liol!
j^lia}
?»liSl
CiJ^lia}
liliof ^
eta
OulijJ
CJuJ«lia!
^liS}
^•^lijj
cu^tia}
Cilia? ^
Cilia}
OUliJu
CJuJ«lial
^L»lijj ^
^lia}
f liaf ^
glials
*li.s)
^liol)
*»lilb*
LuJ«lia}
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 30
Conjugate the following verbs:
(4) jCi (3) oils'! (2) L>\&1 (1)
The sign of (Jtj*it <->1j) is the (j) after the (2_<d£Jl ^p).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
Si
Si
l%sSl
Si
\'j>%3 Si
Si
\%\ Si
1%iSi
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 31
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
ij>i(l)
(2)
(B) What is the C 2 ^^) of the following words:
dij&J (2)
V (3)
&jJ^ (4)
b^i (5)
(6)
(7)
DUll^j (9)
Djjilli *y (10)
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Four-Root letter Verbs
The MjJ) of(^Uj)
j^'yt a j^-ri j j-s-* a j**^
The sign of <_-jL) is the presence of four root letters in the
(^lll J*iJl). The (£_ jUait '^%s>) of this is (f j-***).
The rule for the y*-) of the jUall 2^Mp) is that if the ( J*iJl
^^slit) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
(^jU^it ^>Mp) will be y^^>) even in the active tense
( J> e.g. (fjsi), (JJliJ), (>;'). If the ( J*iJl
^^slit) has less than or more than four letters, the (
£jl*ai1) will be (£_ e.g. Cr-4»), (<-^i), (JM).
Four-root letter verbs are of three types:
(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. (*^- J) - to translate.
(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. {j& j&) -
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
to gargle, - to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. (J*U^~) - to say Al-hamdulillah, (J^-^-O - to say
Bismillah.
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
d)l
o *> 'o ^
l>J Si
(1)1
il)
a *> 'o ^
>;f Si
>;(]
>1
>j Si
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 32
Conjugate the following verbs:
(3)
(4)
>Ii(5)
(B) What is the (&-^) of the following words:
y-^v (i)
^ (3)
J/j (4)
(5)
ij>I^ ( 6)
(7)
i>J^ (8)
2>^i ( 9)
;>>j?v ( iO)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJxsxiiXxxsA oj ' c/$xa£ria ^A/loili/iofogLj
The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs
jiiiJ ub
The sign of (JJ^~ s-'L)) is the extra (o) before the four root
letters.
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Jo~°"
Jo~^
Jo- 0 "
yo^"
Jo- 0 "
J^O~°"
Jo-* 1 '
C-J-; j-^J
Jo~°
lib
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 33
Conjugate the following verbs:
pLX ( 5) 'jkj (4) (3) jT^i (2) (1)
j jxJUi^ jxJLJ^ jxJLJ^ ^"^1 ytJ^JU> jg* tjt ^*JUsj ^xJuaj ^stJuaj
The sign of «— is having four root letters, the repetition
of the second (J) and the inclusion of (J-^ jJl aj^) in the ( J*a!'
^lil) and (^t).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
! yiliXJ
! ytiil
O j-*-^}
! jCLjcS
(1)1 jxJ^jH
tJjjtdil
jjytAJL *y
LaJj ^xJUi 1
LaJj ^xJUi 1
jj J*£*&\
Oj jJtdil
Uj ^3t-vtjl
. o! ^JujL* L
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 34
Conjugate the following verbs:
(5) (4) (3) jtii (2) J>-^i (1)
4^P J-^j^i ^ J-*^ (J-ij J-^ >gi ^^j^i J-^J-rf (J^^i
The sign of (jUJUil ^L) is the inclusion of (J-^> jJl in the
(^lil J*i!t) and (y t) and the extra (0) after the (£).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Oliio^o
! jJL^o jIJ
! jJLio^jj
(j^io J3
OLs-do ^o
IxiLio^jj
ULiJ ^jj
oLs->io
O ^jLJLo j-o
oLs-do
jdJ>i si
<3^° ./H
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 35
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
£iuL°( (2)
o~^ ? >i (3)
y^i (4)
J^>1 (5)
(B) What is the (**-^) of the following words:
J^>JV (1)
jikkliUi (2)
^!>(i ( 3)
oi^jllll (4)
£jaT£-l (5)
(6)
OLxLySj _^>t_4 (7)
\°y*£'j\ (8)
jl£^xT^ (9)
^> ? >jV(10)
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Other Derived Forms
The M y\) of (J^io aJ J%)
There are two categories of (<-j\jj\) here:
(1) (V* </^j* J^)
(2) j^L)
The first category (2 Jp^-*) has seven (<_Mjj1):
(1) (A__LUS) - the (J) is repeated, e.g. (2 — - to don a
shawl.
(2) (4— Jj*3) - there is an extra (j) after the (^), e.g.
(aJj^) - to don a trouser.
jj^~> ^ y'yt Jjj—* ^ Jj^i Jj^- : ^ j-^"
(3) (iUj) - there is an extra after the (<->), e.g.
(S ^kl^) - to command. This word can be used as OJ*4~0 as well.
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Jfa'yP Jh'yrf.A j^i 0 J v°.,. / * y>y/>\ Jh'y /? '. 4jL)
(4) - there is an extra (c5) after the (^), e.g.
(4ij - to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
(5) (Alf'jd)- there is an extra (j) after the (<-i), e.g.
(aj j j^-) - to make someone don socks.
(6) (Siiid)— there is an extra (0) after the (£), e.g. (aIuIS) - to
make someone don a hat.
^g_Jlj (j-uii 4_L/« j^'yt ^j^ui-La j^i <L^lU ^~JljL j^^^U^ I 4jL) j
(7) (SlUfl)- there is an extra (<J) after the (J), e.g. (SlliS) - to
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
make someone don a hat.
y^i alUlS ^UjL j i_r"^-* y& aU-Ji ^Saj '.
((^jUi) was originally (^^Ui). (^^Jij) was originally
( Lr ^JjL ! ). (SLJi) was originally (2^Ui). These changes will be
discussed later.
The second category - (^y ^Mji J^-*) has three groups:
(1) (Jlki£ j^cL)
(2) (JULJl
(3) (JlLlb
The first group (J^*^ J^-*) has 8 Ijj'):
(1) (JiaiJ) - the extra letters are (o) before the (<->) and the (J)
is repeated, e.g. (c_~J^0 - to don a shawl.
(2) (J jitf) - the extra letters are (o) before the (<— *) and the (j)
between the (£j and the (J), e.g. (Jjj^J) - to don a trouser.
(3) (Jx>JS2) - the extra letters are (o) before the and a
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
after the e.g. QjJaliJ) - to be a satan.
(4) (j&jte) - the extra letters are (o) before the 0-9) and a (j)
after the (<-*), e.g. js*j) - to don socks.
(5) (J-*aJ) - the extra letters are (o) before the (<3) and a ( j)
after the (£0, e.g. ( ( _ r uJ_aJ) - to don a trouser.
(6) (J*L*J) - the extra letters are a (o) and a (^») before the (^),
e.g. (jSlvJ) - to be poor.
(7) (CUUjsJ) _ the extra letters are a (cj) before the 0— ') and a
(cj) after the (J), e.g. (o _/i*j) - to behave like a devil.
(8) (J*i?) - the extra letters are a (o) before the (<-*) and a (e£)
after the (J), e.g. (,j~iij) - to don a hat.
The conjugation of these (<-j\y>\) should be done like
(Jj J), while the last one, namely, (J*^) is like (^^M; L5 -^*).
The second group, (Jlu*ib J^L») has two (<_jIjjI):
(1) ( JOSail) - The second (J), the ( j) after the (g) and the ( 5>°*
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J^jJt) are extra, e.g. (^L^LtSt) - to walk with the chest and
neck protruding out.
<>Cj» y>^\ ^j~^jt3>j» y^i L^L^Liij ^j*^*SjuLi ^^jjj : 4jjj j,/}~s
(2) 0lH*3l) - The (c5) after the (J), the ( 0) after the {£) and the
(Jws>jJl aj^*) are extra, e.g. (s-liiL^) - to lie on one's back.
(jlL-cj y> s )j\ Jj^lL~^° y^i s-LalLvj ^alL^o ^JilLvj \ 4_aj j-^2j
The (j-L^-*) of this (<- r J ^.) - (^l^lu-t) was originally
(^LSlil-l). The (ij) was changed to a (5j^).
The third group - (jLUib Jpd-*) has one (<-r J ^):
(JOpjSI) - The (j) after the (<-*) and one (J) is extra, e.g.
jSl) - to strive.
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In all the word-forms of this (s- 1 ^), has been applied and
the changes are similar to those of (
Exercise 36
What is the word-form of the following words and which
are they from:
jidijSC: *y (2)
<_jy j-i^ (3)
( 4 )
C^h^ (5)
^iLf (6)
^1(7)
'c}'j& (8)
i^lisf (9)
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The Seven Categories
With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven
categories, namely:
Definitions
Term
Meaning
Example
A word whose root letters do
not have a (Sy*), (5_J*J! »_j^^) 13
or two letters of the same type
Jit.
A word having a (5 — l*Jl <-ij — >-)
in the (<u!SsJl
<_> j^-f
A word having a (3 — l*Jl <-*j — >■)
in the (<uiSsJ!
Jii
A word having a (5 — l*Jl <J>j — >•)
in the (^KJl ^)
A word having a (Sj — «*) as a
root letter - a hamzated verb
>f
A word having, as its root
letters, two letters of the same
type
JL«
A word having two ( jj — >■
4i*Jl) as the root letters
The (jl* _-..,) are G), (uJi) and ( tf ).
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1) The term (J x*^) refers to any verb that contains a
(5LJ1 Ji j>-).
2) If there is a (2 — UJl l3 j>-) in the (2 — ?.! — »), it is called
(Lii! J£^) or (JlU), eg (^j).
3) If there is a (2 — <_> in the (2 — ,ji — p ), it is called
(O^ J^) or 0-* e.g. (Jli).
4) If there is a (2 — Ui! ^ — s~) in the (2 — «i£Jl it is called
(flLS! J£^) or (^U), e.g. (£3).
5) If the (2 — »l — •) has a ( j), it is called (c5 jl j Jt — ^) eg
6) If the (2 — oJS^Jl has a it is called {^J\ — j Jl — eg
(S^).
7) If the (2 — J&1 ui— p) has a (j), it is called (<£ jtj <-3 j—ppT )
eg (JlS).
8) If the (2 — J&1 ^) has a it is called (J\—>„ j—^h
eg (lyi).
9) If the (2 — «i£Jt f^) has a (j), it is called (c£ jl j — 5) eg
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10) If the (luKJl ^) has a {tS), it is called yl—i — 0 e §
1 1) If the (lui&l s.li) has a (S j_ «*), it is called (1 — ill j j —
eg (J).
12) If the (2 — J&l o^_p) has a (Sj— «*), it is called ( jj— ^
uy^) eg (jfc-).
13) If the (JuKJl ^) has a (Sy>), it is called it jj — «~^)
eg (f>).
14) (lJ) — ^) is of two types: (tijj — i~i — ^) and ( <_i —
15) (tijj — i~i — ^) is when the two (2 — UJl i_i j — ^) are
separate, e.g. (^j).
16) (jjj — lJj — jiJ) is when the two (2 — L*Jt (3 j — ^) are
adjacent to one another, e.g. (iSj^)-
17) If the (2 — J&1 CXr- and (2 — J&1 ^) are the same, it is
called cJ-f-Ua-*) e.g. (-^).
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18) If the (<->) and the first (J) and the (^) and the second
(J) are the same letters, it is called — >j ^J-f-\ — e.g.
(Jjij).
Exercise 37
Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:
'J) (2)
y (3)
r luS ( 4)
^> (5)
£W (6)
( 7)
TJJ (8)
i£(9)
^ (10)
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The Rules of
Rule 1:
It is permissible to change a (Sj «*), that is alone and
( t j5'L-) to correspond to the previous j>-).
That is,
(a) after a ( 4 ^>^), change the into an {±j>^).
Example
( u^J )(head) becomes( ^j. )
(b) after a (^o-^ 5 ), change the («>=*) into a (j).
Example
^Jj (destitute) becomes (^j-O-
(c) after a (a y^), change the («>=*) into a
Example
(wolf) becomes (s-J-i).
ppppp
^[£] Ifc eia as
Rule 2
If a hamzah mutaharrik (iij — aj — «*) appears before a
(Sj — <■*) that is (jS'l — «<), it becomes necessary to change the
Q^S'L-) letter to the corresponding (3l*J! t_i y^).
Examples
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(j^f! becomes ^y>\
tfW becomes
Ut»l! becomes UL>jt .
@a ©a ©a ©a ©a
am am a@ am am
Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a (aj — =*) that is (^j —
and is preceded by a (2-^) to a (j).
Example
O j*r becomes 0 j^-
j j^r is the plural of *j J>- which means a perfume holder.
(3.2) It is permissible to change a (aj — «*) that is j — xi-«)
and is preceded by a (a j^') into a (c£).
Example
Jj> becomes .
ppppp
a@ a@ is is am
Rule 4
(4.1) If two (aj «*)'s are 0j — >^») and one of them is
Qj — ~Sv*), then it is permissible to change the second (a j — «*)
into a (c5).
Example
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can also be read as .
If there are two (oj — =*)'s which are j — >*z>) and none of
them are (jj «^»), then it is necessary to change the
second into a (j).
Examples
i) *oHI will be read as
ii) J^ff will be read as J^jt
(e.br) originally was — A?r) (J — pI» ^ — ^( of ^ — ?r). The
(c5) which comes after — >\j lJ — Si) will change into a
(aj — «*). It becomes Now there are two ( aj — =*
ii j — and one of them is (j j — ~£L*) . The second (a j — <■*)
changes into a becoming >■) (according to the
rule of 3 — «11 - rule 4.1). (^1 — can also be written as
sr. The •>) on the (c5) is J +*> (difficult to
pronounce). Therefore it is removed and (j-
remains. Now due to (ui^ ^ ^ < ^ >r i) (the coming
together of two — letters), the — ^ c5) is deleted.
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We are left with j — JU- which can also be read as s-U- .
Step by Step
L-* 1 * — ► L;^ — ► & ^)
— ► & — ►
ga ga ga ga ga
a@ as as as a@
Rule 5
If a (a j — «*) comes after the (j) or ((5) that are — * and
oJJlj or if a (Sj — «*) comes after the of (jy< — *sj ji — ^1), it is
permissible to change the (Sj <■*) into the letter that
precedes it and then (A sol) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
Example of (j) Soilj Sj^.
The word (2i j is the (J y** f\) of $'jh fy).
Example (<j) «-b>
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Example of j^w^ f\
The word — it) is the (j^ — p — -I) of j — »l) which is
the of (<_^ti) - meaning axe.
ppppp
a@ am is is am
Rule 6
If there occurs a (Sj — «*) after the i — It) of J — ^tjL» and before
a (c£), the (Sj — <■*) changes to (2 — I — j) and the (c£)
changes to (i-J^t).
Example
The word (Ulki-) is the plural of (2Zk>-).
The word (t — iUa^-) was originally (^l — )a>-). The (ij) which
comes after the (<u> — It) of — «!"■) as the second last letter,
changes into a (oj — =*). 14 It becomes (s-s-t — Jas-). Now we
have two (iij — ><^» oj — °*)'s and one of them is (jj — -~^-«).
The rule of (2 *jI) applies, whereby the second (Sj =*)
changes into a (iS) and becomes ^t — Ja^-. Now there is a
14 This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of Js~ .
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(Sj — =*) after the (<Js — il) of J — o^L* and it is before a ((J). It
changes to (2 — ^yl* \ — i) and the (iS) changes to (lJ> — St). The
word becomes (UU^-).
NOTE: This law is compulsory (b j^-j).
Step by Step
Ep m\ \m \m m\
a@ a@ a@ a@ a@
Rule 7
If a (a J — »*) is (iij — and it comes after a QjS'l — ->) that is
not a (aJ — Jtj «^») nor is it (jji — c5) , then the (2 — ^ ^) of
the is given to the letter preceding it.
This law is permissible 0 jt yr).
Examples
1) In the word (Ji — the (2 — S" of the (oj — «*) is given to
the (,_/<) and the is then deleted. It becomes
2) In the words — L»l Ji the (2 — j>-) of the (Sj — =*) is given to
the (-5) and the («>■*) is then deleted. It becomes
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3) In the words el — U-) ^ — *°J the (2 — S" j>~) of the (Sj — «*) is
transferred to the (jS) and the (Sj — «*) is then deleted. It
becomes (ol^ ^ji).
pa pa ©a ga @a
a@ as is is am
Rule 8
The rule of (J* is compulsorily applied to all the
(Jl — «if) (verbs) of (iSj—i) and (cS^— *) ( ^ j^^l j 1 — ^
Example
In is^'j) the (2 — of the (Sj — <■*) is given to the (j) and the
(S j«*) is deleted. It becomes (c£ ji).
NOTE:
It is permissible to apply this rule to the (oil: — $.1 — ft)
(derived nouns) too.
The ( L5 ^ j-Ua*) can be read as (c£l or (c£ y).
The (aJI j^w-l) can be read as (SI ^») or (SI j^»).
The (2 — of the (Sj — =*) of (Sir, — •) is given to the (j) and
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then the («>=*) is removed leaving (ol y).
The (dy^ can be read as (^J y) or (iS y).
©a ©a pa m\ m\
90 a@ a@ a@ a@
If a (iij — >*z» lj — «*) is preceded by a (iij — >^>) letter, then
both (4- — 1 j5 Oi — ; ui — ;) and — j*j Oi — > uj — >) are both
permissible.
9.1 (v — i ujrf uiO is to read the (Sj — «*) between its (^j — £•)
and the of the ( 2l*Jl y) corresponding to its
(hamza's) y~.
9.2 (J — — j ju) is to read a letter between its (^j — and
the (^j — 5*) of the ( 2 — L*Jl l3 j — ?-) corresponding to the
preceding y-).
(Dy uy) is also known as J^S-^".
Examples
When (uy u-u) is made on the word (J^), then in both
y 0^ uy) and (J — the (^j — will be that of (Sj — <■*)
and OJJI).
In the word — if (v — i ui — ! ui — 0 is made, then the
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(£_ j£) will be between and If — **j Oj — ! Oj — 0 is
made, then the will be between (« j-°*) and
(Oil).
In the word (pjJ) if (l_~> y Oy OiO is made, then the
will be between and (j). If — j*j Oj — » Oj — 0 is
made then the y*) will be between and G_aJI).
(9.3) If there is a (2 f Sj =*) after (»J St), it is
permissible to apply y 0^ OjO only. — ^ Oj — ! Oj — 0 is
not permissible in this case.
Examples
[1] In the word the («>=*) is y**). Therefore the
(Sy 6 ) will be read between the y 1 ) of the («>»*) and the
(UJI).
[2] If (s-ly) is read with a the («>=*) will be read
between the y£) of the (iy?) and (jl j).
[3] If (sfj) is read with a (5^^), the will be read
between the Qr y£) of the («>=*) and
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Rule 10
If a (^Ifix^l a yP) comes before a (a j^®) as in the word
(pjoii), then it is permissible to apply the rule of
(f ^Ob ( Rule 4 )- Thus ' (<r^) wil1 be read as ((^j') •
It is also permissible to make (J^ — -J), whether — j jS) or
It is also permissible to bring an (cJ-!l) between the two
(aj^*)'s and read it as 0»-^fi).
©a mi ©a m\ <m
a@ 90 a@ a@ a@
Exercise 38
(1) Apply rule no.l to the following words:
(3)>(2> >:^(i>
(2) Which rule applies to the word 1) and how?
(3) Analyse the changes to the word (s-\*S>).
(4) Apply the rule of Q y-fr*) to the word (aj
(5) What can (cJlf) also be read as?
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The Orthography 15 of the Hamzah
The following rules are general guidelines with regards to
how a hamzah is written:
(a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at
the beginning of a word, e.g. (y I), (y>\) and (OL*Jl).
(b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of
prolongation (long vowel lJ — Si ), the latter is replaced by a
madd over the initial alif, e.g. {y I) for (y^).
(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-
consonant (2 UJl l3 j corresponding to the vowel
(o j>~) of the preceding letter.
Examples:
(J.b), (jjj), (C^ik^)
(d) Where the previous consonant has a (0_^x the
hamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant
(4l*j! y^) coinciding with its own vowel j>~).
Examples:
(Jj>— ), (^b.
This rule is applied for — ^?Ll( J — instead of (c) above.
Thus, ((j-J — 0 is written with a (j) and U-5 — with a
without dots.
15 the correct spelling
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The Paradigms of (jy^>)
J » j—fri |j >-\ J ^Ji Jj>-lj JtS- 1 \Jj>-\ -l^b Jj>-1
jii j 4 ^ i_> jiJi Ji^-L" *y 4_lp ^ y.ui
j J >-! jbJ >-! <u^> cJj^Jlj jjJL^I OlJ^t
Analysis of the changes
(1) The (j — *I) of this — >) is — >-) which is an exception
from the normal method of constructing the (j — — >-)
was originally (i^-jl).
(2) Similarly, the (j — «f) of (J— Tb' J— is (J— T). It is
necessary to delete the from both (i^-) and (J^").
(3) In the verb, — i j — it is permissible to delete the
hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both (j ») and
(j are correct to use. If the verb is used at the
beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the
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(«>■*), e.g. it is stated in a hadith, (SlUaJlj jU"SUjl ijy).
(4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then
most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qur'anic verse,
(5) In the word-forms of (^jj — *^ ^ — -ait) of this — i),
besides the singular first person (jJ^2 — * J — the rule of
((_/•• j) has been applied. The same rule applies to the
(J yJM ^m\) and M >Jt
(6) The rule of (jZ>) applies in the (^J^ ^^)-
(7) The rule of QfJ — >) applies in the (J j — — s^it)
except for the singular first person O*-^- 4 j).
(8) In the singular first person (jj^s — * ^ — *-tj) of ( — s<ail
and the (J^aixJl the rule of (<j^) applies.
(9) In the plural (<*— ^) of (J—^irJl ^ — -I), the rule of (filjf)
applies.
(10) In the singular first person of the (J j — £ jl — ^ail),
, o /
the rule of dyy) applies.
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Exercise 39
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:
(b) What is the paradigm of the (Jj ^j\ ^») of
(Lof)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (^jj j *fy of
(>t)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the (^jj ^ ^Lll) of
(e) How has the word G~^jt) changed from its original?
d°/j U of, U j U 4 L> j! skaill J**tj ^l~>t« 0ljC4*
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Analysis of the changes
(1) The changes of this — >) are similar to those of ( ^ — ?M
^ — ^u) except for the imperative (j — »\) - (j — - where the
rule of (Olljt) applies.
(2) The other j — >f) of Oj — 4 LS — follow the same
pattern.
Exercise 40
Conjugate the following verbs:
0*} ( 2 )
(b) What is the paradigm of the ^> of
(c) What is the paradigm of the (J y>\) of (aJ()?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( J ^LU) of (yf)?
(e) How has the word changed from its original?
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o >s J. , tot * ; o , ,> : * , 0 , A, .0
y O J ^jiJl ^^Jli *y <UP ^^lil J j-o-^i ^
Analysis of the changes
(1) The rule of (01 — III) applies in the (<-j jj— *11 ^),
(uijyt^ and (j-Ls^»).
(2) The rule of Q>*jf) applies in the ( J lT^ 5 ^)-
(3) The rule of (^*?j) applies in the (<_* jy^ll ^ jUail).
(4) The rule of — <) applies in the (J j — f^l ^ji — sill),
(JpUJI j^-l), (J ^1) and M >Jt ^l).
y^i UlJLsI.il jiLxl^o JilxLxlj ijolxl*^ j^i UlJuxl^ 0ilxl*o jiuu-j
jilxLi 1L» li^Jt Oilili V ilp ^^tj (jotil-l ^i* y>0l jSl£LJ>
Analysis of the changes
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of (* — *i J — j>« ^ — ( -r J ^') like
the conjugations of (^l) and (y-^i).
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Exercise 41
Conjugate the following verbs:
Ljut-I ( 1 )
CfA (2)
>% (3)
(b) What is the paradigm of the (^jl ^> *-•) of
(c) What is the paradigm of the (J y>\) of (Ait)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the (J j^l of Qy >)?
(e) How has the word (I jj^i) changed from its original?
Discussion of (uyJl jj-^)
(1) The rule of (ui — ; uj — >) or (J^g — -J) applies to all the verbs
of of (ij — £ ^ — ui — *Jt jj-H-*)- Note that this rule
is optional.
(2) The rule of (Ji — -o) applies to the — ^») and (j — *l) of
Oyi jyJl jj^).
(3) (jjjj jlj) is from (Oj — ^ s-^ — 0, (J- 5 — <-a — -0 is from
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(£tXJ <^^>), (j*-***^ is from ^>^>), ((*J — Ij (*J — i) is from
(4) In the imperative (j after applying the rule of
(Js-JLj), the (J — ^ jJ! 5j — =*) is deleted. Therefore (j — Jji)
becomes (jj), (Jjs — becomes (J — — ^i) becomes
(^) and (jU^) becomes (^J).
The conjugation of the imperative second person ( j »T
(_i j yt* j-^U-) form is as follows:
J-
d
d
Discussion of (^i
(1) In most of the word-forms of — Si jj — the rule of
(uy ua) or S) applies, e.g. (I^Sj fy).
(2) The rule of applies to (J j — ^1 J — j), e.g.
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(3) The rule of (fcSl — - Sij — ^ Sj — =*), that is the rule of
(,_/»> j) applies to all the word-forms of (j — »l) and ( — ^
Accordingly, in the words Qj — »}) and (Ij — «j * — )), the
hamzah can become (<*J> — St), in the words (s-^J) and ( ^ — i
s-ij — j), the hamzah can become (j) and in the words — Ji)
and jj), the hamzah can become
Exercise 42
Conjugate the following verbs:
J*fe (6)
(Lik; (7)
£&} (8)
fj^i (9)
Ljjfe-i (10)
f^; (l)
*M Jj (2)
^(3)
1^7 ( 4)
o-W (5)
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The Rules Of (J^)
Rule 1
(1.1) The (j) which appears between (^jUlail oL>*>Ip) 16
which is (^ and the (2 — «i^Jl ^ — p ) which is (jj — «->£>-«),
falls off.
Example
The word ^Pjj becomes -Jju .
Every (j) that comes between the
(^ jXjL» ^jL^> oL»*>Ip) and the (4^iS" ^) which is
j XjL»), the (j) falls off, on condition that either the
(2^15' ^) or the (S-JlT J) is from the {^J^ j j^) 17 .
Example
The word y. becomes
Note:
Every (c_£j'j — ^) on the scale of (s-'j — ^) follows this
rule.
pa pa pa pa pa
aa as as as as
16 ^ jU2» oUMp are the following letters j ii o Jl
17 The i^^- 'j^r"" are the following letters: ^ ^ ^ ^ 4
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Rule 2
If a is on the scale of (J*i) and its (4^i5Cjl is a
(j), that (j) is deleted and the (4-J5" ^) is given a
(a j^S). A (a) is then added at the end of the word.
Step by Step Example
jij ^ Xs> ^ Ap ^ oAp
Note:
If the (^jl — has a (2 — ?xis) on its (2 — US' for example
in the word the (2 — <J^J( s\ — '») of the (j^ — *a*) can also
be given a
Step by Step Example
The word (2*~") the of j).
^ ^ ^
Note:
It is also permissible to read as (2-**-).
pa pa iga ga mi
Ife am is is Ife
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Rule 3
(3.1) If a (j^^ j) is not (J-Ll^) and is preceded by a
(a it changes into a (<S).
Example
The word .sU-j^ changes to ■iLv*.
Exception
The word (jt j — U-1) will remain unchanged, because the (j)
is
(3.2) If (jS'l — (5) is not (^^ — «) and it is preceded by a
(4^5), the (c5) changes into a (j).
Example
The word changes to (j^ y>).
Exceptions
The word (j^») remains unchanged because the (iS) is
(^).
(3.3) If an (lJ — St) is preceded by a (4-« — it will change
into a (j).
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Step by Step Example
Jfli ► JAS ►Jjy
(3.4) If an (lJj — St) is preceded by a (Sj — -~S"), it will change
into a (c5).
Example
The plural of (v* j^*-*) is (c-jIjU^). This changes to
(t_~)jL>^) because the (* aJ^) is preceded by a (« j~^").
ga ga ga mi ga
a@ 90 as a@ a@
Rule 4
If the (aJ&l of (JUsi! ^b) is a ( JU>t j) or
{^J^>\ t£), the (j) or ((J) will change into a (o) and
«t) will be made, that is, both the (<^->)'s will be
assimilated.
Step by Step Example of (c£j^j J 1 -^)
Step by Step Example of (,-JL» Jli.)
'.LLJl ►'!«_?! ►'lil
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pa pa pa pa pa
a@ am a@ is as
Rule 5
(5.1) If at the beginning of a word there is a (> — ^ j), it
is permissible to change it into a («>=*).
Examples
(o j — >r j - plural of * — t j) changes to (a j — >r\). (This is an
example of an ^1).
(c-i — Sj - the [ J ^j^^] of d~i jj) changes to
(c-j; — St). (This is an example of a J**).
(5.2) If (jj — j) appears at the beginning of a word, it
is permissible to change it to a («>»*).
Example
(^Lij - swordbelt) can be read as (^&i).
(5.3) If a (^j — » j-« j) appears in the middle of a word, it is
permissible to change it into a («J^*).
Example
(jj^l) can be read as OJ- 1 ')-
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Rarely is a j) changed into a («>»*).
Examples
(O^j - one) can be read as (-^')-
(aUj - a lazy woman) can be read as (SUI).
ppppp
a@ a@ a@ a@ a@
Rule 6
When two (iij — ><^» Jtj) come together at the beginning of
a word, it is compulsory — *-tj) to change the first (j)
into a
Example
(J^st jj) is read as (J^>( jt) (This is the plural of ZLss>\j).
(J^aj jj) is read as (J — This is the (ji — ^-1) of
ppppp
a@ 90 a@ a@ a@
Rule 7
(7.1) If (j) or (c5) (iij-j^u) is preceded by a 3_^s, the (j)
or (c5) is changed into an (<— «Jl)-
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Examples
Example of a (ii j) in the middle of a (J**):
(JjS) changes to (J IS).
Example of a (ii c£) in the middle of a (J**):
(£o) changes to (£^j).
Example of a (ii y*^»j) at the end of a (J*S):
(yo) changes to (&3).
Example of a (ii (5) at the end of a (J**):
(^•j) changes to (^j).
Example of a (ii y*^»j) in an (^1):
jj) changes to (s-^).
Example of a (ii e£) in an
(l_~J) changes to (<--^)-
Conditions for the above rule
This rule only applies if the following conditions are met:
[1] The (j) or (ii ^ must not be in the place of the
(2 — JjxJl f.\ — j). Therefore this rule will not apply to the word
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- the (j) is in the place of the (A^ifsJl s-U) and the
(^3) is a (uikp i_i It will also not apply to
because the (j) is in the place of the (2 — J&l t\ — s) of (
It will also not apply to - (<J) is in the place of the
(4J1SCJI pU) of (J*ij ^L>).
[2] The (j) or (c5) must not be in place of the (2 — £j of
a word which is (lJ — (lJ — ;ii is that word which has two
2 — L*Jt t-ij — Therefore this law will not apply to the word
((5 j — U) . Here (j) is in the place of the (2 — «ii The
law will also not apply in the word — ~~). Here (iS) is in
the place of the (2^ii
[3] The (j) or (c5) must not come before the (<_i St) of
(2_j i — 7). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
0 j — since there is a (j) before the (lJ — St) of (2-^ i — ")
and in the word (1 y»j), since there is a (c£) before the
OJJ!) of (V-^").
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[4] The (j) or (c5) must not come before a — '\j a-* — »).
Therefore this law will not apply to the word (J j jb)
because the (j) is before a (c5) which is not a ( ^ j 9-
— y^l). It will also not apply in the word (jj — jp) because
the (j) after the (c5) is not a — ^ <3 j — ?-). Also in the
word (3 — jLp), the (c£) is before an (* i — Si) which is not a
(^1 J>^).
Objection
In the words (}°y^), (Oj — ^S»), (Oj — ^kf) and (jt — ^°"), the
(j) and (c£) were not supposed to be changed to (t-i St)
because they came before a (a^ — Jlj oJ — «), but yet this rule
has been applied.
Answer
The (<J) in these words is a separate word and it is the
(Joli) of the (J — *i), while the (t>A — ») is not — Jlj), therefore
the (j) or ((5) changes to (<-aSS) and then falls off due to
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Step by Step Examples
[5] The (ilj — (5) or (iij — xCa j) must not be before ( iS
Jiu>), for example, the word ((J j Lp). The or
(iij — ><^»j) must also not be before — jS'lJ 0), for example,
the word
[6] The word must not have the meaning of a colour or
defect, for example,
(j jp) (to be one-eyed),
(^Lv£>) (to have a crooked neck).
[7] The word must not be on the scale of (d\ — L*£), — Ui) or
(a!*4), for example
(Oljji) - (DLUi) - example of (j). [meaning - rotation]
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- (OLUi) example of ((£)■ [meaning - flowing]
— ys) - — 1*4) example of (j). [meaning - name of a
spring of water]
— - — example of (c£). [meaning - to walk
arrogantly - from iU-]
and (2 — ^ y~) - ( 2 — L*4) example of (j). [meaning - weaver -
plural of
[8] The word must not be from (Jl — *xst <_->t — >) having the
meaning of (J-pSjL" — >)• For example, the word jj — (in
the meaning of jjt ^ ) and jj — xpt (in the meaning of
Both words mean to take in turns.
(7.2) If after such an (<J> — St) (which has been changed from
a j or (J), there is a (jS"^) letter, the (o^t) falls off.
Examples
[1] In the word (tjj — po), the first (j) changes to i — St). It
becomes (IjLpS). Here (iJ> — St) has come before a (jS'l — ^ j).
The (<~aJS) falls off and it becomes
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[2] In the word — J), the first ((J) changes to an (<_i — it).
Due to the (<-i — H) coming before a QjS'l — ^-), it is deleted. It
becomes J).
(7.3) If such an (<Jn — St) has come before a (o — Jb" o) of
— ^t* J — even if the (o) is (iij — the (cJ> — It) is
deleted.
Examples
1. The word (o j — eo) changes to (ot — po). Now we have an
(<_i — It) before — jjL? cj) of — J — Therefore it is
deleted. It becomes (c^po).
2. The word (tjj^-5) changes to (titio). There is a ( c- — JU" t — J
iij — ;*ju) after the (cJ> — It). Therefore the (cJ> — It) is deleted. It
becomes upo.
(7.4) In the ( ) of j ydt ^tlt), from ( c >>• £— ^
V — £ t_P) until the end, if the word is (c5j!j j — =*•!), whether
the (2 — JlSCJI u^p) has a (3-« — >^>) or (2 — =>*is), after deleting the
(t-iit), the (4-«i5sJt s.L») is given a
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Example in which (S-JT ^) has a (^i)
(Jij — i) changes to »). The (lJ^JI) is now deleted because
it is followed by a — --). It becomes (j — U). The (J) is
now given a >>) because it is (c5j'j It
becomes (^). The word QJS) is from the O^S-;) of G^)-
Example in which ^) has a
^> ► i> ► i> ► 'cfl>
The word (^*) is from the (s-*^) of ((* jS').
(7.5) In the (Si-— jj— *11 t^— ^Ul), from ( c \y
4 JLp) till the end, after deleting the (<Ji — Si), if it is ( j — :*■!
^S — j) or there is a («j — ~S") on the (2 — US' ^) in ( i-3 j — st-l
c5 j! j), the (aJ&ll frli) is given a
Example in which (S^ifT £j has a (« ^)
In the word (jf^ — ;), the (iij — l£) is preceded by a (3 — >^s).
Therefore the (iS) changes to (lJ — St). It becomes — ;).
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The (<_i — !l) is deleted. It becomes (j — Now the is
given a (a j-~5"). It becomes
Step by Step Example of (c£j^j ^ j^ 1 ) with («
► ► ►
The word (^y^ 1 ) is from the (s->L>) of
HHHilll
Rule 8
(8.1) If the letter before (j) or (if) is (jTl — ^), the (3_T ^)
of the (j) or (c£) is transferred to the preceding letter.
Example
[1] In the word (J j — «j), the (2 — S" y^) of the (j) which is a
(5^ — >i>) in this case, is given to the (<i). It becomes (J j — «j).
(This is an example of <Jj\j ^j^)-
[2] In the word (£- — the («j — ^S") of the (<S) is given to the
(<-r>). It becomes (£- — ^). (This is an example of <3 j — ?H
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(8.2) If the (2 — r j>~) is a (2 — ^si), the ( j) or (c5) is changed
into an (odl).
Examples
[1] In the word (J j — <L), the (2 — >d) of the (j) is given to the
(t3). It becomes (J j — <L). Now due to the (2 — the (j) is
changed into an (lJ-!1) becoming (JUL).
JjJl ► JjJl ► Jul
[2] In the word (£- — the (2 — ?xis) of the ((J) is given to the
becoming (£- — ^). Now due to the (2 — >^>) of the (<s)
the ((J) changes into an (l_aJ1), thus becoming (^4>)-
£ts! ► ►
Remember
The conditions applicable to Rule 7 apply to Rule 8 as
well.
(8.3) If such a (j) or (<S) is followed by a (jS'l — ~>), in the
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case of and (a j^), the (j) or (tj) will be deleted.
Example of (cJjtj j^S)
In the word (J j — k (J) because of (O^S — - ^ — the (j)
is deleted. It becomes (Jij (J).
Example of ^L. i_> ^1
In the word (£— -~j p — S), the (<J) is followed by a (jS'l —
therefore the (c£) is deleted. It becomes (^j
(8.4) If a (j) or (c5) is followed by a (jS"! — ^) and preceded
by a (2 — the (»-Ji — it) (which was originally j or <S) is
deleted.
Examples
(J yu jj) changes to (Jl — «j p — S). After the (<Ji — Si) is deleted,
it becomes (Jij (J).
(£ — -j jj) changes to (£j — o ^ — S). After the (<_i — St) is deleted,
it becomes (^ (J).
Important
Page 181
SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words — ej j — »)
because condition number one has not been fulfilled.
In the words (c_£j — k>) and — the rule is not applied
because of condition number 2 - (i_aJJ C^p).
The words (Jl j**), (J* j 3 *^) and (j- remain unchanged
because of the fourth condition - (a JJlj aJ^» JJs).
However, the (j) of the (J j — ^ ^1) is an exception to
condition number 4. Despite there being a (aJ — Jij aJ — »), the
(aS' _^~) of the (j) or (c£) will still be given to the previous letter.
Example of
In the word (JjjJL*) which is the (J j — of (Jl — 5), the
(5^ — ^) of the (j) is still transferred to the (<i). It becomes
(Jjj — £•). Due to (uiiS'l — w- £^ — *^!-|), the first (j) is deleted.
It becomes ( J ji« ).
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Example of {^J^ t-5 y>r\)
In the word (^j~^) which is the (J j — of — ;), the
(2 — S" of the is transferred to the (v). It becomes
(^j — Due to — - {_} — the ( j) is deleted and it
becomes (£- — ^). Since the corresponding (3 — S" of (c5)
is a (o the (<— ') is given a (« It becomes (^sr 9 ).
Exception
In the words jj — *j (to be one-eyed), ^ — yaj (to have a
crooked neck), i j — ^1 (black), Jfiu — A (white) and a .5 j — ~*
(black), due to condition number 6 (i.e. having the
meaning of a colour or defect), no change occurs.
The aforementioned rule (Rule 8) does not apply to ( * —
J- — s^jsj), that is those words on the scale of (Jj — or
(^^rodl JUil), like (« — SjSI & and * — > J j — 51); and words that
are y. J^»), like {Jh jZ> and jj^).
Bp Bp sp ©a Bp
a@ a@ as as a@
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Rule 9
(9.1) If there is a (j) in the (2 — JT of (J j— ^—
the preceding letter is made (jS'l — *>) and the (5 — S" ^) of the
(j) is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the (j)
changes to ((J).
Example 1
Jj 5 ► ► Js*.
Example 2
(9.2) If there is a (c£) in (J j — ^ — in the place of the
(2 — US" the preceding letter is made (j^ — -0 and the
(2 S" of the (tj£) is transferred to the preceding letter.
No other changes are made.
Example 1
In the word (£- — jj) the (<—>) is made (jS"! — ^). It becomes
(^). Now the (o j*-) of the (c£) is transferred to the
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(s-O, thus becoming (^>).
y ► ► Cf :
Example 2
In the word >-t) the (o) is made (Jz ' — --). It becomes
0 f ^
(j^ The (2 — s j>-) of the (e£) is transferred to the
,0 0 \
(c->). It becomes — >-1).
(9.3) It is also permissable to retain the (2 i y^) of the
preceding letter and to make the (j) or the (iS) i^p \ — --). In
this case the (iS) changes to (j).
Examples
► £?• ► f^y-
t ,0*0 i ,0 ,0 i
(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with
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(^ — — &1) means to pronounce a (2 — S" ^) in such a way
that it has the effect of another (2 — S" ^p-). For example in
the word (J — **), the (Sj — of the (J) is pronounced in
such a way that it has the fragrance of a
Similar is the case with the of (£- — The (Sj — of
the (v) will have the effect of a (4-« — The condition for
this rule is that changes must have taken place in the
(t-9 j j — *j>) form of the verb. Therefore, the word (jj — xp!)
will remain unchanged because the (^jj — *<•) form of this
word, namely (j j^i) was unaffected by any change.
(9.5) In {iS jl j if th e ( :u ^" £0 is <£. J^) in
(lJ j yd( ^Hl), after the is deleted in the
is given a from the
(4i^) of (v — *^ ^-~> j-* until the end (i.e. £- — «^ j 2 — .jS
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Step by Step Example
cJ ji ► cJ y ► cJy — ► oils
► lis
(9.6) In (^J\ — i lJj>t\), whatever the (2 — i may be, or that
(c5j(j i_> j — ?r1) where the (2 — «1S" ^) is (jj — in the
(<3jj — Jill yr^)> after deleting the (ij), the (2 — s.1 — j) is
given a (a from the C 2 -*^) of (4- — jLp — > until
the end, that is, cJ j-a j ^S"^ ( *-^ j
Example of (^Jk ^y^)
Example of such a (<_£ jlj <-* wherein the ^p)
is 0^^)
u 3 ^ u 3 ^ u 3 ^ o^ 1
Note that the forms of (^jj — *-«) and (J j — are now the
same. However the (J — ^) - original form of each one will
be different:
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Original Form
Changed
Form
oil
Note:
In the (J j — fSr) of (Jl*i^ — — l), the transferring of the
(2 — ST j^-) is not according to this rule i.e. rule number 9, but
is due to rule number 8 (the rule of Jj — Therefore the
rule of (J j — i) and — ^1) will not apply. For example
(j^w') becomes (^s^i).
If 11 II If 11
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Rule 10
(10.1) If the (2 oi^Jl fi) of the following word form's
(Si- — vf) is (j) or it becomes Q^p \ — -0 if it is preceded
by a (2-w?) or a (o
4. J*ii
Examples
(jp^b) becomes (j^AO - example of (c5j'j (j^^*)
(^ ji) becomes j.) - example of {^J^i o^ 1 )
If the (j) or (c5) of the (2 — J&1 ^) is preceded by a (2 —
it becomes in accordance with the rule of (J^).
Examples
(^^io^) becomes (^^i^cj) - example of {^J^. <j^^)
0-^ ji) becomes - example of (c^j'j
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(10.2) If a word has a (j) preceded by a ^) and
followed by another (j), that (j) falls off.
Example of (j)
In the word — j (4- — ?Ip s — » £_ — «^-) 5 before the (j)
there is a (3-> ^») and after the (j) there is another (j).
Therefore, the first (j) is made Q^S"! — and the second one
falls off due to (J^L- ^Lj>-1). It becomes ( j j^-k).
If a (c£) is preceded by a (Sj — S) and followed by another
(tS), the first (<,£) becomes (^Si and the other (c£) is
deleted because of (juS'l— ^Lj^-I).
Example of {(J)
In the word j-** j (j — >^>U- o — ; there is a (Sj — -X)
before the ((J) and it is followed by a second (c£).
Therefore the first (ij) becomes (jS'l ->) and the second
(<J) falls off. It becomes QJ^ J).
(10.3) If a (j) is preceded by a (<« — and followed by a
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(l£), the preceding letter is made (jS"! — *») and the (2 — S"
of the (j) is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the
(j) changes into a (iS) and falls off due to ( £j «^>rl
Example
In the word (jiy-^ — ~) the (j) is preceded by a — ^) and
followed by a (c5), therefore the preceding letter is
made QjS'l — and the (2 — S' y^) of the (j) which is a (a j — ^)
is transferred to the preceding letter, the (g). It therefore
becomes (jj jf-^ — "). Due to the preceding (Sj — -*S"), the (j)
changes into a Now due to (Cflp\ — £j — the (ij)
is deleted. It becomes (^IpJj).
(10.4) If a is preceded by a (o j — ^) and followed by a
(j), the preceding letter is made — ->) and the (2 — S" ^p-) of
the ((J) is given to the preceding letter. Then the (c£)
changes into a (j) and falls off due to (jcSL*
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Example
In the word (0 j — </> j), the (<J) is preceded by a (Sj — and
followed by a (j). Therefore, the preceding letter (>) is
made ( ( jfTL«) and the (3 — S" y^) of the (<S) which is a — >^>),
is transferred to the preceding letter (^*). It becomes
(0 j — ^>jj). Due to the preceding — >^>), the (c5) changes to
(j). It becomes ( Jjj — * jj). Now due to (u>^ — ^ —
the (j) is deleted. It becomes ( j y j).
Further Examples
\°jJA (\°j1jls - o>jyiil yr^ 1 ) becomes .
j - J j4<k\ ^slil) becomes \'y j .
Step by Step
► I^J
— ^
HHHHH
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Exercise 43
(a) Identify the rules or changes of (J — x**) in the following
words:
j^i (6)
u>% (7)
(8)
(9)
Rule 11
If a (j) appears in the place of the (2 USCJl after a
(o the (j) changes into a (<^).
Example
In the word (j — «o) the (j) appears in the place of the (
2 — JJxJl) after a (o j — ^). Therefore the (j) changes into a
((5). It becomes
The same change occurs in (W* 0 ), C^^- 5 ) and
>^ ► >^
W (2)
(3)
^> (4)
&y (5)
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► llfO
Rule 12
If a is in the place of the (A^iSCj! preceded by a
(4^5), the (c5) changes into a (j).
Example
In the word ^ , which is (4- — *Lp — « -^j) of ( — !
— S") from the masdar (ajl — fi), meaning intellect, the (iS) is
in the place of the (3 — «iSCj1 preceded by a — ^»). The
(<S) changes into a (j). It becomes
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Rule 13
(13.1) If a (j) comes in the place of the (2 — Ji" £j) preceded
by a (a j — ) in the (j^ — ^»), it changes into a (c5), on
condition that (J^ - a change) occurred in the (J**).
Examples
1. The word (which is the — ^ of ^ — 5) was originally
2. The word l«L — (which is the — ^ of A — was
originally L«t j-^.
However, the word (W jS) which is the of (f jts) of
(2 LpLL» >) remains unchanged, because no (J
occurred in the (J**). The (J**) is ((*j^).
(13.2) The same (J — occurs if a (j) comes in place of
the (5 — US' of a word that is (£- — «^), on condition that (j)
is (^pL) in the (2jl> — y3 J — or (J — Jju) took place in the
(j) of the (2J^ j).
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Examples
1. The word — >■ (the £- — of the word Jp j — >-) changes
to — This is an example of a (£- — «^) in which the (j) is
* .s * Its
2. The word *\ j — =*■ (the £- — «^ of the word J — j^-) changes to
s\ — I*-. This is an example of a (£- — in which the (j) is
changed in the original (from i to ).
HHHHH
Rule 14
(14.1) If a (j) or (<j£) which are are not changed from any
other letter, come together in one word, which is not
( LS &\ — ij J — >*L>) (on the scale of ^ j — and the first of the
two, namely the (j) or (iS) is (jS'l — then the (j) changes
into a Then (^ — eo}) is made and the preceding (4-« —
is changed into (a y^).
Examples
1. In the word ^ — ^ , (j) and come together, and the
first of the two i.e. the ((J) is (jS'l — ^). Therefore the (j)
changes into a (c5), thereby becoming ^). After
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(f ^'■ 5 i) i s made, it becomes {^-").
2. In the word {tS j — » y), (j) and (jS) come together, and
the first of the two i.e. the (j) is (jS'l — Therefore the (j)
changes into a thereby becoming (^ ^ _/>)• After
(>t — Pi}) is made, it becomes — * y). The — ^) of the (>)
is changed to a (a j-~S"), thereby becoming y).
3. In the word (l£j — ^»), (which is the — <^a of ^ — ^>
LS — ^j), the (j) and (<S) come together, and the first of the
two i.e. the (j) is (jS'l — ~>). Therefore the (j) changes into a
becoming ^ — After (^ — sol) is made, it becomes
— >^-*). The (4-« — >^) of the ((*) is changed to («j —
thereby becoming — ^j>). It is also permissible to read the
(>) with (5j — ^S") corresponding with the (2 — S" y-) of the
that is Q^).
(14.2) The 0— ^U- yO of (L_,j1 _ ^ jL. _ ^j! - to take
i
refuge) is The (s-) changes to a (iS). It becomes j — i\, .
Because this (c5) has changed from a («j — «*), rule 14.1 will
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not apply.
Another example where this rule will not apply is the word
(0 No change occurs because it is (^-^.j J^-*).
If the (j) and (iS) are in different words, no change will
occur.
Example
(1) Aillj is[ - the (j) will not change into a ((J).
(2) d> j\ — ZJs\ j — j jj ' — jf, - the of the word — and
the (j) of the word (j — jjj) are in different words and will
therefore remain unchanged.
ppppta
& Ifa <aa <aa as
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Rule 15
If a word is on the scale of (Jj — *s) and it has two (j)'s at
the end of the word, then both the (j)'s are changed into
(tj) and (A — is made. The — of the preceding letter
(2 JisJl ^ p) is changed into (<>j ^5") and it is also
permissible to give the (A^iSCj! a (a
Example
The word (jj — ta) - (£- — <?- of j — ta) is on the scale of (J j — *■«).
Therefore, according to the above rule, both the (j)'s are
changed into (iS). It becomes — Then — eoj) is made
thereby becoming — Si). After changing the (t» — ^>) of the
preceding letter into (ij — ^5"), it becomes ^ — Sj. It is also
permissible to read it as ^J-i.
ppppp
& 90 §1H §1H 90
Rule 16
(16.1) If there is a (j) in the (2 — J&1 ^) of an (p — -I)
preceded by a — ^>), the (2-« — will be changed into a
(ij and the (j) into a (c5)- The (c5) is then made
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Q^Lx). Due to (ui^L* ^Lj^tI), the (c5) is deleted.
Example
In the word (j — iSf) - (£_ ^- of j — S3), the (j) is on the (
2 — U^xJl) of an (ji — preceded by a — >^). Therefore the
(4^ — will be changed into a {}j — «*0 becoming (j — S^l).
Then the (j) changes into a (c5), thereby becoming — S^l),
which can also be written as — S-ify. After (iS) is made
— due to (u^l — - — o^i), the (c5) is deleted. It
becomes (jJ-Sl) which can also be written as (J^l).
Step by Step Example
*p — ► S&f — »*^Q>h —
> sJ
(16.2) The law of (16.1) will also occur on a — which
is from (J*^~ s->^) and is (iSj^j u^^)-
Example
The word (j Uj) undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (J*j).
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►
(16.3) The law of 16.1 will also occur on a (j^ — which
is from (J^-Uj" ^L;) and is (e£j'j <j^^)-
Example
The word (jJi undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (J^").
fa — ► y — ► y # — ► y # — ► y #
► JUj
(16.4) If a (c_£) comes in the (2 — J&1 fi) of an * — wl and is
preceded by a letter which has a — the (^ — is
changed into a (a j~~^).
Example
The word ((^t^') - of ^ — i?) changes to — isl) , which
can also be written as (j* — The is made QjSi — --) so
it becomes (j* — ^1). Due to (ui^ — ^ £j — "^i). the (<J) is
deleted. It becomes (j- — bl), which can also be written as
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Step by Step Example
► I> f
„ — » Jd
ppppp
9h 90 90 9H 90
Rule 17
(17.1) If a (j) or ((5) comes in the place of the (2 — «iS" £j of
a word which is (J — f-li ^ — *>\), the (j) or (c5) changes into a
(st), on condition that change took places in the (J**).
Examples
1. The word (J jl — 5) changes to (J — e l5). (Changes took place
in its J*i from Jji to J Li).
2. The word — >) changes to — >)• (Changes took place
in its J*i from £o to £^j).
(17.2) Sometimes the (2 — UJ! lJj — ?-) is deleted as in the case
of (jl — *) which was originally (yl — »). This word is used in
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the Qur'an: (jt* l-> ^ lii ^1p)
Exception
In the word the (j) will not change into a because no
change took place in the J^i (iSjji L$ Jj).
©9 B9 ©9 ©9 B9
90 90 90 SIR f 7
Rule 18
If a j j) or (^j iS) or j \Jt&\) appears after the (o i — Si) of
(J^li-a), it changes into a (a J^*).
Examples
1. The word Qjl — ^) changes to (jj^ — ^p) - (£- — «^ of the
word jjitP). This is an example of (j).
2. The word 0-*j'j — •i) changes to (<-JijIj — - (£- — ^ of the
word 2jL yi>). This is an example of (<J).
3. The word (J(ll-j) changes to (JjI — j) - (£- — ^ of the word
3Ju-j). This is an example of (^j iJlSI).
Exception
The (£- — of the word — ^») is (<— -jt — Although the
is original, it changed into (oj — «*). This is an exception
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to the rule.
Rule 19
If a (j) or {<S) comes at the end of a word after — >\j — St),
they change into a («j — «*). This rule applies to all kinds of
words, namely j-W^, 2 y^>, J£w> and ~L*U-.
Examples of j-Wa^
i. jUo ► $.UO (example of j) - (s-S Pi means
supplication).
ii. Ci>^JJ ► s-'JJ (example of c£) - («-tjj means
pleasing appearance).
Examples of £fr
i. jlpi ► fr lpi (^-of £jS)
ii. jC_^<t ► s.C_^<t of ji wt, which was originally
7» 0
i. * (£-^of^).
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Examples of X»U- f\
(example of j)
ii. c^Oj ». s-'ij (example of iS)
ppppp
90 90 90 90 90
Rule 20
(20.1) If a (j) comes in the fourth position or later in a
word and it is not preceded by a — «^) or a — ^ j), it
changes into a (iS).
Examples
1. The word (OLp^ — j) was originally ( OljpJ — j). The (j) is
in the fourth position of the (J — thus it changes into a
(iS).
2. The word (C — ~Ip1) was originally (o j — LpI). The (j) is in
the 4th position of the (J**), thus it changes into a
3. The word (c-JjiX — was originally (o jL>c — The (j)
is in the sixth position of the (J — **), thus it changes into a
(g0-
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(20.2) The plural of (s-l^J — *) is — *), which originally
was (jtp-^ — *)• In this word, the (j) is in the sixth position.
It changes into a (jS) and (A col) is made. It becomes
$ * , & a ,
— »). The rule of (^ — (Rule number 14, example 2)
is not applicable here because the (iS) has changed from
an — SI). The (Jj — i*) of this word is (*&J — «)■ In Rule 14,
the condition was that the (j) or ((J) must not be changed
from another letter.
mmmmm
Rule 21
(21.1) The (»-J> — II) that comes after a — >>) changes into a
0)-
Examples
1. The word (vjj ^) was originally O—'jl <^») - (the
[J j^st ^^L*] of Vjl — s-^jl — The — II) is preceded
by a (^-v 5 ), thus it changes into a (j).
2. The word j — ^ - (jji — >\ — --I) of (s->jl — ^>) was
originally j} — The {<Jt — H) is preceded by a —
thus it changes into a (j).
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(21.2) The (<_i — St) that comes after a C a j — changes into a
(Lf).
Example
The word <— ij^*^> (plural of <~>\j was originally
^(jl — The — St) is preceded by a (Sj — -X), thus it
changes into a It becomes (4-~>jb^>) .
ppppps
& Ifa 9a as 9e
Rule 22
If there is an (*tftj lJ — St) before the (U> — St) of - — ") or
(ji L- cJ y it changes into a (e£).
Example
i. The (V^) of (^ — L^>-) is ( jt — jl^-). The end of the word
(^-^~) has an (i_i — St) which does not accept a (2 — y-).
Therefore, the (t-Ja-Sl) is changed into (c£).
ii. The (gt-) of (J£-) is (o^). Here also the the (o^l)
of (^5^) is changed into (c£).
ppppp
90 90 90 90 90
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Rule 23
If (l£) appears as the (2 — US' £j) of either a plural on the
scale of (J — *i) or it appears in the feminine adjective on the
scale of ((_^**), the preceding letter is given a (a j^).
Examples
1. The word (Je-?. — ;) (plural of s\ — and Jfiu — >}) was
originally Ja^ — ;. The (tS) appears as the (2 US' ^) of
(J thus the preceding letter is made (jj It
becomes dj^.).
2. The word — - meaning 'to walk arrogantly') was
originally — ^^). The (c5) appears as the (2 — US' £j) of the
feminine L*i), thus the preceding letter is made
(j j^~SC>). It becomes (^1^).
Note:
This rule is like an exception to Rule 3 where the (<J)
changes to (j). Instead of changing the (iS) to (j), the (iS)
is maintained and the (2-« ^) which is the preceding
(2S' is changed to (a j^S').
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The (J- — s^jsj a — *>\) falls in the category of (ob - — ^1), that
is, a noun not having any descriptive qualities.
Examples
(^j — - the — of (4, — Jfl ). It was originally
(^^jjJf) - purer. The (c5) is changed to (j).
— ^j^") - the (c- of — S"T). It was originally
( LS 14^') - (more intelligent). The (iS) is changed to (j).
Step by Step Examples
> Jj°
► ^£
Rule 24
If a (j^ — comes on the scale of (3 — I and the (2 — US'
£0 is a (j), the (j) will change into a (iS).
Example
The word (Ajjlp ) was originally (SJ jj jS" ), the (2 — «iS" ^) is a (j),
thus it changes into a thereby becoming (aJ j^S ).
ppppp
9H §E 90 90 90
ff ule 25
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The rule for words on the scale of (J^O or (J — is that if
they end in (iS), and are (a _^->), [that is, they are neither ( <— 5 yu>
C^Ij) nor then in (j — £— » the ((J) is
deleted. The (^oiS" ^) is now read with tanwln.
In 5J^>-), the word will remain j^L»).
Example of (« that is, they are neither Q*V — ; <— * ^») nor
(^_5L^): j^-) changes to (j\ j*-).
If they are (Si y^), the becomes ( ( jS"L*>) in
(j — =Mj *JU-) and in (4 ^Jl 2 — JU-) f the will be
Examples: (<_Sjl _pr') changes to _prl) or (<_£jl j^rl).
^ji^ii Lit,
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All words having (li iS) preceded by a (a follow this
rule. Such words are called {^f> <*-^[)-
Examples:
A3 jXj»
Step by Step
4 ^SsJ
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43 ju>
gapppp
90 90 90 90 90
flute 26
(26.1) If a (j) comes in place of the (S-<d£Jl *V)of — £i) in a
word which is either or (J^ — s^jL" j*-^}), it changes
into a
Examples
i. The word (L-S^) was originally 0 y^). A (j) comes in place
of the (4-d£Jl ^) of ((ji**). Thus it changes into a It
becomes (W- 5 )- This is the (J^2jL" from jj^j VjS)
-to be near, [j-^j s-^L
ii. The word 0 — Jp) was originally (I j — Ip). A (j) comes in
place of the Thus it changes into a
It becomes (Op). This is the (J-v^J from ( Up
I jip to be high, [j-^j s-»L>].
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Exception
If this word is a (Si — it remains unchanged e.g. c£ jj — p (a
female warrior).
(26.2) If a comes in place of the (2 — <JSCj| ^) of a word on
the scale of { { J^>), it changes into a (j).
Example
The word ((£ j£>) was originally (^"). A (if) comes in place of
the (iXi! ^) of this word. Thus it changes into a (j).
Exercise 44
(a) Apply the rules of (J^*-*) to the following words:
(2)
^ (3)
# (4)
^ (5)
^iH- (6)
oUHJ (7)
ys^- (8)
^ (9)
^(10)
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The Paradigms of (J^»)
i j P y> j gi t J Pj J PjJ >-^JJ Jlplj j^i IJlPj Juu _lPj
j(j P J P y» A L« )ai\ JjJ ^ "UP ( 5 s^'j -^-P "Ua y»Ul
Sl—*^ jlj Jl— *1« aJ—*^ J pl jtJlxl* Jl*l« 4JL« aJUIj Jlp( j-«
0 jJ P j! (1)1 Jl Pjl J Pj( 4 ^ J t o^iilJ( Jjiilj J^pl y» jbt*l«
OljJtPj j JLPj jUIlPj c£~^J 4-U cUj^Jij Jiptjlj
Analysis of the changes
(1) The verbs of — are used in all the (s-'lj — J)
except
(2) The ( j) of (<-> — *11 ^ jl — sail) has been deleted due to
rule no.l - the rule of
(3) The (j) of the (j^ ^») has been deleted due to rule
no. 2 - the rule of (aAp).
(4) In (J j — ^ — s^Lll), the (j) can be changed to (aj — <■*)
according to rule no. 5 - the rule of (a j — tI). Accordingly,
— pj) can be pronounced as — pf). The same applies to the
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
feminine of the (J^ <isJa\ * ^1) - (lJJ, e-j) can be
pronounced as (iS^).
(5) The broken plural - 0 — ^ £- — «^) of the ( J — pUJI j, — .,!
— '>}*) which is — p-IjI) was originally — The first
(j) is changed to a (aj — «*) according to rule no. 6 - the rule
of(J^tjf).
(6) The (j) of the (3 — ^ — ^1) has changed to ((5) according
to rule no. 3 - the rule of
(7) However, the (j) is unchanged in the dimunitive ( * — ^1
ji^-^xJl) of the (3-JVI j, — -I) - (J_I*Jji) and in the ( ^
j — - (J — IpI because the reason for the change is not
found, namely the (j) and a preceding (a y^).
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Analysis of the changes
(1) In this (<-r>\ — 1), the only change that has occurred is in
the (J j — ^srl — sill) where the (c£) has changed to a (j)
according to rule no. 3 - the rule of (j** y).
_^Ul jy/^* li^rj J^rJJ J^rlj l£r j J^r}
Analysis of the changes
(1) In the imperative (j — <^L>- j — *l) - — >) , the (j) has
changed to a ((J) according to rule no. 3 - the rule of
(.5UI4). The same rule applies to the (3 — Nt ^1) - ( j J —
(2) In the word (J — the (j) has changed to a (aj — »*)
according to rule no. 6 - the rule of (J-s^j').
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
(3) It is permissible to change the (j) to a («j — «*) in (J — ss-j)
- the (J j — (iM ( bS — s — ?Ip jTJl. Jb-1 j) and in (J-^rj) -
the broken plural of the (dJ j-* Jy^aiiil ^1).
There is no other change in this (^L;).
j^J <l*~*j ^-"-•'JJ £*"J J £"*^J J"§"* J l*l»>j £-^> ^--*'J
^aljt t_j jj& j_4 j^J A^Jis i^Jkjj i_» *JJ ^— J^tj t (^»J&J
Analysis of the changes
(1) In both the above-mentioned (s-^j >}), the (j) of the
(^jl — >^») has been deleted due to rule no.l - the rule of
(~* — The changes in the other words are similar to ( ^ — £j
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
j4* aJu>j UL»j J^jj J^>j j J^lj ^i»J ^-*J J-^ <>*J
Analysis of the changes
(1) The changes in this (<-r>\ — >) are similar to those of ( J — pj
JLaj| 4i« y>Lil JUsl« j^i talajl Ail) Juijl j Ail* j^i talajl _Lo Jl2jI
jCjUl _ Jl*s3l ^Jl Jlio
Analysis of the changes
(1) According to rule no. 4 - the rule of — oj\), the (j) and
(<S) have changed into (o) and have been assimilated into
the (o).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c-cl\l\oilifioto^ij
ilailll _ Jl*3l ub ja cSj'j Jlia
<U« ^Ul Ji j^i I^Loj], ASjj Jijl j Ji ^gi taULj -^ji
* :» » ;» .0 > '„» * i, * „» : < :» ■
Analysis of the changes
(1) In both the paradigms, the (j) has changed into (<J)
according to rule no. 3 - the rule of
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 45
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:
rA (3)
Jill (4)
Jail£-I (5)
s*t (6)
^ 0)
Sii ? i (9)
^j(10)
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
The Paradigms of y^\)
J* 51. ^'ui 'jv J 1 -^ j Syi
J jjL» 2JU(j JjliL» jUUL» JliL» i_i ^JiJl J^ij ^ <up LS ^-Jlj
Jjiilj JjjLL* jUl ji^ Jt jJL* J jUL« Olx) ji^ 2J yij> JjLL« Oil
ju jS ^ jS dJjU(j J j LSI j 0 jJ j5l jUjil J j5i 4w« Juc-^aAxil
Oil) jij
There is no change in the words (J j and (2 i yu>)
because they were originally (Jlj — No change occurred
in (Jlj — «-*) because of the exception in rule no. 8, namely
that the (j) should not be followed by an
Hereunder follow the paradigms of the silil) and
j\ — All other verbs which are (<s j\ j Jl — i*) from this
(s->Ij) follow the same pattern.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
j^y
J IS
^y
uii
cilS
;^:y
3%
J#
j> ; y
Jii-
lis
gU-y
^>*y
^y
oii
diS
3&y
j>y
lis
lis
j^y
JU— f
ills
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
uu_J ^'
MM
y&j t yufi t 1 yu*) t
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
OlJUL_xi
UU_J
&
J 5
Ulis!
'J/
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
u'li? Si
u>rsi
i^jijl' Si
jij Si
jif Si
jiiiLJ Si
u'ulJ Si
odi' Si
^
yii-Si
jii Si
jif Si
ou'ulJ Si
u'ulJ Si
u^Lj ^
^il-Si
Si
1^ Si
yiLJ Si
ou'ulJ Si
L)U^L_f ^
u'ulJ Si
li^i — f N
odi- Si
yl-Si
y>Si
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
r- 1
J JM&1
Dlili
oiins
oil jJL»
oiks
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to the words from (J IS) till (IxJlS).
(2) Rule no. 7.4 applies to the words from (j — IS) till (1 — IiS) in
the jUail).
(3) Rule no. 9 applies to the words from (Jli) till (^S).
(4) Rule no. 9.5 applies to the words from (j — IS) till (\ — uS) in
the (J ^ jUit).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(5) In the paradigm of (J j — h), rule no. 8.1 applies to all the
words, while rule no. 8.2 applies to all the words of
(6) The imperative (j *l) is made from (J j Sj). After
deleting the Jai\ 2 the last letter is rendered
(jTL*). The ( j) is deleted due to — «Jt £j — »M) - two
sakins coming together.
(7) Where the (ui^ £^ ^-^i) no more remains, the
deleted letter returns as in the paradigms of (2 — LiiJl jj — !),
e.g. (Jy).
(8) Rule no. 17 applies to the paradigm of (J — ^UJl * — ^1),
e.g. Q>%
(9) Rule no. 8 applies to the paradigm of (J j — * —
e.g. (J^).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 46
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £Jl j v^Jt) of the
following verbs:
'S/J.'<3\j (1)
tM ( 2 )
l3j^' t5li (3)
(4)
(b) Name the word-forms {^p) of the following verbs:
0^(1)
o>>; ( 2)
p (3)
Oj^i (4)
\yj (5)
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
The Paradigm of (^Ij
£j ^« j^J l*L ^J^i £yi J (^Ki £^
£^ <u»« aJUIj ^ll* ^^r 4 £st* ^ ( — ^ j^J' ^ ^ (_s4-^ J
Analysis
The (J j — (1-^1) and — ^ p — *»\) have become similar
after changes were made. However, the original form of
each word is different. The original form of the ( ^ «<!
J j — was j — while the original form of the ( ^ — «<!
Jail) was
Hereunder follow the paradigms of this (<-r>t>).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
iy y
iy
^:
£*y
ipi;
G*y y
^y y
14
jy
^y
^y
^y
y^.
^¥
y° :
y° :
cy y
jy
^y
y
y
0 Jto
yy y
c^J
jlxlj
y^
y^
y^y
cy y
iy
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(J jj*U £_ jUil
*.*13
kl* li
kJ li
01*13
Lp13 j li
i*U jj
u* 1 ^
^ •
kl" li
kJ li
Cj r
l*li
0li*I3
oiIL3
'•Jtl* li
'JJ li
<_r •
*.ils)
kl" li
ki li
01*13
l*li
s -il3'
IIpLj li
f«*li li
a -.pii3
*jtl3'
• r
° jJi li
^ r
0LpC3'
01*13
LpLj li
l*li jj
0l£u3
OllkiJ
y ?
0*13 t ^*1U c ^*13 c ^*13
t ^Ll3 t c t : 5jLijLl o j3l £j> J j^*tI ^ jL^il
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c^xaSna czMp'iljfzollocjij
* '° 'i
erf
•it ' t '*\
•it " '\
t ' t
a '1
! jpUJ
1
•it ' t 'it
•it ' ° '1
t ' fit
t ' ° 't
•.I " '*\
•.t'° 'l
JUxJ
i ' . 'A
c^M
crl
jLpLxj
LpLxj
s i t 'it
^4
i° it'-i
1 j^Uij
* , t 'i\
°f • ,
Cf*
° , t '-t
<^f * ,
t t 'il
1*1
•\i C° 'it
Ou*j
' ° 'it
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
<< *
*^Lj m
lT • 1
i_r • s
*^Lj m
° _frllf M
i_T • 31
jllki V
0^
y v
y v
c^Sfc
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
r-'
* so
'e
0^****
01****
Ol*jb'
O JJl***
0 ^*5L>
<****
01*****
01*****
01**j1j
£)l**
ol****
oI*jI>
OLp-C*
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to all the words from (£j ;) till
(2) Rule no. 9 applies to all the words of (J ^^lll).
(3) In the (y*> j >*i! ^jUall), rule no. 8 has been applied.
(4) Rule no. 17 applies to the (J^LiJl ^1).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
4_L/« J^- 4 <J^! (J?" J J^* *^
To distinguish between the (j — *l) of (jj — in which the
(a j — «*) is deleted and the (j — *l) of (<~i j — sH), one will notice
that in (<_i_prl), besides the and (c- — £. — «^),
the (A^iS^Jl ,j\p) remains in all the words. Examples:
— ^ ^rf ^Jj 5 ^ j 5 ^3). The ( ui — f-
2 — USsJl) returns in the words attached to (2 — LSJ jj — J) and
(2jLA>- 0 jj) as well. Examples: j^. ^ j5)
However, in (Oi — jj — the (2 — «iS^Jl ^ — p ) is deleted
from all the words. Examples:
(^L. c \°j&> \L> t djj i Isjj Ijjj Ijj)
Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Lilk
OlilkJ
tiik
j jilicj
lylk
cJlkf
iiik£!
jlilki
lilk
jliikl)
lllk
ylk
Oylkj
Olilk
lllk
Olilki
Olilki
Ollak
^(j
> . , *
Lslkj
lit
lit
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
Analysis
(1) The forms of the (J — ^UJl ^1) and (J j— *&\ p — -I) have
become the same, namely (il However, the original
form of each word is different. The (J pIaj! * -I) was
(i jiLt) while the (J j — p — -I) was (>j — xl*). Note that the
(t-ij — Jiil is also the same as the (J j — ^ — as in all
other M jjT) of (a ^ jjP).
(2) The verbs of the perfect tense — in the form of
(s-^ j3 X» a-uxT) and — — * £ — are the same as
the (j — jTJ — « ^7) and (j — ^U- — » £. — ^) of the
imperative (j — that is (^ — xil) and (tjil — xSI). However, the
originals of the — were (b j — xil) and j — xil) while
the originals of the (j — *)) were (ta j — xil) and (Iji j — The
(j — »l) is constructed from the — «^») which is (Ota j — xSj).
Therefore the (j) is
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
This (<— »b) is similar to (S%) - (c£ jlj _p-t).
y^i <L«ljLu«>j ^La£^o j,_JLu«>l j ^Js£*j*a y^i <L«LaX^j j,_JLu»o ^LaiLul
Analysis
(1) The word — was originally ((* y& — -"j). Rule no. 8
is applied and it changes to
(2) Rule no. 8 and rule no. 3 have been applied to — «o)
which was originally (/»jii«o).
(3) The word (W j-i: — ^i) has been changed due to rule no. 8
to (4^ULxl*j).
(4) The change in (p_Jx^>) is similar to that of (^Jtu^S).
(5) The (2 — «i£J! ^s>) is deleted from the (j — «t), (,^—4) and
(fjj^ ^ jUa-*), e.g. (ji-a^-o (J C jt-fll-J ^ t jt-Ssl*}).
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
(6) When (2-Laj by) or (2 — L&>- by) is attached to the (j — »l)
or ((_^), the deleted letter returns, e.g.
0jU>tJUvj jL>t£^o j ^>tX^« j^s 0jL>tX^j ^j>tX^o jlj>t£^j
This (s->^) is similar to (/»LS£-|).
j,J( <u« ^UL« ^gi 4^1ij ^UL j ji-ji* j^i p-JL ^lil
The changes of this (s->^) are similar to those of (^*UxLt).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 47
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £Jl j v^Jt) of the
following verbs:
'Jl4& (1)
6°i tO ( 2 )
(3)
(4)
(b) Name the word-forms (£^>) of the following verbs:
°J (2)
(4)
(5)
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
The Paradigms of (^y^) and ((J^)
, off, >,t\' t,= , ,>', * >,
£o| tCj> y»U1 y^i s.Uo i^^i J y"^i ^°
^p(jj> jb'lplu s.Lp1u ^llu jllpLu alalia ^llu jllpJu* ls^^
Analysis of the changes
(1) The verbs of — i u &»\ — ;) and dj\ — j <-i j — *-t) do not
come on the (s-'LO of (j-**!).
(2) The (j) in the (<J»j—}oi\ ^1) - (^PJl_Ji) and in the ( p — -I
3 — M) - — a ) is deleted due to rule no. 7. If these words
are used with (Jt) or as a (<-il — ^>), the (lJ — Si) is retained,
e.g. (jU'&lb. j J^°^j ij'^)-
(3) The (j) in the word (s-l^ — *) has changed to (aj — »*) as in
the (j-Ua*).
(4) In the plural of the (<->j — joJ! j, — -I) - (*|J — and the
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
plural of the (J- — s^iJt ^ — *\) - {9 iSl), rule no. 25 has been
applied.
(5) In the word — *) which is the plural of the ( p —
^Vt), the (j) has changed to a (l£) due to rule no. 20.
(6) Rule no. 26 has been applied to ( L g£-3>).
(7) In the words (01 — and — the (<Ji — St) has
changed to a (c5) due to rule no. 22. This applies to all the
words which are (c- — \y of the (J- — s^Jl * — >-l) and the
1 — ^ cJ j-* of the (J- — *aJci\ — ^1), whether the words
are (^w), (^^) or (Jaw).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
J>4°J
>^:y
>^
IpS
1^1; y
Ollplb
jl^plb
t^pS
>^:y
j^plb
j^plb
t^pS
^l-y
jPJJ
c~pS
lyu; y
jl jpjj
l£p.i
lipS
Dy^l'y
y^
j jpJy
y^
OjpS
^i-y
jP_U
O jpS
y
jl jPJJ
llf^pS
i>of y
^i-y
j jpjj
j jPJJ
L^y
y^
y^
^ y
OllpJb"
llf^pS
y^y
y
y^
j^plb"
y>s
>sfy
>^y
if^pS
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(j^ -
c - r
S- JLi J
c - r
jl^pJLi
iIpju li
f- JJ Li
C r
f- li
c r
c r
c. jr; J
c r
(1)1 ^p-lij
Lpjj Li
c. IT 1
tff^" r
^LfL!
jLtJJ Li
yfLJ
j jpjU
^L!
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Ijplu!
jPwUJ
jpjlJ
f- Oil
(jl jp-xij
IjpjiJ
'•IpjlJ
/ »i
L JI
Of * ° f
j Jpwljj
i_r°'
\pl>i!
Jui
* ,i
LT J '
jllpjil
jl Jp.sl
* * , o i
' .^.^
j jpjU
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
iUiill 0 jJl
- 1
^ju Si
Si
(1)UpOj Si
Cpjj Si
i^pjj Si
*IcJLJ M
jllpJJ ^
iipji Si
'•Ipju Si
^jj Si
^jj Si
jllpjj ^
iIpjj Si
j jpju" ^
^pjj Si
y>jj Si
*^*jLj M
jllpjj Si
iipji Si
i^pjj Si
^Sl
dy>°J Si
^of Si
£sf Si
^luSi
Si
°^piJ Si t °^>f Si <. Si < o^i" Si c
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
r- 1
J
{■is
jt jP_b»
^tlu
jtilpLu
jtil^tS
ot jplu
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (S-*o).
(2) If an (lJ — St) is changed from a (j), it is written in the
form of an (<Jt — St), e.g. (t — eo). If the (lJ — St) is changed from a
(c£),it is written in the form of an ((J), e.g. (^j).
(3) If an (lJ> — St) is deleted due to ( l jcS'\ — -Jl ^1 — *2*|) or
(jjj — J), if (Jt) is attached or the word is (<-il the
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
(lJj — St) will be written in the form of a (<S) in all three cases
- (j — sMj 4 s^Jtj Jt 3JU-), e.g. If the word (^pJ — has
(Jt) attached to it or it is (<->! the (<Js St) will be
written in the form of a ((J) e.g. (j»^pJ — » j — Jt t J — &),
(J-LpJ — ^ j J^J — Jt c Jfj) and ( j — Jb
(i-SLpJ «). According to the grammarian, Slbawayh, in
— v^Jt 2 — !b^) ; the (ajj — v^i* i_Jj — St) will be written in the
form of an (cJ-St), e.g. {^S\s-^> j).
(4) In the dual form (t j eo), the (j) remains unchanged
because it appears before the (cJ-St) of (V^)-
(5) From (0 j eo) till the end, all the words are in their
original form.
(6) In the (J j — ^ — ^^), rule no. 11 has been applied to
all the words whereby the (j) changes to (iS). In the word
(yo), the ((J) is deleted.
(7) In words like (j*-^ — j), the (j) has become 1 — due
to rule no. 10.1. In — j), ( 0y>J — f) and Q^IpJ — f), the ( j)
is deleted due to rule no. 10.2 and 10.3. Besides the ( £- — «^
o — \y) and all the forms of (3 — j^T), all the remaining words
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
are unchanged.
(8) The plural masculine word-forms are the same for the
masculine and feminine, namely (0 j&^t) and (0 j&^i).
(9) In the (J j — ^ j\ — ^ail), the (j) has changed to (<J) due
to rule no. 20, e.g. (^Uj).
(10) The (j->l>- Jb~! j) and (j — i>\*~ c have
the same word-forms, namely {^-^ "). However, the
original form of the (j ^»L>- o J ?-tj) was
(jj jP^j) while the original form of the (j — ^»L>- o — £. — ^)
was ( jjpJJ).
(11) In words like — j j — !). due to the (<~i — ^) at the end,
the effect of the QJ) is not visible.
(12) If at the time of — «Jl ^1 — **v|), the first sakin
letter is a (a^ — *), it is deleted. If it is not a (3^ — »), the (j) is
rendered a (4-« — >>) and the (l£) a (Sj — e.g. (OjpJ — J) and
(Of^).
(13) Rule no. 11 has been applied to all the words of
(J — plil! (i — -I). Rule no. 10 applies to (fjS). The rules of
(^ jJLlt rt-^VI) mentioned previously apply to it.
(14) Only (ftps}) has been applied to the (J (»— I).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 48
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £Jl j v^Jt) of the
following verbs:
^-o-^o Low*** ( 1 )
(2)
yuu Up (3)
A' % (4)
%^ (5)
(b) Name the word-forms {^p) of the following verbs:
J-Hi(l)
'vf&t'J (2)
j»'(4)
^ (5)
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
pi ^ l/s ^ ft lX* ^jj r 0 S** ft eft
Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
&J'J
\yj
&j
yj
d° r °j
0 Jo 2
o?J
«y
d£>°J
dC>°J
J>'J'J
1 0 /
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SJzom ids. ZlxexxiXxxsA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
^ J li
li
C°j li
li
(v r
»°i li
4-V
'■Z/l li
li
li
<v ^
/i li
yy ^
° J.° j li
° J 3 li
C°i li
ii« 0 j li
pf^i
f>7
r>7
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
/J
(V
tJ v J ;
(V
° /.I
- Jl
$
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
.'j V
\i>°j> ^
yj- '
yj. s
(V J
(V *
O^S- 21
(V J
/i N
i'i »■ J n
ilrV 21
° j°i N
- y 2
o£v Si
0^
r&yv rc/jv i'v/v i
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
oil* y
Us
Analysis
(1) The (<-j >J1 - { LS -^J>) is (ui— «l! £ j— s*-0 if the verb
is (^aSU).
(2) When the word * y) is used with (Jl) or as a
(u3Ua^>), the (<-iil) reverts, e.g. (^^Ul) , _/•).
(3) Rule no. 25 applies to (f1y>) and IjT).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(4) Rule no. 7 has been applied to *j>) whereby the
(if) has changed to an (i_aS1).
(5) In the broken plural (^ — the (<S) was changed to an
(lJj Si) and was thereafter deleted due to ( £j
(6) In the words — «j) and (t j — *j), the (iS) was changed to
an (cJdl) due to rule no. 7.
(7) In the words — *j) and (\ — the (lJ — St) was deleted
due to (o^L-Jl
(8) Rule no. 10 has been applied to 0 yj)-
(9) Rule no. 10 has also been applied to — * j), — » J),
(^J 1 )' (y^V)' — *J)> @j — (JJj-J). After changes
were made in the singular feminine second person -
J) ~ ^ became like the plural feminine second person.
(10) Rule no. 7 has been applied to the passive tense verbs
like j) etc.
(11) In the word ((*Sj), the (iS) was made sakin and then
deleted due to (O^L-J ^Ux?r1).
(12) In the word (J j *Sj), the harakah of the (c5) was
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
transferred to the preceding letter, the (<S) was changed to
(j) and then deleted.
(13) Rule no. 14 has been applied to all the words of
(J_>*ii1 ^1), e.g. (ys)-
^j, ^Jj Js>\j
Analysis
(1) The same changes as — i ^ — ^-5) have occurred in the
active tense of this verb. The other words are affected in
the same way as (j&M
(2) As an exception to the rule, the rule of — ta) has been
applied to the word y).
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
^il^c^j jULio^ aLi^c« ^l^t^ oLv^u?^ ^Ju?^ 4x< aJUIj
DLoio 1 ! ^Ju>-I <Uv° ( Jy^g Jjts (j ^ilic* jbLiv^t^ {.Liot* j
The verbs of this category are very similar to those of
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 49
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £Jl j v^Jt) of the
following verbs:
Jn(1)
°l£ j'4 Jj> (2)
(4)
J* (5)
(b) Name the word-forms {^p) of the following verbs:
^ y (2)
^ ^ (3)
oiililii (4)
(5)
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J> Za Jy> ^ aIISj J>'j£ "J* 33 Jfj ^ ^Uj ^4 ls*J
In this category of verbs, the rules of (Jl i*) have been
applied to the (2 — «i^Jl s-1 — s) while the rules of {^y^ — >) have
been applied to the {} — ui — £•). Most of the paradigms
are similar to those of j, ^j).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
;>:y
y^
u
#yy
^:y
juSjj
jllflj
>y y
>^:y
jjjL
jy y
^y
#y y
^y
jLS y
jQj
Ixlsj
y*yy
y^
y&
yw
jyy
^y
#y y
^y
jus
jQj
Lo-Lsj
yy y
^y
j ji"
0 *>„.»
yy y
^y
y^
O-vSj
^yy
^y
jus
jiiaj
LaJUSj
Lo-Lsj
y*yy
y^y
yv
y^
J^y
^y
C-vSj
LjtJ 3 y
> r y
uls j
ulsj
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Xi
(J
li
jlXJ
Qj li
U
Jjj" (J
-j li
jlXJ
a . xi
Jjj (J
"J li
jlXJ
IX"
a -XJ
° i°j li
'JJ °J
r
jLi j£J
jlXJ
LlSj li
jf jJ
i ( yS 1 i j3 j£J 1 ^ jj 1 jj : 4jLX-| j jji ^4 J j^Jt\ ^ jUill
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
iUiill 0 jJl
XJ
— —
-J
jLXJ
LS^3
1X3
a .X£!
jlXJ
IXJ
jLLaU
'. XJ
US*
lis
z *
C?
jLi j£J
jLi
Li^i
jLi
jL\S
Jjti
j jS ji) t ^^ji ji] t t j-S jil t j ji jJ t t j*S jJ ! 4jLiiM j jjl J j^Srl y'VI
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
c3jj SI
-J N
jiiiy Si
<1)C2j SI
□y si
Hi' SI
a Jl V
is y j
-J N
c3ji SI
-J N
l)CSjj ^
Hal SI
j jS jj ^
'•Jf S/
a jf V
of 1
oiiy Si
si
Cij SI
O^Sjj si
'Jjf V
jf Si
j?y ^ ' ^ ' h*j y ' ^y ^ *
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
r- 1
J JM&1
J*
Analysis
(1) The (j) of Sj) and all the other verbs has been
deleted due to the rule of
(2) The rule of » j) has been applied to the (<S) of
(°y£).
(3) The imperative (J) was constructed from — After
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
deleting the s^il 2 the last letter which is a
(4l*j! y^) was deleted. It became (ti).
j ^ ^ £ ui yy ^ jy 'j 33 JO >^ jj
Jy^ailll JjUi j ^(j^ OIjUI* s-Ul* j Jtj^ OIjUIo alii* Jl y Ollll*
The paradigms of this category is similar to (^Jk ^ j).
jbl j,^ * 5.I a j jlja^ jbl j,^ a a! j,^ * jbW« jb * (_£ j,^ a
OL OUj jJs ^ ji?
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
<UP ^^_Jl j t^wis-l 4^4 t^Z t?-UX^i L5^«
^gi Ull^rt ^ji^J S" J: ^^"i i^^i LS^i
il. Li^Jl v^rJ ^ Zj> L-i^l Za 'jM
$ , * , t' * , i* ^ j ^ * j , * , t , *' > £ • * * * i> s
eS^""*^ LS^" J S*^ 4 J^* V*-^ LS^^ LS^* 1
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jj 4L y.Ul ^iL. Caij ^JL j jL> ^4* aIaL" ^iL ^
^.tii jiii ^ j 34* °<J&- J^-
SUf^l SJlPlia Ub jtflU
yu\ "yy SL.1y ^jj j ^ j^i SWy
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
The (j) of the verbal noun (jJ — ^») changed to (iS) due to
rule no. 16. In (j — =Mj £- — s jJl 2 — Sb^) it is deleted due to
y u3i _ Jibs; ub j« c^j'j
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Exercise 50
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £Jl j v^Jt) of the
following verbs:
J*** 'iff - (2)
J 3 - "j) (3)
^J3 (4)
'iff Ji LS^ (5)
(b) Name the word-forms (^v) of the following verbs:
'</*J (!)
lyjt ( 3)
££03 (4)
j?l (5)
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Combination of (jj-<^») and (J^ 4 )
^\ } J( yyi Jj> Vjf JTj jjt J^T Vjf Jji' JT
The paradigms of this verb are similar to those of (J J^)-
The rules of have to be applied to the while the
rules of (J^*-*) apply to the (j). Wherever there is a conflict of
the two, the rules of (J^*-*) will be given preference. For
example, (JjJj) was originally (Jj^). It required the rule of
(tjAj) to change the to (<-aji), whereas the rules of (J^)
required the transferring of the harakah to the preceding letter.
Preference was awarded to the latter.
Similarly, (JjJ>) was originally (Jj<J). The rule of (j- 9 *)
required changing the to (<-Js->l). However, the rule of
(Jx**) of transferring the harakah was preferred. It became
(Jjji). Thereafter, the second hamzah was changed to (j) due to
the rule of (f-^jl). It became (J jji).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
O j^fi Ub ^J\j J}yr\j bail
ks- LS ^Jij °s\ <u-« -4 s -* ^ J ^ ^
This (s-'Ij) is similar to (g^i The above-mentioned rule has
to be considered here as well. Consequently, in the word (^),
the rule of (^i) is given preference to the rule of (^j). The rule
of (4^J1) applies to (*M>).
^\ j Jjf o. yyi #f Jt y{ j JT ^ #f $ vf
The rules of (jj^-p) apply to the hamzah while the rules of
(^U) apply to the (j).
o j-i? ub jtf^Uj bail
oo( a^> y>y\ ^Jb> y^i UUjI ^"U Jl j o! ULJl ^"L
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of c/h-aka jy[ox^ot 0[
This paradigm is similar to ji ^j)-
_J Vu» y^l j^s (jJvj ^) j <~>\ j^i Is-U ^1
3 ^ yH\ Jy jrfi iSj Jj J *ij >^ *3j
t^r^ 2JNJ1 j ^ jbT^ 4^. (_> JiJl y V <UP j
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As mentioned previously, the rule of (J^>) is compulsory in the
verbs of this (<-r^)- Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of
this verb. Since it is a very common verb and many rules have
been applied to it, it should be thoroughly learnt.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Jd\ jlSIj
' £>
i_j a Jill
(J a Jill
ciy
«y
^y
$J
^y
j^y
^y
^y
rfi
yy. y
yy y
yy
^> y
^l/y
<sj
#y
#y
»y
j^y
b'jj
wy
yy
#y
yy _ y
c£j y
ci'j
ci'J
a jo *
a *ois
* J 'J
^y
is)
c^y
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SJLaiJl 0 jjl ^
a " 't
Cf-J
' ■* 0 1
' ' • t
y-H
•ii" 't
Wji («-)
i " ' ° t
•/ ' 't
0 - / 0 .
i° " ° t
a " ;t
' ^ ° t
Jb JJ
m" it
Jb ^
i " - ° t
(J
M'°' 't
""'
Jb JJ
jb ^sJ
i " - ° i
^ ,j
i " - ° 1
^ (J
•/ ' -t
Jj^
0 ' i ° i
a 'it
CAP
a 'it
CAP
r 1
Jb
Jb
i"- ° t
i " - ° t
jbT^J
6# ^
3^'
>7
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
SJLiasJl 0 jJl ^
Q
j
£>
*2
7
2
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SJLfliJl 0 jjl ^
77^
j* ^
^7 ^
o7 ^
yj ^
77^
') y
Li J ^
" " * M
Oiji V
77^
77^
^7 ^
17 V
7" ^
7/ ^
77^
1 " - M
by i
o£y Si
7S^
7^
77^
7;^
3^
' 73* ^ ' 7/ ^ ' °^j7 ^ ' 77 ^ : M c ^
77 V < 73^ V « erf c Ojy ^
^ < 73* ^ < 77 ^ < ^ ^ ' 73*' ^ = ^ M £• J ^ g^ 1
77 v ' 73^ ' 73* v < &*
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
J} J£\ ^1
JpUJI ^1
J's
J/
,\y
lis
>?
Analysis
(1) The verb was originally (<J* ji). The rule of (J^>) is
first applied after which the (c5) is changed to due to rule
no. 7. This change applies to all the word-forms except the dual
form in which only the rule of (J^j) applies. In the plural
masculine forms and the singular second person feminine, the
(l-aJI) is deleted due to (O^LJ! ^U^-l).
(2) In words like (<S J, <jJ), no visible change has taken place
because the does not accept any harakah.
(3) The (^J>-!l) is deleted from words like (j. because of the
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(4) In words like (jj J)), the (iS) reverts in place of the
because the latter cannot accept a harakah. The (^L^" Oy)
requires a before it.
(5) In (djji), due to ^U^rl) between the (j) and the
( j), and the (j) is not a (a-^>). Therefore a (k>_s^) is rendered to it
to indicate the deletion of the (j).
(6) The imperative (j) is constructed from (c_£ J). After deleting
the (^jUall 4^>*^), the is deleted from the end. It becomes
6).
(7) The imperative was originally (j). The (a1*J1
which was deleted due to a (e-iSj) now reverts. However, the
(<_aJI) W as not capable of upholding a harakah. Hence, the (iS)
which changed into (o^) reverts so that it can carry the (*s*^i)
which the (2JL£ j ^;) requires before it. It becomes In (Ojj)
and (^j), the (j) and (c5) are rendered a dammah and kasrah
respectively because they are not (i^>). A harakah is not
permissible on a (a-^). The dammah indicates the deletion of the
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(j) from the original while the kasrah indicates the deletion of a
(1) The remainder of the paradigm is similar to (^J £_b').
(2) The verb (puio which is (^'b j^-'j j**^ can
be from <— »b) or (^x* <—^)- A letter from the (V^" - j j>-)
is present in the (i*I5vJl The (S of the (^U.! J*iil) is
not visible. In the verbs before (j^), the (ij) was changed to
0-aJ!). The original of the (*J^t) could therefore be either ( c5
or (l>-j/iAA (J). The question arises as to why the verbs
from (j^) till (uti) have been rendered a kasrah. The answer to
this is that if this verb is from '—'b), the kasrah of the ( s-li
indicates the kasrah of the
ui*0. If this verb is
from (^e2i i—>b)> the kasrah of the (S^iSCJl s.li) indicates the
deleted (<J) as in (yj).
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(3) In the imperative ({j*) and the words affected by (f >*-) like
(U^i *J), the hamzah can be changed to ((J). In (Ui) and ( *J
Lio), the hamzah can be read as an (t-iil). The (2-UJt <-i ^) will
however remain and not be deleted because the hamzah is a root
letter. In the (2-J^J( fl) is not deleted.
(4) The hamzah of (^^ , ) and (^A- 9 ) cannot be changed to (c£)
and then (fL^}) be applied because the (c£) is an original letter.
Therefore the rule of (tevja^-) cannot be applied here as this is not
a (aJJt j sJL«).
(5) The (c5) of (^Ut-a) and similar words is not changed to a
hamzah because it is a root letter. The rule of (J^**) only applies
to a (a^jlj j) or (o*tflj (5).
Exercise 51
(a) List the detailed paradigms (jy, £)l <3 j d\) of the
following verbs:
J°j,Jj(4) Jfc Jf(l)
c^t ^if (5) t/j (2)
fij ^ ( 3)
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The Rules of (l-apU^>)
Rule 1
If there are two letters of the same type (<j~^ — =*^») or they
are similar — «^) and the first is (jS'l — it will be
assimilated into the second letter. That is, {A — «}) will be
applied.
This rule applies whether the letters are in the same word
or in two separate words.
Examples of (fL^}) in the same word
i. ► J_« (Example of [ju«jbs>] letters, that is "-5")
ii. zJJi> ► JJ^> (Example of [^^JU^] letters, that is "-5")
iii. * — j-^p ► j*JXp (Example of [Oiij'
letters, that is "-5" and "O")
In the case of (uyj^ the first letter is changed into the second
letter before is applied. In the above example, (-5) is changed
to (O) first, and then the two (O)'s are assimilated. However, the (i)
is still written, although not pronounced.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Examples of (fL^i) in two words
Exception
In two words, if the first word is a (a^) 1 , the letters will not be
assimilated, that is, ((»^}) will not be applied.
Example
However, if the (oJ — ») is in the same word, — will be
applied.
Example
'A «) is either a (j) preceded by a (C — a (cs) preceded by a (5j— s") or
a ( Ji) preceded by a (a^j)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Rule 2
If two letters of the same type are (ii j — >*z»), and the letter
preceding the first (J ji J-i L») is also (ii j — the first letter
will be made (^p L*<) and then the two letters will be assimilated,
that is, will be applied.
Example
letter
However, if a noun (jt-^}) has a (35" on the (2 — <J5sJl jj^P), the
letters will not be assimilated. In this case, (>liol) will not apply.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Example
*>. *
ppppp
90 90 90 90 90
Rule 3
If the letter preceding the first (J J' J — is Q^r ' k ") and not a
(oJU), the (aT j*-) of the first letter will be given to its preceding letter
and then (>lPil) will be applied.
Example
\ (J}i jj u) preceding letter
I (J first letter
((jU) second letter
J>i ► J>i ► >i (V> <-r^)
Exception
This rule does not apply to the words of (J>«L»).
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Example
4-4^ (No change is made.)
Rule 4
If the preceding letter is a (^ — *), without transferring the
(2 — S" y^), the first letter will be made (jS'l — and both will
be assimilated, that is, (f L£o!) will be applied.
Examples
o-» J**) ° f c^ 1 ^ v^)
\ \ X.
^ 1st a-L*
2nd
£cj*-l>- ► ►
Si^» (J J*3) of (a1pUL>
**JA ^ ^ ^
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Rule 5
If after applying (A — ^\), there is a (<Ji — Sj-pause) due to
(j — or there is a (f j — the following are permissible in
the second letter:
i. 4^3 - because it is the lightest letter (olS"
ii. o j-^S' - whenever any (jS'^) letter is rendered a harakah, it is
rendered a kasrah. The rule is
iii. Jji - (no takes place).
Example
The(4*-*s y»l)of(yij ji)is:
If the preceding letter (Jjl J — i t») is (> j-« — then —
is also permissible.
Example
When the final letter has ( jjSL*), either because of a suffix, or
because it is in the jussive case (f ji-' aJU-) or it is the imperative
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(y^), the two letters must be written separately, e.g. (loX») and
When the final letter is (ii y>^>) - it is vowelled - the two are
coalesced. 18 This does not apply to the (jX^u>) - verbal noun,
where the (eJ>Jt) interposes between the two final letters, e.g.
Exercise 52
(1) Which rule has been applied to the word Qj k>) and
how?
(2) Explain the rule applied in the word (0 j£> jJ).
(3) Analyse the rule applied in the word (i_~~o).
(4) Apply rule no. 4 to the word (^j).
(5) What are the different ways of reading the imperative
singular form of the following words?
^(2)
&(3)
18 joined and made into one.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
J_4 J_« J_« <U/° y>^j\ j^i tj^a jJoJ -La J ib> j^S t-L« J-aJ jj«
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to
(2) In the words (-Uj) and rule no. 3 has been
applied.
(3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (^), and (-iW).
(4) In the imperative and prohibition (^^^j V*), rule no. 5 has
been applied.
Hereunder follows the detailed paradigms of this verb.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(Jill JLTtj
£ -J *J>
Jj^l
^jUll
^jUll
i_j a Jill
(^ai
(^ai
toy
toy
toy
oito
y
wy
toy
toy
OJL«
toy
toy
oito
j^iuj y
toy
toy
toy
toy
oi to
Olto
^ to t
ytoy
jtoy
o to S-
^to y
^to y
c-oju>
colt*
to y
toy
o(to
Olto
osiuj y
O-Sjui y
^y
^y
i
JL.I
iif
Oil*
toy
toy
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SJLfliJl 0 jjl ^
' \
JJU-J
S i ' J ° i
i t s o ,
M*i' \
JlJLo_J
M*l ' 't
1*1 J ' ° t
Vr 't
•l 1 J 't
it
JJLoJl!
J it
4 I ' - ° t
4 I J - ° t
M*i' it
M*l ' -t
1*1 ' - ' 1
1*1 J - ° t
. O ' o -» o !
0/0 , 0 .
\*> ' il
•>*> J ;i
S l J - ° 1
\I*i' il
fit* i " i
Vrit
•1*1 ' it
■ V - 1 1
■ V- 1 1
M*i' it
M*l ' -t
l S i ' - 0 t
|V ; " t
Hi jj
jail! c <1)X«U c ului) c jIu£J
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0_U-J
« ' *<
-U.J
•ilV *\
JlJLo_J
1*.-* '1
iV 'i
IJU-J
•i i J 't
0 I , >.
JJLoJl!
4 I ' it
JloJl)
JlJLoJJ
JlJLoJj
l 4 l ' -1
IJLoJj
•\°.>V '!
*i ' -1
1*1 ' il
JJLoJj
jJL»
0 1 ' -1
0 i J.
JJLoJj
jJL»
•ilV -1
jl X«
(V -t
0.5 Jul
!u3
jail) t jjJ»l! <, OJuii c
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3JL&)l d jd\ gj>
O-Uj ^
0wL»J ^
01^-OJ V
Vr ' v
jj^j ^
jj^j ^|
jlJLoJ j
01-UJ V
IJLqJ ^
Olo-^ ^/
OU^wUj ^
0-iwU-J ^/
0-UJ ^
O-UJ ^
wUJ ^
jl_UJ ^
OI-UJ V
IwUJ ^
Vi'* V
JJ_»_) ^
0-UJ V
0 V- V
OJ-oJ V
M*i ■* - M
OliSali ^
O^luJ V
oSali ^
oi.( Si
Oaif Si
aif ^
oU ^
o!ui ^
Hi y
oHi V t Ooif N c Olui V i O^i V c
O^ui ^ t OJui V <• OJuj ^ t oHj V : Oj-Jl ^> J j^srl Lf fJl
° i , ° i ° * , > ' ° £ , > -
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
2ftl f\
JpUJI ^1
ill!*
Analysis
(1) From till the end, no (f^i) of the first (J) applies
because the second radical is (jZ'L*).
(2) However, from (ojX») onwards, (f l^-i}) applies because the
(i) and (o) are j^il k_~> _/) - close in source of
pronunciation.
(3) Rule no. 5 has been applied to (*Uj jJ) etc.
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Exercise 53
(1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:
1^1- (2)
L4i L* (3)
Li Li (4)
L^ (5)
(2) What is the word-form C 2 ^-^) of the following words:
d^k (1)
ji!tU; (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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4J»
^gi \j\ Jhl^l y> . '/>i Jsl^>\ j Jh°h .* j-gi tjl ^-^i jl^'^i J^-^l
V ^JssI^sj *y <up jj^l jk^l ^
In this (<— the (J — ^UJl ^1), (J ^ — -I) and ( p — -I
<-jj — iaJl) have become similar in form but the original of
the (J — ^Uil — w-l) was (uj — *J! jj — while the ( * — -1
J and J0> f\) was (OyJl ^ y**).
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IuJ> <Cj» lJ Jail SjJL? ^ JloJ J-<J ^ 4_lp j SjJ>(
JiiJ ub oipUa*
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
The rules of foj) have not been applied in these two
paradigms.
Wherever — col) has been applied in this (<-r>\ — ;), it is due
to rule no. 4.
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
A Combination of (cJ^U^»), (jy*~qy) and (J^- 4 )
ft y ft y ft y ft v .up ^jf
Analysis
(1) The rules of (jj apply to the hamzah while the
rules of (i_ap( — ^») apply to the doubled letters (ui — ~JU*i*).
At the time of conflict, the rules of (<Jn&\ — will be given
preference.
if * h
(2) In the word (>J — j), the rule of (<j"ij) was not applied.
Rather the rule of was given preference.
(3) After applying (A «}) to the word (f j'), the rule of
(^tjt) was applied whereby the hamzah changed to (j). It
becomes (j*y).
JloI y» jbtJL* .il-L^ it jlo <bj^» itj^ jb y ;y <D Sj^J
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Analysis
(1) The rules of ^») apply to the doubled letters
(Oi — iU^*) while the rules of (J — ^*-*) apply to the (j). At the
time of conflict, the rules of (<_ipl s^») will be given
preference.
(2) In the word (-5 y), the rule of (J^) required the (j) to be
changed to (c5) while the rule of (cJ-f-Ua-*) requires the
transferring of the harakah of the first (-5) to the (j). The latter
has been given preference.
If there is a
(jS'l — ~> j j — !) in one word followed any of the
letters of ( j j — I* j) in another word, — W1 U be applied
to the (j^L- o jJ).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Examples
(dLj °^»), (LSJ tf), (jU^j and
(jS'i ^ bJC^). (The tanwin is a nun sakin in reality).
If the letters are in one word, (A — «)) will not apply, e.g.
(lib), ( j(jl^).
The (J) of the definite article (Jt) becomes assimilated in
the ^Jj^X e.g. ( c _ r lIiJlj).
The (5-**^ ^jj^) are:
It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the
alphabet, e.g. (^liitj)
The remaining letters are called (h y>$ <Jijj>-).
Exercise 54
(1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:
j>1 (4)
3y (5)
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Special Meanings of Each (s^)
The (2^>U>-) refers to the extra meaning of a verb besides its
literal meaning, e.g. j^v) means to expel. The verb is
transitive. Here (V^^ 1 ) refers to the latter meaning, namely that
of being transitive.
The vastness of the Arabic language can be estimated from the
(oL^>l>-) due to the fact that one verb can have so many
different shades of meaning merely by using the verb in different
categories (<_->IjjI).
The (2*^) of ( jA> ub)
(2JlL») - to mention a verb after (2!pLL* ^j\S) to show that one
object overpowers another, e.g. {^uw^i Ji- J\ ^l*-^ li-) - The
man disputed with me and I overcame him in the dispute.
The of (o j& ob)
The (v^^ 1 ) of this category is also (2JtL») on condition it is
either (jLl»), ( J> yr\) or (^JL ^U).
Example:
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
(4j"J^-y -V^j ij^ j) - I and Rashid made a mutual promise
and I was predominant in the promise.
The (I-^)of (£f ub)
This (v^) most often has verbs which have the meaning of
illnesses, grief, joy, colours, defects or physical forms, e.g. (p-*^)
- to become ill.
( 0y>~) - to be grieved.
(£■ _/) - to become happy.
(j Ji") - to be blackish.
- to be one-eyed.
(^Jj) - to have broad eyebrows.
This (^L;) is mostly intransitive.
The (&~# of (f / Ub)
This (<-r>^.) is always intransitive. It refers to the natural qualities
of a person that are of a permanent nature or a temporary nature
achieved by experience.
Examples: (^y-^-) - to be handsome, {^) - to be ugly,
(4ii) - to have understanding,
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
The Derived Categories
The (V^) of (JUi! ^U)
(1) _ to make an intransitive verb transitive and if it is
already transitive, to make it doubly transitive, e.g.
(Jjj) - to descend, (J y\) - to send down;
(£-w<) - to hear, {^^) - to make someone hear.
(2) ( j-r^J) - to make the doer (J^-U) or the object (J j*-L*)
obtain the root (-U^l*) of the verbal noun (j-L^») from which the
verb is formed, e.g. (J*^ c-S' - I provided the shoe with
shoelaces. The (i^-U - root) is y^) meaning shoelaces.
( yS\) - to bear fruit. The (*i>-b») is meaning fruit.
(3) - to take the object to the place of the noun (i^-L»),
e.g. - I took it to the place of selling, that is the market.
The (J^U) is (£o).
(4) (<lM»crj) - to find something described with the (i^-L«), e.g.
(Axlijf) - I found him to be stingy; (o»^f1) - I found him to be
noble; {*5X*j>-\) - I found him to be praiseworthy.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(5) (J&WI c. *Lo) - to remove the (i^-U) from something. This
is of two types:
[1] if the verb is intransitive, the (j>-U) will be removed from
the doer e.g. (Ji- J\ JaLil) - the man removed oppression from
himself, that is, he was just.
[2] if the verb is transitive, the (i>-t») will be removed from the
object e.g. (Ji- J\ Ooiil) -I removed dirt from the eye of
the man.
(6) (i^-Lil s-lkpl) - the doer gives the object the (j>-t>), e.g.
(c-JSCj! c-JU^pI) - 1 gave the dog a bone.
(7) (^J-k) - the doer reaches the or enters it, e.g. ( ^1
Ji- J\) - the man reached in the morning; (Ji- J\ <i JsJ) - the
man reached Iraq.
(8) (^JJjrs^) - It has three meanings:
[1] to become the possessor of the (i^-U), e.g. (« ^-^i) -
the cow became one with milk.
[2] the doer becomes the possessor of something that is described
by the that is, it has the quality of the ( A^-U), e.g. ( <-j j>r\
Ji- J\) - the man became the owner of mangy 19 camels.
19 A skin disease affecting hairy animals that causes an itch.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
[3] the doer becomes the possessor of something in the place or
time of the e.g. (aOJ! ci - the goat bore offspring
in the autumn season.
(9) ((3U«u»il) - the doer becomes entitled to the (i^-U), e.g.
(-Ua ojt jjl) - Hind was entitled to be married.
(10) (Ajj4^) - the doer reaches at the time of the (i^-U), e.g.
jJl JUa^T) -the crop was ready to be harvested.
(11) (<L*jCa) - the meaning of the (i^-U) is strengthened, either
by making the act more final or making it more intense and wider
in application, e.g. (J^l y^) - the date palm bore much fruit;
I jL*\) - the morning became very bright.
(12) (s-t^aj) - the verb is initially used from (JUi} This
can be of two types: either the verb is not used in its root form
(i e.g. (jSji) - to hasten; or the verb is used in the root form
but for another meaning, e.g. - to fear while the root form
(ji-i) means to be compassionate.
(13) (k&\jfi) - to be synonymous with another verb, e.g.
(ls^ J <_P^' ls 5 ' 0 ) _ ^ ot ^ mean: tne night spread.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(14) (&jlki) - to mention a verb after another verb to indicate
the fact that the object has accepted the effect of the doer, e.g.
(jJoti Aj^-io) - I gave him glad tidings so he became happy.
(15) (^r—j) - making a relationship of something to the (i^-t»),
e.g. (Ji- J\ c-> ysSl) - I made a relationship of disbelief to the
man.
(16) IjJj) - to make a transitive verb intransitive, e.g.
(aS)1 jjllv X^-) - Salim praised Allah. (fJ^ J-^() - Salim was
praiseworthy.
The (OL^) of (J-*jS oli)
(1) (4j*UJ) - Example: (Ji- _y! oJjJ) - 1 made the man sit.
(2) (V^-»») - Example: (XpLii! o ^lii) - I removed the peel of
the fruit.
(3) (jutf) - Example: (jAlJl ls^"-*) _ He placed spices in the
pot.
(4) (5 j Jjy^) - Example: (jiJiJl j jj) - The tree bloomed.
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(5) J^>) - Example: (jJjJI <j LJUJl jIp) - The students
reached the depths of knowledge.
((♦-s^-) - He came into the tent.
(6) (^W 9 ) - This is of three types:
Intensity in the verb, e.g. (jlUxil J yr) - The student roamed a
lot.
Intensity in the doer, e.g. (J* Lit ^5 y) - Many camels died.
Intensity in the object, e.g. cJLIp) - She locked many
doors.
(7) (4-— J) - Example: (Ji- jJl cJL~i) - I made a relationship of
transgression to the man.
(8) - to make something don the e.g.
(jj* o~LU-) - I draped the horse with a horse cloth. 20
(9) (Jallsxj) - to join the (i^-U) to something, e.g. ( olai
^Jsu~^\) - I applied gold to the sword.
(10) (Jjjs»sJ) - to make something into the («i>-L») or similar to
the (i^-l*), e.g. (Ji- J\ j^sj) - He converted the man into a
A cloth used to cover animals to protect them from the cold.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJxsxiiXxxsA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Christian; (s-ta J\ cu*-^) - I made the sheet like a tent.
(11) (j*p2>) - to abbreviate a sentence and express it by means of
a single verb, e.g. (JJ-*) - to say 'La ilaha illallah'; (^-^) - to
say 'Subhanallah'.
(12) (3i3ljj9) - to have a similar meaning as y?-), (JUil <_jI>)
and (J*^~ s-*^)-
Examples: (^y^j *3 y>5) - I gave him a date.
(j-JIj j^j") - The date dried out.
y>j ,j» y) - He used the shield.
(13) (s-\J&\) - Example: (4i«i5 ) - I spoke to him. This meaning
is new in (J-*a> <-r J ^) because the (-5 y^) of the verb means to
injure.
The (OL^I^) of (&PULa ub)
(1) (aS'jQw*) - the relation or application of the act to another
person, e.g. (4-^) - to write; (l-JIS") - to write to someone, that
is, to correspond.
(2) (2i3lj^) - to have the same meaning as (-5 (JL**| s-^),
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(J^liJ <_jL) and (J-*£ <-r^).
Examples: (y^j _/^) - He travelled.
(aJJjuIj aix&\j) - I distanced him.
(LJLiJ jjgjtC. OLbr ^Jl - The two men abused one another,
(oijwsj c-jipW?) - I doubled the thing.
(3) (Jsg^) - e.g. ( V 1 *- (i ^ am! - May Allah
grant you well-being.
(4) (*t2bjl) - e.g. (oldJ! sOa ^U) - He bore this hardship. The
which is (a means to be hard-hearted.
The (OL^I^) of (Jl*s3l ub)
(1) (i&Jl) - This is of four types.
(a) to make the (i^-l*), e.g. (js*z>rl) - He made a hole.
(b) to hold, take or choose the ( A^-U), e.g. (c-ux^ri) - He held
the side.
(c) to make the object into the e.g. (aQJl tS^l) -
He made the sheep into food.
(d) to hold the object in the e.g. (el^spl) _ He held it
in his armpit.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(2) (cJi j*e&) - to attempt to achieve an act, e.g. (^1^1) - He
attempted to earn wealth.
(3) - to do an act for oneself, e.g. (JX^\ J^"i) - He
measured the barley for himself.
(4) (APjlJa*) - Example: G*-^Ls <ul^p) - I made him grieve, so
he began grieving.
(5) - Examples: (^L'j ^l^l) - It became bright.
jx*2>-\) - He entered Hijaz.
(iS^ J J tS^jl) - He donned the sheet.
(Ul^lsJj jlU- J\ ^&&-Y) - The two men disputed among
themselves.
(^prlxLlj jx^il) - He sought a rental.
(6) 0^1) - This is of two types.
(a) there is no (-5 e.g. - to slaughter a hungry goat.
(b) the (-5 has a different meaning, e.g. - He
kissed the stone, (^X^) - He was safe.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJxsxiiXxxsA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (OL^jL?-) of (JUiil ub)
(1) (^j ji) - to be intransitive, e.g. ( y-^\) - It broke.
(2) - to perceive something with the senses, that is, the
acts are related to the external limbs.
(3) (APjlk*) _ Examples: (^li3ls 'Sj^S) - I broke it, so it
broke.
(jlisls ullil cJLLpI) - I locked the door and so it was locked.
(4) (£231 j*) - Example: (j*J4 ^S. - He reached Hijaz.
This meaning is seldom used.
(5) (s-1^1) - Example: (jU^i) - He went away. (J^») - to be
cheerful.
The (OL^bi) of (J^i <-*lfl
(!) (f JjJ) , (<^jJ) - colours and (£-4*) - defects.
Examples: (j-^i) - It became very red.
(J_p~!) - He became one-eyed.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (OL^b^) of (J*i? ub)
(1) (APjlJa*) - Example: (^Jaiii A^tjai) - I cut it into pieces and
so it became pieces.
(2) - to think or to represent oneself to have a certain
quality or status, e.g. ( j^>) - He represented himself as having
patience.
(3) (<wU5^J) - to refrain from the e.g. (<s y^) - He
refrained from sin.
(4) (j-J) - to don the e.g. - He wore a ring.
(5) (J-*«J) - Example: - He used the oil.
(6) - This is of four types.
(a) to make the e.g. (ci~*^>J) - I made the tent.
(b) to hold, take or choose the e.g. (c_u^J) - He held
the side.
(c) To make the object into the (i^-t»), e.g. (^^Jl y) -
He used the stone as a pillow.
(d) To hold the object in the (J^-l»), e.g. {J^>\ ift?) - He
held the child in his armpit.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(7) (£tJj*tf) - to do an act slowly and several times. This is then
of two types.
(a) It is possible to achieve the act once but the doer does it
slowly, e.g. j^>) - He drank in sips.
(b) It is not generally possible to achieve the act once, e.g.
(jlyjJI Jii^J) - He memorized the Qur'an a little at a
time.
(8) ( J - to become the or similar to the (X>-L>),
e.g. (j^) - He became a Christian; (j>^>) - He became like the
ocean.
(9) (5 j j - Example: (J - He became wealthy.
(10) (4i3lj«o) - to have the same meaning as the j£), ( s-jU
and (JUi^»1 <- r J ^)- Examples: (JJ j J^j) - He accepted.
(O^pjj - He remained awake.
(g^js>*i**\ j ^y>*3) - He sought a need.
(11) (s-l*tejl) - This is of two types. Either there is no (^ j£) or
there is a (J y~) but it has a different meaning.
Examples: ( ( _ r -<^iJ) - He stood in the sun.
(jU^j) - He spoke. 04S") - to injure.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (OL^bi) of (JPliJ ob)
(1) (BjQj) - This is similar to (iTjli*.) of (iipU. ^L.).
However, the difference between the two is that in (21pLL«
one is mentioned as the doer (J^-p-Ls) while the other is mentioned
as the object (Jj*jL») while in (J-p-^sj <— jIj), both are mentioned
as doers but in reality each one is the doer as well as the object,
e.g. j» j O^jj ji-j^J) - Rayhan and Farhan abused each
other.
(2) (J4s») - to simulate a state or status or representing oneself
to have it, e.g. (^jUJ) - He pretended to be sick.
(3) (XpjUxs) - Example: (^Uxs ajIlpU') - I distanced him so he
was at a distance.
(4) (£231 j*) - Examples: fJl*) - to be high;
Qy^i) Lj) - to enter the right side.
(5) (s-1^1) - Example: (^ J^) - Allah is most blessed.
j) - The camel sat.
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (OL-^bi-) of (JUix-il ub)
(1) (LJJp) - To seek the e.g. (-fill o^i*£-l) - I sought
forgiveness from Allah.
(2) (43 CI jl <jjU&tflt»l) - to be entitled to the (^t>), e.g. ( ^J/^i
- The clothing was entitled to a patch.
(3) (APjlko) - (APjlko) - Example: axISI) - I made him
stand, so he stood up.
(4) (d\J&rj) - Example: (o»^£L() - 1 found him to be noble.
(5) (l)L1*?-) - to regard something as being described by the
(i^-L»), e.g. - I thought him to be good.
The difference between (ji-brj) and (<L)LLo~) is that there is
certainty in the former and doubt in the latter.
(6) (JjstJ) - to become the (j>-L») or to become similar to the
(Jj>-L>), e.g. (j-jkl! jjfoci*^) - The mud became a stone.
(7) (i^i) - Example: ^J^i) - He made India his
homeland.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(8) ( - to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. - to say ( ^JL) Ul
(9) (JUJl J J*iJ j JU3I j - Examples: ( ^£-1
yj) - to settle down, j i—>Us£^l) - to reply, ( j j^^-i
jt^j) - to be arrogant, (^^tj l^a^sL.}) - to resist a temptation.
(10) (s-t^l) - Example: (SSC- jJ! Js- J^^i) - He leaned over
the pillow.
The (OL^I^) of (JU-ail ub)
(1) Jji) - This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be
transitive, e.g. (<uJ^£-|) - I regarded it as sweet.
(2) - Example: (^j'Ul L~iyup1) - The land became
full of grass.
(3) (APjlJa*) _ Example: - I wrapped it so it was
wrapped.
(4) (Aiilji) - Example: (4xllk£L>1 j i$T>i^1) - I thought it to be
sweet.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
The (OL*?bt) of (J^l ^U)
Like (J%^1 ^\->), this category also has the following four
meaning patterns:
(f !#) , (^ jJ) and (L4P)
Examples: (^^-M) - It became very white.
(J I - He became one-eyed.
The (OL^) of (Jij*3i ub)
(1) (4*JC«) - Example: (i ji^-i) - He ran very fast.
This category is {^^jw), that is, a word which has no (J-^>)
origin nor something similar to the origin.
There are two differences between (<_jL^S1) and (s-^i). It is a
condition for (<_->l*22*l) that it must not be used in (i y£ ( _ S J "*^ J ")-
For (s-'-^i), this is not a condition. Secondly, it is a condition for
(c-jL^st) to be free of letters of ( J^|) and extra letters brought
for a particular meaning Qvto-U u» j>-).
An example of a letter of (i3^-[) is the (J) of the verb (J^-^)
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
which was increased to bring this verb onto the scale of f^^)-
An example of a letter of (^<-^ ^ y^) is the hamzah of
(> which was added to the verb to render it transitive.
The (OL^lr) of ub)
This category has many meaning patterns some of which are:
(1) ( - Example: (J^~0 - He recited 'Bismillah.
(2) (j*^!) - Example: - I made him don a burqa'.
(3) (APjlia^) - Example: Jllll J 1 ^) - The night hid
his sight so it became hidden.
This category is used mostly as (^s^a) and (cJ-f-Ua^) and
sometimes as e.g. (JjJj), C/jr'j)-
The (OL^) of ob)
(1) (APjlka) - Example: (^-^-Jis - I rolled it so it
began rolling.
(2) (oUasfll) - Example: - He walked conceitedly.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(3) (v&S'y) - Example: (y>-^- - He screamed.
The (OL-^bs-) of ( J*A^3| ub)
(1) ji) - Example: - to gather.
(2) (APjlki) - Example: aJ^JJ) - I made his blood
flow and so it began flowing.
The (OL^^) of (JlJUJl ub)
(1) (f JjJ) - Example: (y^i) - to shudder.
(2) (APjliai) - Example: (OllUi o ? llk) - I pacified him so he
was calmed.
(3) (oUaaSl) - Example: (|U«Sl Si^l) - The star shone -
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Application of the Special Meanings
Quote 1:
(J~JyS\ 2jjJ^« ^JsA c^iJt aU - excerpt from ( J yJ\
Translation: "All praises are due to Allah who raised the status of
all the believers."
Teacher: What special meaning of (JUil <_jL) is found in the
verb (Jkf)?
Student: The meaning of (aj JjJ) - to be transitive is found in this
verb because the (-5 j£) of this verb is C&) which means to be
high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (JL**} ^>^>), it
became transitive, having the meaning of 'raising'.
Quote 2:
(JLSo)! ^ 4j°lb Jiij 'yf cJ2\ ^j'Lp bis) - excerpt from
Translation: "When he sees the Ka'bah, he should say 'Allahu
Akbar' and 'La-ilaha illallah' ..."
Teacher: What special meaning of (J-*flJ s->L>) is found in the
verb G$") and (Ji*)?
Student: The meaning of ( j-s^af) - to abbreviate - is found in this
verb.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
Quote 3:
(^L' ax^ ^Ip J^CaJ ?.Li jt j) - excerpt from (^jj-Uil)
Translation: "If he wants, he can give charity to six poor
persons..."
Teacher: What special meaning of (J*ij s-'L;) is found in the
verb (3XaJ)?
Student: The meaning of (s-^i) is found in this verb because the
0 is ((3^3) which means 'to speak the truth'.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Challenging Words
A few difficult verbs of the Holy Qur'an and other verbs will be
mentioned here because the purpose of learning morphology and
syntax is to understand the meaning of the glorious Qur'an. An
explanation of these verbs generally refreshes one's knowledge
of morphology.
The verbs will be written according to their pronunciation and
not according to their Qur'anic script so that the student can
exercise his mind in trying to figure out the original word. In the
analysis, the correct written form of the word will be provided.
Analysis: This is the imperative (y*) of the verb (^j), the
being (j-^ 5 ^ X» £f?~). The original word was ( <— *
jijl), from the 0—^) of (Jl*s»|). It was constructed from the
word (0 jib") which was originally ( j The of the
(<J) was transferred to the preceding letter after deleting its
harakah. Due to (^S'LJl ^Lj>-1), the which was then
changed to (j) was deleted. Due to the entry of the the ( aj^*
of (I^SjI) was deleted. The final (0) is not M y^l d y)
but (ajISjJI djj) which enters the end of a verb between the verb
and the ({J&l* is) to protect it from receiving a (S^T). It was
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
originally {^J ji^Ls). The (jJ^l« (j) was deleted and the (o
of the (klijJl Djj) was sufficed upon. This occurs very often.
Due to a (<-i*j), the (a j— is also not pronounced. It becomes
Analysis: This is similar to (0 jiji »). The original word
was {^J j — <~f). It is the imperative of the verb (<*_, —
the (s->^) being It is written as (0
Most often confusion arises in verbs where or (ty*-)
occurs, a (AjlijJl ^y) is added to the end of the word and (<-i*j)
is made on the ( dy) after deleting the <J). The student is
perplexed to find a (v' j^V' ^ J^) ^ n s P^ te °f or (f J**)
whereas the (0 _y) is jJI 0 jj).
Similarly, a verb can sound confusing when the (J^ 3 ^' «J-**) is
deleted from the middle of a sentence, especially when a student
is asked to identify the verb by joining the words and reading
them to him, e.g. in the verse dy^-J 2_uljL<Jl ^-fr^O to
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
read it as (^y), in Oj-^ ^ ^^), to read the verb as
(jj.^), in J^), to read the verb as (j*^r J) and in (
dj*>rj\), to read the verb as (0 j*^- y>).
When (b) or (^) enter the perfect tense of those verbs having
(Jws>jJl iyP), the alifs of the (b) and (V) are also not pronounced
just as the (J-^ _yl « is not pronounced. The verbs therefore
sound confusing when read as (c-ux^), (Jzh*), (JxJiA) and
This confusion is intensified in (JUijl <_jL) because
the entry of Ci) creates the word while the entry of (L»)
creates the word Qy). The same rule applies to the word
(Vj j]^.). Besides being the (j^-^ of (J ^1) from
(J jJ^~), it can also be (s-^ j-* the tense being ( ^
L ysiij J LS ^^) from (JU-**} V^)-
Similarly, the word (j-jj^-^) is from (JU^I s-*^)-
Analysis: It was originally (^Jljbli), the word-form being (
jTXt), the tense <_> jytll ^lil). It is (
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioijjfiollocjij
from (J^^i *--»L>). It was (IffjlSl). Due to the entry of the
(<-*), the (J-^ jJl is deleted.
Analysis: This verb is (s-~^ the tense being (
c-~11 from (JUiJl s-*^)- The (J) of emphasis entered
the verb, thereby deleting the (J-^ jJl
Analysis: Due to the entry of (fL^i* — ^-Vl Sj — <■*), the ( Sj — =*
J jJl) was deleted. The original word was (o yijc: —
from (JUix^l s-jLj).
Analysis: This was originally (OjjiUaiS). It is ( ^5"^ — « £ — 3*
j — •^5^-), the tense being (^jj — — «^»). One (o) was
deleted according to the rule of (J^^" V^)-
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
0 i
Analysis: This is from the verb (J>\ — ">), ( o — J — ?-tj
S JIp), the tense being (<-J — — «T). It is ( \ — aJl j j —
^yaSU j). Due to the (j), the (J) became (jS'L*).
After (j), it is compulsory (1 — > to make the (j — * jl pV)
sakin. The compulsion is due to excessive usage. After
0-*), it is permissible to do so (1 jl j*-).
Analysis: This verb is from (jL>cit «-r^). It is ( ^S"X> J^(j
S-jLp), the tense being (^-~~* ^j^ 2 -*)- It was originally
((_s^). Due to the jussive mood j^rl ^^), the (<J) at the end is
deleted. A pronoun (ji-w 5 ) was then attached to the verb which
created the scale of (J**) - Therefore the (<3) became
(tjZ'L*) as the Arabs tend to make the scale of (J**) into (J**) as
in (<-i»). It is pronounced ).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: This is the imperative (£rj>) of (Jl*il s->^) ; the word-
form being (j-^L>- / i« The pronoun was added to the
end of the verb making it In the Qur'an, after this word,
the words (a^-'j) appear. Therefore the form of (J**) - (j-f*-)
was formed, similar to (Jj})- The Arabs make the middle letter of
such scales also (^L). Consequently, the (a) became QjS'L-).
It becomes (^J).
Analysis: This verb is similar to Oj-*j), the word-form being
(l-jLp jTX* £-£r) of the verb ( L5 ^ > ). The tense is (
ytit). It was succeeded by a (jWl <-j jl j). The rule of
assimilation (f L£ol) was applied. Therefore it became
Analysis: The verb is with (0!) attached to it. The word-
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
form is while the tense is (t-^j yv> ^jL^»). Because
of (01) it is in the accusative case (^—^Jt aJI^). It is from ( ^l;
j^>) like Assimilation of both the nuns has taken place.
Analysis: The verb is dj^), the word-from being ( <L-jy
j^^), the tense being (c^ilt It is from (
j^>) like The (3jL* j ^) and (J) have been
attached to the end.
Analysis: From the verb (c5 ' j), this is the j-« ^-^j)
word-form with the tense being ^jL^»). It is
(^U ,_/2iUj j^xi\ jy^j>). It was originally y). Due to the
(aIJj 0 jj), the j>^\ 0 jj) was deleted. The ((J), not being a
(oX»), was rendered a (a
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: From the verb (jS j — "), this is the ( j> ^ — * ^ — »-tj
j^>\^~) word-form while the tense is ( <~^jj — *i! Jf& — ^
ji £- — »). A (f — ^Vl Sj — «*) and ) have been attached
before the verb, changing it into the jussive mood ( 3 — )U-
Analysis: This is the (JpUJ! ^1) of the verb (^15), from the
It was originally Q^lJli). Changes occurred in the
word just as in (<j^'j).
A second possibility is that it could be the imperative of
(^UL ^li) from (2 — LpLL» — >), the word-form being ( £- — «^
It could also be j-a -^j) of the same 0-r^.). A ( j jj
and ({J&j> ij) are attached to the end of the word. The
c£) was deleted and the (« ) of the (klijJl jjj) was
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
deleted due to (<-i3j).
The verb is not difficult to distinguish but sometimes when a
word has a similar form in another language, confusion can arise.
This word means carpet in Urdu and Persian and could perhaps
cause confusion.
Analysis: This verb was originally (jS^a) from (JUxst vb),
the word-form being (s-^ J> ^ and the tense ( ^jU^
( _ r 2iU uijyt^). The rule of (JUcil *-«>Ij) has been applied to it.
Analysis: From (JUii! <-->Ij), it was originally (d) j ^a S ^), the
word-form being ^S"^ and the tense ( ^jUa^
<-3j The rule of (J 1*2*1 <--»1j) has been applied to it.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: It is (s-jLp _f ^Ij) from (JL*^1 <- r J ^.), the tense
being (uijytll It was originally (jSjil). The rule of
(JUxst <_->L) has been applied to it.
Analysis: From (JUsi! ^L;), it is (j — ^U- — « £- — the
tense being (^jyu* ^jL^»). It was originally ( j
Analysis: This is the verbal noun — — s^) of ( <-r^ — >
— *^), originally being (j — It can also be the ( * — *»\
J j*A\) or(^ Jai\
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: From (jL>cit <—^), this is the ^S"^
word-form, the tense being (^Ji-^Uait It was
originally {Jp^>\ t>^)- The (J-^jJl was deleted because of
the precedence of the (^). The (0 y) of the word (j*) was
rendered a (a according to the rule ( £ j>- £ j>- 1i} <j^~^
^JU). The (o) of (JUal) was changed to (J*).
Analysis: This was Js1^\\j>). From (Jl*xj1 s- 1 ^), this is the
{y^>- j> Sj> word-form, the tense being ( Jj^t ls^^
was deleted because of the
precedence of the (t«). The (<-aJ1) of the (t») is not pronounced
due to (j^U! ^U^rl).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: It was originally 0 j^U^tl^i). It is J> Sj>
from the (JUix^l ^>^>), the tense being (uijytll ( _ s ^lit).The
(o) of (JUiz^t) was deleted.
Analysis: It was originally (^kilj) from (JUix^l ^-r^)- The
(o) of (JUix^t) was deleted.
Analysis: It was originally ( t y<il~J) on the scale of (jliiJ) with
(5jLi^- j It is from (^xi Sometimes the
(4jLuL>- jjj) is written in the form of tan win.
g
Analysis: It was originally — >v) like — * y), from ( c-M — >
— It is permissible to delete the (c5) from the end of a
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
word that is ( ( _yaSU).
Analysis: This was originally like 03**). When a
pronoun is added to an extra (j) is first added to the verb
after the This rule applies to and (^) when
suffixed by a (jyw?).
Sometimes a (<uS"L* (5) is suffixed to a verb that is ( cJ j-* .i^lj
j-s^U-) when a pronoun is attached to it, e.g. the words of a
hadith, (4Xb>r^J <&\js ^J).
Analysis: The verb is (f jli) from (JUil <vL>)- A Q'l^i^'yi
is prefixed to the verb and the pronoun (la) is suffixed to it.
Subsequently a second pronoun {^S) is attached to the verb,
thereby requiring a (j) and making the ((* y^^>
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
LIL.
Analysis: This is like the verb the word-form being (
and the tense The question that arises
here is that the (^jU^) of this verb is used (ui*^ cj^«) in the
Qur'an. Consequently, the ( ( _ 5 v'U.1) supposed to be like
(LIS) because the word-form is (y^i y^). The scholars of tafsir
have answered this objection by stating that this verb is used both
on the scale of and (y^i y&j). In the Qur'an, the
is used from ^>t>) and the (^jU^) from ( y^>).
Analysis: The verb is o**Jli) from (JUijl the word-
form being (s-^ cJj^» -^j) and the tense (
t_jjyti().The (J-vfj^l was deleted because of the
precedence of the (t-^). Because the ( J) is succeeded by a it
is pronounced as a ((*).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: This verb was originally (^^s) from (J-*aj <-r^).
The final doubled letter was changed to a (SLo! C*j>~). The
Arabs often do this.
Analysis: It was originally (^sii^i) from (^-C The word-
form is (j-^ 5 ^ Jz1j> and the tense is (eJjyii! ( ^>ll1).
Sometimes the Arabs delete one of the doubled letters. In this
case, the first (J) was deleted. Sometimes it is pronounced
(j^xliii) after transferring the harakah of the first (J) to the
Analysis: According to some scholars, this verb was originally
( Oj According to the previously mentioned rule, the first (j)
was deleted after transferring its harakah. No need remained for
the (J-v jjI «>°*). Therefore it was deleted. The word (0 j)
remains.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
jk.
Analysis: This is the (jv^ dJj-a of (J-j Jj) from the
yis It is (cJ-f-Ua-*). It was originally ( i J^ 1 .l)- The rule
of assimilation applies. Similar to this is the word
Analysis: First Possibility: It is the (^jL^>) of (olS") in the
accusative case aJU-).
Second Possibility: It is ( ^jL^» ^JLp jZ X»
<j j of (s-j s-^L;). It was originally (0 jj). The rule of
(Jju) first applies to delete the (j). Then the rules of ( j^-^i) and
(j^ jj) apply to change it to (OjSC).
Third Possibility: It is ( cJuiJ i_>
<j j from jS"). Its paradigm of the perfect tense ( (_^^
l3j ytll) is as follows:
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
qL| Oj^sj lIJj^j j£j I j)£>J J^j)
Analysis: First Possibility: Besides the common verb (I^JlS) from
{j^i s-jLj), this is made up of two words (^j) and OjJ). The
former is (JjjjL* ^J-Jd ^»^\ <-J\s- _f 'X» ^>-\j) from
j^s) while the latter is ( JzJA jyll y^t j->L>- ^S".!*
djjA*) from
Second Possibility: The verb is (J It is ( k_JLp ^S".!*
cJ^iJ j^ 9 ^) from the v^)- It was
originally (tjJjSj). The rule of (J j^j) was applied whereby the
harakah of the (j) was transferred to the (ti) and the (j) was
changed to 0_i!l). It became (tjJlSj).
iririr
Analysis: From (J*^*ij <—»Ij), this is (
the verbal noun being (ill^jTl). It was originally
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
(IS^^Tl) like (UliJ^Ji). The rule of (J ji) was applied. The
(J^> jJt a j^*) was subsequently deleted due to the subsequent
letter being (il >*^). It became (ISlSlS").
0**
Analysis: This is from the verb (^^j ^j) from the (<-r> <- r J ^.).
It is (tijys-* ^->L>- C-JJ^» The paradigm of the
imperative is as follows:
^ ^ ^ ^ f )
Analysis: This is from the verb (jj^i <J y^). It is ( ^Jr-
,_/2iU lJ$Jj*j> ^jU^). It was originally (iS j^j). The rule
of (j^-^i) was applied and the (iS) was changed to (j).
Analysis: This is from the verb (iSj'k c^j- 5 )- It is ( Sj>
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa ^A/[oili/iofogLj
JpliJl It was originally (0 jij^). The rule of (j^AO was
applied and the (<S) was changed to (j). One (j) was then
deleted. It became (Ojjta). When (3iUi>}) was applied to the
pronoun (La), the (0) was deleted.
Analysis: From the verb (iSjj. (Sjj), this is the verbal noun in
the singular form. It is ( Oj y^> cJ^iJ) from the ( v j* 9 It
was originally (^jj). The (j) was changed to (c£) and
assimilated. It became (L>j).
Analysis: First Possibility: It is the imperative (y \) of (J^*-), the
word-form being (j-^L>- with a pronoun (U) attached
to it.
Second Possibility: It is from the verb (ji-~> j^ - )- It is (
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
Analysis: This is the imperative of (uU), the word-form
being {j^>- <^>y of (4IpL^» It was originally
(^Uf ). The rule of Lm}) was applied.
Analysis: From the (J%^| "-r^X this is the
It was originally like (^*-ii|).The rule of (Jj40 was
applied. It becomes (OjQsl). The (Jv jJt aj^*) is deleted. It
becomes (ujU).
Analysis: This was {^Jy from the (^x* s^)- It is ( *^>-!j
,_/2iUj jy«J( ^ p&z*). The rule of (J I*)
was applied. Due to the (k»jU- 1 ), the (SU! lJ ^p-) is deleted
from the end. It becomes (e-j^ jj). Subsequently, the rule of
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
(JjJL) is applied and the hamzas are deleted. It becomes (J^>).
Analysis: From the (J^tatit), this is ( S-jLp _f^*
i-i-iJ ^jj 3 ^ 1 )- It was originally (JjUjt) like (j^Jjji).
The rule of (J^iL) is first applied whereby the (j) changes to
and then the rule of (■s^y) to change the (j) to (iS).
Analysis: From the (*lbi ^l;), this is ( y\ j-^U- ^S"^ J^lj
^JipL^. .s y£ j it is like (Jj^j).
Analysis: This is the ( .iy- ^jy^ j-*' jv?^ J> x» J^\j
jj yL» eJtuiJ) from the (3lL*i s-*^)- It was originally (e£ ^^") like
(£■ j^-b"). The rule of (j^-b) was first applied, followed by
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
deleting the (o) when constructing the imperative (yfy. The
(2jj«J( was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (J^-).
Analysis: From the ^^t), this is the ( y I J> X* J^lj
jjyL* lJ^aJ the verb being (iSj^. <Sj>)- It was
originally like (J^>-1). The harakah of the (j) is transferred
to the (J) and the (j) is changed to The (J^ 3 ^' is
no more required. It becomes (V).
Analysis: From the (<-r> s-^), this is the (
^J\j Js> j^-tj liJt jj-o-S- 4 ^Jj*^ Lr^^')' me ver b being ( jty. d\
uj). It was originally (^j) like (<j-*j). The rule of (f^i) is
applied. It becomes ( The paradigm of j lT^') * s as
follows:
oil yil Hi!] cJl oil 01 IsfT cJT iyT iff oT)
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^lom the. ^Zhsaiuzsi of c/haha ^MozfiHoL
Analysis: From the s-^), this is the ( ^jUali ( *^-
olpL^ the verb being (jt> It was originally
(jJU) like The rule of (fLioi) is applied to the (0). It
becomes (0^). Then jl) is inserted before the verb ( d\
jp). The rule of (f^i) is again applied because the two nuns are
adjacent to each other while the final nun becomes (v It
becomes ( 01 jt).
Analysis: It is ( -^y ^> j ^ j^"^ J
tjytS! from (J%«i} ^-r^)- The verb is (OjWsl) like
(^iliil). The harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the
preceding letter while the (J^ jJl is deleted. It becomes
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: This is the (UJl jy~^> J^airJl ^S"^ 2^5) from
(^-C V^)- It was originally (OuI-sJ). The rule of (j-^) is
applied and the end is read as sakin due to (<J»*j).
Analysis: This word was originally (j^J). There were three
sins together which caused the word to become heavy in
pronunciation. Therefore the third Qj-) was changed to
which then changed to (<J>J0- The same rule applies to the word
dj^ij) which was originally {^ J s-^jH).
Analysis: This word was originally (jju^xj). The third (_/<) was
changed to (iS) which then changed to due to the rule of
(Jii). When ji ) entered the verb, the (3Ul <_i ^) was
deleted from the end. A (a) was added for (<-a»j).
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Analysis: It is ( uyJl ^jy^' £
from (J*^i The verb is (G^M) like (l^T^-l). The
harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the preceding letter while
the (J-^ jJl is deleted. It becomes
Analysis: It is ( uy^l jj- 0 -^ J j-f^ yr"^ ^SM* J^lj
^Lj ^SU j) from (J*^i ^L>). The verb is Q^SsST) like
(*j*J ^p-l). The harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the
preceding letter while the (J-^ _yl is deleted. Waqf is made
at the end. It becomes ( L ^S').
J*
Analysis: It is ( c^jtj i_> jydl ^li! l_JLp J^l* J^l j)
from (*1pLL» <-->Ij). The verb was (j-J^j). The rule of ({J^^i) was
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SJzom ids. ^ZJxsxiiXxxsA oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
applied to change it to (^Jty.
Analysis: It is ( i_> ^lll l_JLp ^S"!* J^lj
JjxX) from (2lL*i <—X)- The verb was (^j-s). The rule
of (J IS) was applied to change it to (iSj^)-
Analysis: It is ( iSj^j yr\ l-Zjju* y>\ j^s\s>~ cJj-*
from (j^sj s-X). The paradigm of this verb is y Jj^j J^).
The paradigm of the {y\) is as follows:
<yi ^ ^ ^ ji)
Analysis: Besides the common verb there is a
second possibility. It could be ( Ji^ j lt^^
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of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Jj yu>) from (> _f ^M). The paradigm of this verb is (
The paradigm of the (<-3jydJ (_^^) is as follows:
( 0-J^-<xJ ^^oJ LoJ^oJ <S~> ^^-^ ^—^J^i ^^-^ ^^-^
Analysis: This is the ( d> yJ\ <_> jytll ^Ll! l_JLp ^S"!* J^l j
iS^j) from the (J^i s-X). It was originally (Jtiji)- A (a) was
added between the first and second letter against the rule ( ^-2*%>-
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SJzom ids. [Uzs.ai.uzs.i. oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
Appendix A
Morphology or Etymology?
What is the subject of (<-^j — vaJ! ^ — L^) called in English? Is it
Morphology or Etymology? Firstly, let us examine the
definitions of both these terms in the light of contemporary
works.
The following definition of Morphology appears in "The
Oxford Companion to the English Language" .
"In linguistics, the study of the structure of words as
opposed to syntax, the study of the arrangement of words
in the higher units of phrases, clauses, and sentences. The
two major branches are inflectional morphology (the study
of inflections) and lexical morphology (the study of word-
formation)." 21
The following has been mentioned under the term,
'syntax':
"The ways in which components of words are combined
into words are studied in morphology, and syntax and
morphology together are generally regarded as the major
constituents of grammar, although in one of its uses,
grammar is strictly synonymous with syntax and excludes
morphology." 22
We find the following definition in Websters Dictionary:
"2 a: a study and description of word-formation in a
language including inflection, derivation, and
compounding - distinguished from syntax.
B: the system of word-forming elements and processes in
21 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 670, 1992.
22 Ibid, p. 1016.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
a language."
Encyclopaedia Britannica has the following definition:
"In philology, morphology is that branch of grammar
which examines the forms of words as well as the
principles of word-formation and inflection." 24
The following definition is found in the World Book:
"Morphology: the study of the formation and structure of
words." 25
As for Etymology, the following are some of the
definitions one may come across:
"Etymology: Both the study of the history of words and a
statement of the origin and history of a word, including
changes in its form and meaning." 26
"...that branch of linguistic science which is devoted to
determining the origin of words." 27
Websters Dictionary provides the following definition:
"The history, often including the pre-history of a linguistic
form (as a word or morpheme) as shown by tracing its
phonetic graphic, and semantic development since its
earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is
found, by tracing the course of its transmission from one
language to another by analysing it into the component
parts from which it was put together, by identifying its
cognates in other languages or by tracing it and its
23 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1470,.
24 Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 15 p. 818.
25 World Book vol.18, p. 518, 1992.
26 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 384, 1992.
27 Colliers Encyclopedia vol. 9 p. 378, 1971; Encyclopaedia
Britannica vol. 8 p. 804.
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SJzom ids. ^Uxexuxjixea oj ' c/fxaljLa c^A/ioiljIzotocjij
cognates back to a common ancestral form in a recorded
or assumed ancestral language. 28
The World Book states:
"Etymology is the study of the origins and development of
words." 29
In Encyclopaedia Britannica, we find the following
definition:
"...that part of linguistics which is concerned with the
origin or derivation of words." 30
The Students Encyclopedia states:
". . . the study of the origins and history of words." 31
The Universal Standard Encyclopedia has the following:
"... that branch of philology which deals with the origin
and derivation of words, and with the comparison of
words in different members of the same language
group." 32
Under the word, 'morphology' in Al-Mughni-Al-Akbar, an
English to Arabic dictionary, the meaning is given as ( * — Lp
t-^j v<aJl) while under the entry 'etymology', the meaning
provided is (Jlixi^t ^). 33
In the An-Nafees English to Arabic Dictionary, under
28 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 1 , p. 782.
29 World Book, vol. 18 p. 518.
30 Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 8 p. 804.
31 Students Encyclopaedia, vol. 6 p. 456, 1970.
32 Universal Standard Encyclopedia, vol. 8 p. 2930, 1956.
33 Al-Mughni Al-Akbar, Hasan S. Karmi, p. 826 & p. 402, 1997.
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SJzom ids. ^ZJx&aiXiXEA oj ' c/fxaljLa d\l\ozlripLotocjij
morphology, we find the term (<3j — * — Lp) while under
etymology, we find the term (o LiSCJl J^t" ^Jlp). 34
In the Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic,
under the entry {yJ> j v^Jt <\ Lp), we find the following:
"morphology (gram.)." 35
These definitions clearly indicate that Etymology deals
with the history of words whereas Morphology deals with
the subject of word-formation. Hence the most appropriate
term for (t-^j — ^ — Ip) would be Morphology and not
Etymology as has been erroneously used in some books.
34 An-Nafees, Madgi Wahbah, p. 868 & p. 381, 2000.
35 Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic P. 513, Third
Edition 1976.
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Bibliography
(_$jjj^J( ( _s^ p i^ 1 *^-! ^jj-"*^ C--^
^ ^ J* j,, ^JJ! jUiS/t jU
^ <us1 jjjJ( jLJr dUt* jjt s^oiJt Jl di-SL-i.! ^5 jt
4jLp Aje^^fiJl ^Jlp
Madrassah Inaamiyyah Caifip&rc&wYi - http://www.al-inaam.com/
Madrassah Inaamiyyah CaifipSfdoWn - http://www.al-inaam.com/
of c/haha jy[ox^LL 0[
Madrassah Inaamiyyah Caifip§?c&wn - http://www.al-inaam.com/
