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SOFTWARE FEATURE
KIM Hexpawn (your KIM can learn to win)
6502 OP CODES (arranged logically for easy look up)
CASSETTE INTERFACE STUFF
Tape Verify II
Radio Tape Feedback
Reliability Hint
Help Relay Package Fixit
Tape File Recovery Routine
KIM Software On Cassette
LANGUAGE LAB
Focal
1/O Mods
Functions
Basic
I/O Mods
A Basic Question
Basic Timing & Comments
KIM Basic Hint
Basic Renumber Program
Tiny Basic
Two Tiny Basic Mods
Ramblings About T.B.
Forth
Forth Comments & Example
Assemblers
Two Pass Patch To Aresco Assembler
Mods To MSS Assembler
DESIGN CORNER
A 6522 1/0 Board
KIM-4 BUS PINOUT
VIDEO & GRAPHICS
Video Displays
Comments On "Visible Memory"
TVT-6 Adventure
TVT-6 RAM Expansion
Polymorphics Video Board Mods
DEBUG
Slow Stepper IV
LETTERS & COMMENTS
SOFTWARE LIBRARY
Multi-Mode Adder
Psuedo-Random Number Generator
ASCII Dump Program
Keyboard Debounce Routine
Sound Effects Program
Melodies For The Music Box
"Do Loops" For KIM
INTERFACE
Camera Speed Tester
Low-Cost Modem Possibility
RPN Calculator Chip Interface
Power-On Reset
The Outside World Connection
More On The Opto-~-Isolator
NEW PRODUCTS
Robert C. Leedom
Jim Butterfield 6
Dr. Barry Tepperman
Daniel Gardner
John Watney
Mike Firth
Joel Swank
10
Editor
Editor
Marvin De Jong
Editor
F. E. Kempisty
Micro-Z Company
Harvey Herman
Michael Day
Lew Edwards
John P. Oliver
John Eaton
Richard M, Bender
16
18
19
Editor
Lew Edwards
Dennia Chaput
Michael Allen
Editor
21
Lew Edwards
22
23
Jim Butterfield
H. T. Gordon
Jim Zuber
Thomas J. Rubens
Bob Carlson
Douglas Lyon
Dave Skillman
26
Mike Firth
Editor
Editor
George Hawkins
Editor
Dwight Egbert
28
EDITORIAL
As you can tell already, we're back to using
our old title. Although "USER NOTES: 6502 seemed
like a good idea at first, old ties are herd to
break ~ back to 6502 USER NOTES, It‘s easier to
say anyway.
Lots of new things have been happening with
the 6502 - many more are in store. The software
Situation has certainly gotten better - but there's
still alot of room for improvement.
One problem that has slowed software develop-
ment a bit is the fact that there have been no
hobby mainframe systems (such as Southwest Techs
6800 machine and the IMSAI 8080 system) designed
specifically for the 6502 to reach any level of
popularity with aftermarket accessory manufactur-
ers (which is a very good indication of market-
place acceptance),
By the way, I define “mainframe" as a back-
plane (motherboard) and a power supply in a box
without an integral CPU.
Most 6502 hardware developers have gone their
separate ways with regards to expansion capability.
Witness the fact that there are now at least 6 bus
oriented 6502 expansion systems which aren't the
least bit compatible with each other.
Everybody loses in this situation. The hob-
byist loses because since he will end up being
locked into whatever system he purchases, he has
to be sure that particular system has,(or will
have) everything he has decided he needs (or will
need). A very difficult decision to
make for someone just getting into this hobby,
One that could drive sgme folks away from the 6502
CPU altogether.
The manufacturer loses because with so many
different 6502 expansion methods available, no
self-respecting aftermarket supplier of boards
- would think of entering into such a diluted mark-
et. He would most likely go to the S-100 (IMSAI)
or S-50 (SWTP) marketplace because of the numbers
involved, the proliferation of software, and
psuedo~-standarization of hardware in those markets,
At this point, there is only one expansion
bus which is being supported by aftermarket sup-
pliers. That's the S-44 KIMbus from MOS Technol-
O8y-
There are 6 companies (including MOS) sup-
porting this bus in the form of accessory boards,
That number is sure to increase since Synertek
and Rockwell machines will also be using the S~44
KIMbus.
The 8-44 KIMbus seems to hold the only real
hope of popularizing the 6502 CPU and providing
the consumer with an "intelligent" alternative to
the S-100 bus and multiple sources of accessory
boards.
When more than one company supports a partic-
ular bus in the form of accessory boards ~ every-
one wins. The consumer now has the ability to
shop around and look for the best deal on a par-
ticular board he has in mind. The supplier wins
because as the market gets larger and broader - in
its appeal, more consumers will enter into it and,
as a result, more dollars will have a chance to
reach him.
It will be interesting to watch how things
aevelop in this marketplace.
6502 USER NOTES is published bimonthly (when-
ever possible) by Eric C, Rehnke, POB 33093, North
Royalton, Ohio 44133, Subscription rates for Vol-
ume 3 are $13.00 (US and Canada) and $19.00 else-
where. No part of 6502 USER NOTES may be copied
for commercial purposes without the express writ-
ten permission of the publisher. Articles herein
may be freely reprinted by club newsletters as
long as proper publication credit is given and the
publisher is provided with a copy of the publica-
tion.
@ COPYRIGHT 1979 Eric C. Rehnke
I think you’re gonna like our new format alot.
We've organized that articles to make things eas-
ler to find and are retypingall the articles (ex-
cept for some program listings) to make things
more consistent. Let me know your opinion. What
would you like to see in our newsletter? I really
enjoy feedback and look forward to YOUR comments,
They certainly are some neat new 6502 based
machines entering the marketplace. Of course, I'm
referring to the SYM (formaly VIM) from Synertek,
the AIM from Rockwell and the Challenger 1P from
OSI.
Phil Johnson (Johnson Computer) brought two
OSI Challengers over to my place for a little
demo so I could get an idea of what OSI was doing
lately. I must say that I was impressed with the
amount of capability built-in to these machines
for the price. For example, for $350 you can get
a machine wiih 8K Microsoft Basic on ROM, a 32
character/line video interface, built-in cassette
interface, a metal box with built-in full size
ASCII keyboard, character graphics capability, 4K
RAM (expandable to 8K on board), a machine language
monitor that lets you examine/change memory, and
expansion capability (to OSI's bus, of course).
Whether or not you can live with a 32 character
display (24 character if you use an RF modulator)
is up to you, but for all the obvious benefits of
such a machine, that may not be a critical disad-
vantage.
About the only thing really missing on the
Challenger 1P is a user I/0 port and interval
timer. These would have to be added to do any
useful hacking. There is an expansion connector
with the address, data and control busses but I
don't know if the signals are buffered. I'll try
to get more details on this for upcoming issues.
In all fairness to you, the reader, I feel it
should be mentioned that I have talked to a number
of people who had complaints about the level of
service and support they received from OSI. If
any of you have dealt with OSI lately, I'd be in-
terested in hearing about your experiences. 6
The Synertek SYM certianly has some very in-
teresting things to offer.
Its list of good points include on-board RAM,
EPROM, and 1/0 expansion capability, a powerful
monitor and a high-speed (1500 baud) cassette in-
terface. Obviously, SYM's creators were working
to update and improve on the basic KIM design.
I could tell by the number of on-board
strapping options and software switching logic
that this machine was meant to be as versatile as
possible.
How the SYM "“stacks-up" will be the subject
of future articles.
Rockwells bid for marketplace superiority is
called the AIM 65. This is actually a two board
machine ~ on one board is a full size ASCII style
keyboard while the other holds the rest of the
system.
AIM is unique in that it contains a 20 col-
umn thermal printer besides a 20 column alphanu-
meric LED display, Like SYM, AIM has on-board
EPROM and RAM expansion capability and an advanced
monitor, Its on-board printer would make it a
likely candidate for the process control and sys-
tem monitoring environment.
SYM and AIM both have expansion connectors
configured to fit the standard KIM-4 motherboard,
Articles on both these machines will be pub-
lished in the next issue.
Hudson Digital Electronics (see back cover)
has been making great advances in S~44 KIMbus com-
patible hardware and software products. The one
thing I most admire about this firm is their way
of introducing new products.
continued on page 28
software feature: KIM
From Robert C. Leedom,
I was relieved to see (in Issue #12) that
nobody's yet published a version HEXPAWN for KIM.
I got my KIM in April, wrote HEXPAWN in May, and
today (16 Oct 78) finally finished typing the list-
ing. HEXPAWN first appeared in SCIENTIFIC American
(Vol. 206, No. 3, Martin Gardner's “Mathematical
Games").
The game is played on a 3 X 3 board.
Each of the two players has three pieces,
(c)
(a)
which
move as chess pawns (move one square forward to
vacant square, capture by moving one square diag-~
onally to enemy piece's square). Object: get to
your opponent's side of the board, or block him so
that he cannot move,
(e)
This version was inspired by an article in
the November 1975 BYTE, written by Bob Wier (with
whom I corresponded on the subject of a "Super
Star Trek" game in BASIC). Bob had written a HEX-
PAWN program for a 16-bit machine, and it took 4218
bytes ( I assume they were 8-bit bytes ), Unfor-
tunately, (a) I have only the KIM-1l memory (and
no access to an assembler), (b) the article only
gave a general (top-level) flowchart and a move
table, and (c) the article “Table of all Possible
Board Positions and Moves" was both incomplete and
incorrect, a fact I discovered only when I tried
to play the game against my version of the pro-
gram. Eventually, I solved problems (a), (b),
(c); here's the result:
Features of HEXPAWN for KIM-1
(£)
(g)
and
(h)
(a) Board coordinate 0 2 KIM's Men at 0, 1, 2
Sf
5
8 Your Men at 6, 7, 8
From
—
3
6
(b) Display format
KIM's Man
(Flashing)
Your Man
(Solid)
Moves
14069 Stevens Valley Ct.,
Glenwood, MD 21738
Program checks for {and only accepts) legal moves.
earn When
When the computer loses, KIM's losing move is
removed from the move table. Therefore, even-
tually (after 30 or so games) KIM should have
only winning moves to select from!
Two startup locations provided:
(1) Full initialization -- all possible KIM
moves restored to move table.
(Start at $100).
(2) New game initialization -- sets up board
but retains knowledge
(Start AT $200),
to play next game,
of previous bad moves,
To allow tabulation/examination of the “learn-
ing" sequence, press and hold DA (Data Anal-
ysis) key at any time to display move # (0,
1, or 2 - there are three possible moves stored
for each board position), Board index (see
table at $10F) and Game number. Resume play
upon release,
Press PC (Person Concedes) to concede game
to KIM.
After loading program, enter AD, 0100, GQ.
At any time, to restart the current game,
press GO.
Have been using Radio Shack Supertape with a
K-Mart (S.S. Kresge Co.) Model 6-33-01 cas-
sette recorder (cost about $27) with 1002
success using Hypertape program. However, in
tape exchanges, others can only read my tapes
about 75% of the time, and I have slightly
less success reading theirs.
t Page 0 locations used by program HEXPAWN
0000 FLSHR RES 1 Timer for flashine KIv's men
0001 DBD RES 3 Current board in Display format
0004 MASK RES 3 Masks for flashing KIM'’s men
0007 EBD RES 9 Current bd - Easy-to-read format
0010 WINDO RES 6 Current 7-segment display
0017 MOVTYP RES 1 KIM's last move (TO:FRCM)
0018 TOG RES 1 On/off indicator for KIM's men
0019 GAMNUM RES 1 Game number
OO1A BDNDX RES 1 3*Bd # for model match/move select
OO1B MOYNO RES 1 KIM’s last move # (0,1, or 2)
OO1C PTO RES «1 Person's last "to" move
001D FROM RES i If< 0, no “from” move yetys
if70, is.equal to the “from” move
OO1E TMP RES 1
OO1F TMP1 RES 1
0020 POINTER RES 1
0021 POINTO RES 1 _ - Page # (ADH) of MOVES
0022 MPOINT RES 1
002 MPOIN1 RES i Page # (ADH) of messages |
002 SSEBD RES 9 Beginning bd - Easy-formats
03 = KIM
00 = space
O01 = Person
002D MOVES RES 99 Table of possible moves is placed
here by startup routine and
is modified as KIM “learns.”
: HEXPAWN for KIM-1. © Copyright May 1978 R.C,Leedom
0100 A2 65 HXPNST LDX #368 Transfer moves, besinning
0102 BD 7E O01 INLP LDA SPOINO,X board, and pointer ADH's
0105 95 21 TA POINTO,X to page zero.
0107 CA DEX
0108 10 F8 BPL INLF
O10A 85 19 STA GAMNUM Set game # to zero.
010C 4¢ 00 O02 JMP INIT
page l
010F
0112
0115
0118
0118
011E
0121
0124
0127
012A
012D
0130
0133
0136
0139
013¢
013F
o1b2
0145
0148
0148
O14E
0151
0154
0157
O15A
015D
0160
016%
0166
0169
016C
016F
0172
0175
0178
0178
017E
017F
0180
page 2
00
00
O1
$ The following are the 33 board positions that
the HEXPAWN program will recognize after the
The squares are num-~
human Opponent has
bered according to the scheme shown in the
comment field for CAPSET (location 03F8).
Here, the pieces and spaces (K=KIM,
are packed by column -= that is,
(For segment-
lighting, actual data is ordered 360,471,582.)
and =space) a
H
,
;
H
;
;
t in groups: 0,3,6;
;
,
B
DMDL KP_,K_P,K_P
moved.
154,73 2,5,8.
Bd # BDNDX
0 0
1 3
2 6
r 9
C
5 F
6 12
c 15
8 18
9 1B
A 1E
B 21
c ya
D 27
E 2A
F 2D
10 30
11 33
12 36
1 39
a 3C
15 3F
16 2
17 45
18 48
19 4B
1A LE
1B 51
1¢ 54
1D 57
1E 5A
iF 5D
20 60
} End-game messages
KWIN
PWIN
KWAD
PWAD ©
DATA $3E, 60 ,$38 $3F,$6D,$79
DATA 00,$54,31C,$78,%6D,00
EQU @KWIN-$100
EQU @PWIN-$100
=Person,
0181
0184
0187
O18A 31
018D 30
0190 30
0193 4o
0196 31
0199
019C
O19F
01A2
O1A5
01A8
O1AB 31
O1AE 42
01Bi
01B4
01B7
O1BA
O1BD
01C0
0103
0106
0109
01CC
O1CF
01D2
01D5
01D8
O1DB
01DE
O1E1
01Eu
01E7
O1BA
03
co
01
00
01
51
00
;
The following data is saved here for startup
SPOINO $00
SMPOIN $00
SMPOI1 $01
0200
0202
0204
0206
0207
6209
020B
020D
020F
0211
021
021
0216
0218
O21A
021C
O21E
O21F
0221
022
022
0226
0228
022A
0223
022D
022F
0230
0232
0234
0235
0237
0238
2 07
initialization.
INIT LDX #507
00 LDA #300
10 INITLP STA WINDO,X
DEX
FB BPL INIT
co LDA #SCO
14 STA WINDO+4
08 LDX #$08
24 BDINIT LDA BGERD,Y%
07 STA ERD,X
DEX
F9 BPL BDINIT
1D STX FROM
03 DISPLT LDX #503
00 DSPLP LDA #$00
00 STA FLSHR,X
DEX
F9 BPL DSPLP
02 LDY #502
CLC
1E . NXDIG STY TEMP
06 LDA #3506
1E£ ADC TEMP
TAX
00 LDA #$00
6A NXSEG ROR ROR
ROR
07 ORA EBD,X
CA DEX DEX
DEX
F6 BPL NXSEG
01 00 STA DBD,Y
DEY
E? BPL NXDIG
Initialize right
side
of display
52 SMVTBL
03 SBGEPD DATA 03,03,03
DATA 00,00,00
DATA 01,01,01
DATA $31,341,$52 BDNDX 0
DATA $30,541,351 3
DATA $30,$40,0 6
DATA $40, $h2,869. 9
DATA $31,$52,% C
DATA sy eho ee F
DATA $31,541,$51 12
DATA $51,$64,$74 15
DATA $51,342,0 18
DATA $63,273,0 1B
DATA $40,331,0 1E
DATA epee 21
DATA $42,0,0 2k
DATA $42,352,0 27
DATA $52,0,0 2A
DATA $63,374,0 2D
DATA $40,0,0 30
DATA $51,$63,0 33
DATA $31,$85,0 36
DATA $63,374,0 39
DATA $75,$85,0 3¢
DATA $42,%52,0 3F
DATA $74,385,0 42
DATA $63,$42,$52 4s
DATA 374,231,0 48
DATA $74 ,%51,0 LB
DATA $30,0,0 LE
DATA $42,%85,0 51
DATA $30,$40,$85 54
DATA $30,340,$42 5?
DATA 0,0,0 5A
DATA 0,0,0 5D
DATA $63,$40,0 60
(plus MOVTIM, MOVTYP)
to await
person's
move.
Transfer beginning board (in
Easy-format) to current
board.
Indicate no “from”
Clear the
"Display-format"
board and
move yet.
the flasher-timer.
Start with 3rd char of board.
Set up X to start with
lower segment for
this character.
Clear A so can OR sefments.
In this loop, shift the
segments into place.
OR 3 for KIM,
Point to next
higher segment.
1 for person.
Loop till character done.
Save completed char; g0
do next one to
the left.
023D
023F
0241
0243
0245
0247
0249
O2bA
o24c
O24E
O24F
0251
0253
0255
0257
0259
O25B
025D
O25F
0260
0262
0264
0266
0268
O26A
026C
026D
O26F
0271
0274
0276
0278
0278
027D
0280
0281
0283
0285
0288
0289
028C
O28F
0291
0293
0296
0298
O29A
029C
O29E
O2A0
O2Al
02A3
O2A6
O2A8
O2AA
O2AC
O2AE
O2B0
O2B2
02B4
O2B6
O2B9
O2BB
O2BD
O2BF
02C2
02c4
02C6
02c8
O2CA
O2CC
O2CE
02D1
02D3
02D5
02D7
02D9
O2DB
O2DE
02E0
02E2
O2E4
02E6
02E8
O2EA
O2ZEC
O2EE
00
2E
30
00
02 |
01
17
00
iF
sO
iF
5D
02
rr
03
03
02
03
3 Main loop begins here
DISPLO
GETNSK
ZERMSK
WNDSET
DEC
BPL
LDA
STA
LDX
LDA
LSR
AND
STA
DEX
BPL
LDX
LDA
EOR
STA
BMI
LDA
STA
DEX
BPL
LDX #5
LDA
AND
EOR
STA
DEX
BPL
FLSHR
LITEST
#E49
MASK ,X
GETMSK _
#B02
TOG
#380
TOG
WNDSET
#500
MASK ,X
ZERMSK
MASK , X
WINDO,X
WNDSET
Time to flip KIM bits?
No, just show current pattern.
Yes. Reset
timer.
Form the
flasher-mask
patterns
for
the
current
board.
Set X for next loop.
Toggle to
alternate 1's and O's
for KIM's men.
Go do O's,
Clear masks so
can do
1*s.
Use the
masks
to flip
the bits.
1 Output to KIM's 7-segment displays
LITEST LDA #$7F
LITE
STA
LDY
LDX
LDA
STY
JSR
INY
CPY
BCC
JSR
; Keyboard
KEYGET
DACHK
DALP
GIPROG
LMCHK
NXFMCK
FNMVLP
CLD
JSR
JSR
CMP
BNE
JMP
CMP
BNE
LDX
LDA
STA
BEQ
LDX
BNE
JSR
BPL
LDA
STA
JOR
BPL
DEC
LDA
BPL
STA
STA
JMP
3 Continue
TOMVCK
LTMCHK
LDA
BPL
STX
LDA
STA
JSR
BPL
DEC
LDA
BPL
STX
BMI
PADD
#500
#$09
WINDO,Y
TEMP
CONVD+6
#506
LITE
$1F3D
Set directional
registers.
Start with leftmost char.
Get character.
Output character.
Done all six yet?
Not yet, continue.
Turn off digits.
input begins here
KEYIN
GETKEY
#313
DACHK
INIT
#511
GIPROG
#502
GAMNUM,X
INH,X
DALP
SCANDS
KEYGET
WINDO+4
#5C0
LITEST
#$14
KWLINK
MOVTIM
TIMEDS
LEGMOV
PERLM
#508
TMP
LEGMOV
TOMVCK
TMP
TMP
LMC HK
MOVTIM
MOVTYP
DISPLO
GO key?
Yes, start new game.
DA key?
Yes, display (for Data Analysis)
from left to right:
Move # (00,01, or 02),
Board index (Bd # * 3),
Game #. (2 digits each)
Keep doing this till DA
released; then resume play.
Is game still
in progress?
No. Keep showing endgame msg.
PC key?
Yes, Person Concedes.
Person's turn to move?
No, gO time display.
Yes. Did he make legal move?
Yes. Go execute it.
He didn*t make a legal move,
dos he have one? Try
each position to see.
Try
next
position.
Tried all, no luck, no legal
moves possible. Set KIM
win display after delay.
looking for valid move for person
FROM
FNMVLP
FROM
#306
TMP1
LEGMOV
OKMOV
TMP1
TMP1
LTMCHK
FROM
NXFMCK
Was valid move a "to" move?
Yes, he can therefore move.
_No. Given this “from" move,
try all possible
"to" moves.
Find one?
Yes. He’s got a move.
Try
next
position.
Tried all "to" moves; look
for another “from" move.
; Have found a possible “from-to" move for person.
OKMOV
LDA
STA
BMI
#$FF
FROM
FNMVLP
Has got a move he could make,
so restore FROM and
continue the game.
page 3
page 4&4
02F0
02F2
O2F4
O2F6
O2F8
O2FA
O2FC
02FE
0300
0302
0305
0307
0309
030B
030D
030F
0311
0313
0315
0318
O31A
031D
031F
0321
0323
0325
0327
0328
032A
032C
032E
0330
0332
0334
0337
0339
033B
033E
0340
0342
0345
0349
03483
034C
O34E
0350
0353
0355
0356
0358
0359
0353
035D
O35F
0361
0362
0364
0366
0368
036A
036C
036E
0370
0372
0374
0376
0378
0379
0378
037D
037F
0381
0383
0385
0387
0389
0388
038D
038F
0392
0393
0395
0397
E/ -iF
E7 1F
18 02
OF 01
10 O01
11 01
O4 17
03
01
02
1E
1F
LE
20
20
30
1E
08
1F
ED
02
E7
1A
2D
1B
20
00
20
78
02
72
22
05
10 00
F8
19
6F 02
Person has entered
PERLM
TMINIT
MAKMOV
+ This
FRMDIS
DISX
3
TIMEDS
KWC HK
KWLINK
LDA
STA
LDA
BMI
STX
LDY
LDA
STA
STY
LDA
STA
LDY
LDX
STY
LDA
STA
BMI
#300
WINDO+5
FROM
FRYDIS
PTO
#501
#$FF
MOVTIM
EBD ,X
DIGCOD,xX
WINDO+5
#$00
FROM
EBD,X
#SFF
FROM
DISX
a legal move.
Clear tne “to" indication
left from KIM‘s move.
Was this a "from" move?
Yes, display it; save move,
No, save as person's “to",
Set “person” indicator.
set timer: not person's move.
Save move-timer.
Place piece on board.
Get 7-segment code for
“to"™ indication on board.
Remove piece from
previous
board position.
Prepare for next
“from” move.
Go show this "from" move.
code displays "from" moves.
STX
LDA
STA
JMP
LDA
BMI
DEC
BNE
LDA
LSR
CMP
BPL
LDA
CMP
BMI
FROM
DIGCOD,xX
WINDO+3
DISPLT
TOG
FNMVLP
MOVTIM
FNMVLP
MOVTYP
#3 30
KIMWIN
PTO
#503
PERWIN
Save "from" move.
Use “from"™ in X to get 7-seg
indication.
Return to main loop.
Time to decrement move timer?
Not yet,
Yes. Ready for next move?
Not yet.
Has KIM moved
to either
6,7,0r 87
Yes. KIM won.
Has person. moved
to 0,1,0r 27
Yes. Person won.
+ Try to match current board with stored model.
MDLCHK
NXBD
+ Pick
GOTMDL
POK
MVSLLP
MVLP1
PERWIN
KIMWIWN
STAD
LpY #$
LDX
CPX
BNE
LDX
CPX
BNE
LDX
CPX
BEQ
DEY
DEY
BPL
BMI
one
LDA
AND
TAX
BEQ
DEX
LDA
STA
STX
LDA
CLC
ADC
STA
LDA
BNE
DEC
BMI
DEC
BPL
LDX
BPL
LOY
CLC
LDA
ADC
STA
LDA
STA
LDA
BPL
LDA
STA
60
BDMDL, Y
DBD
NXBD
BDMDL+1,Y
DBD+1
NX BD
BDMDL+2,Y
DBD+2
GOTMDL
DEY
MDLCHK
PWMSG
(#models - 1)*3 = 32*3 = 96
First column match?
.No, try next board model,
Yes, does
second column match?
No, try next board model.
Yes, does
third column match?
Yes, found model. Go get move,
Point to
next board model
and keep comparing.
No models found; have KIM
concede the game.
of the remaining moves for this position.
TIMER
#50 3
POK
#$02
TMP
TMP1
ADMVTB
TMP1
POINTER
(POINTER),
GOTMOV
TMP
PERWIN
TMP1
MVLP1
#502
MVSLLP
BDNDX
ADMVTB
MOVNO
POINTER
#$00
(POINTER),
PWAD
STAD
KWAD
MPOINT
b §
Use the timer to "
arbitrarily select
move 0, 1, or 26
(This code picks #2
half the time.)
Inititialize the counter for
how many moves to try (3).
Temporary move number.
Set ADL of pointer to pick
up this move.
Y
Got a valid move -- use it!
No moves left; KIM resigns.
Try next move
in the set. (May try
in order 2,1,0; 1,0,2;
or O25 1)
Person has won,
Compute
the ADL
of KIt's
last move. (POINTER+1 * 0)
Wipe out the last
move KIM made.
Get address of “person won”
message.
Get “KIM won" msg address.
Point to message address (ADL)
RERREEEEEERR
; Display end-of-game message
FILWIN
LDY
LDA
STA
DEY
BPL
INC
JMP
#505
(MPOINT),Y Store the six-letter
WINDO,Y
FILWIN
GAMNUM
LITEST
message in the window,
Increment game number.
Show msg and wait for GO.
3 Make KIM's chosen move
039A 85 17 GOTMOV STA MOVTYP Save move for later checks.
039C 84 1A STY BDNDX Save board pointer.
O39E A6 1F LDX TMP1 “Pick up
O3A0 86 1B STX MOVNO move # (=0,1, or 2).
O3A2 48 4B PHA PHA Save 2 copies of move type.
O3A4 4A 4A LSR LSR
O3A6 YA 4A LSR LSR
O3A8 AA TAX Place "to" move in X.
O3A9 68 PLA
O3AA 29 OF AND #$0F Extract and save
O3AC 85 1D STA. FROM "from" move.
O3AE AO 03 LDY #303 Indicate KIM move being made.
03B0 68 4A PLA LSR Is upper half-byte of
03B2 C9 30 CMP #530 move a 6,7, or 8? WOMAN MADHADRMNOOMOMD fy,
O3B4 30 03 BMI NOKWIN No. KIM hasn't won. WDMNOONMKAGNHOO ME fh >
03B6 4c FC 02 JMP TIMINIT Yes. Show winning move. fC Or} Of OO NOOOFHDON fe
03B9 ee 00 NOKWIN LDA #$00 Indicate it’s person’s ee ee ee ee
O3BB 4C FE 02 JMP MAKMOV move, and make KIM's. MO DWOWOWNNKCAVNOnAnRA
3 Subroutine to test for legal player move. So ete ee
; Call: with move ne SOA AdODOMAeOS ©
3 Returns: with X = GFF if illegal move
i X = move if legal Aanhow oe los eco.
O3BE 00 00
03c0 c9 09 ~+=LEGMOV CMP #$09 Is move 0 to 8? Ht AODOONNDNONOOH *
pace re 22 aa MOVNFG No, illegal. 2 Una AC aoe oss Cn
eo
03C5 BS 07 LDA EBD ,X Extract player indicator from ONDAR COONAN EPO MOD
0307 6A 6A ROR ROR board: 1 player, 3 KIM. ee aN SAO OOO) rt
03C9 10 27 BPL TOCHK Nobody here, but OK if "to". OmRKFtONnNORKHNOKOR?AM HAH
03CB AS 1D LDA FROM Is this a “from” move? <P MUONS SS ROOM E
O3CD 10 04 BPL PTCMOV No. Go see if legal “to”. SHO okmeOoto Seals
O3CF BO 15 BCS MOVNFG Yes, but KIM's here! Bad.
03D1 8A MOVOK TXA Return. Legal move was made One OHaAHUNSOMORE =
03D2 60 RTS (or found possible). MADRWAMNODDAKO#O000 &
03D3 BA PTOMOV TXA Place "to" move in A. AA MOOOW MN MS AMRAA
03D4 90 10 BCC MOVNFG Person here! Can't capturel COCO HADRHLANHRODONEKEDAM
O3D6 OA OA ASL ASL KIM here. A capture. Can PN ee Oe eevee SRO ee
03D8 OA OA ASL ASL only be one of 8 possible ANWOHMKNNNODDHOOAS A
03DA 05 1D ORA FROM moves. Format "TO:FROM", ee ee te
O3DC AO 07 LDY #$07 and test against SAOs COMMAS H2OORA™
O3DE D9 F8 03 CAPCHK CMP CAPSET,Y each possibility. SHAG OnaGaesOe
03E1 FO EE BEQ MOVOK Found it! Move is OK. AMeMaeIassumeouoe
03E3 88 DEY 20
03E4 10 F8 BPL CAPCHK OAIATASRSARLAOARE
03E6 A2 FF MOVNFG LDX #$FF Move illegal. Set indicator. CODDDOODOOODODO000O
03E8 60 RTS (Second of two return points.)
O3E9 8A NOCAP TXA If here, not capture, C=0.
O3BA 69 03 ADC #$03 Is move + 3 = FROM?
O3EC CS . CMP FROM ;
O3EE DO F BNE MOVNFS No, Illegal move. WO @ OO OR AND OA «e f10
03FO FO DF BEQ MOVOK | ee ee eee
late Au 1D TOCHK LDY FROM Space here. "To" move? BOCSOOLS ono Uo ae
O3F4 30 FO BMI MOVNFG No. Illegal move.
O3F6 10 Fi BPL NOCAP Yes, See if valid move. SS SOS RUNS SOONORE
i SWOKRWNO BC OONODMNOWAN
1 Set of all possible “capture” moves oy person, ARHROMHAOOHNMAAODOWO <
: packed in “TOrFROM" format. Ne Boo sos el ooc ore
;
} Captures are from to Board format _ OAGODARNOONONNL WO
O3F8 13 CAPSET DATA $13 > 41 ane aaa aaa OL SONSRSS Simona <
O3F9 04 DATA $04 4 0 AO 8 A: 2 Pip nl Ser cps po aS)
O3FA 24 DATA $24 4 2 ee ee ee ee Cee ne
8 gS SI PES OG sericea tonsa
3F
O3FD 37 DATA $37. 7 3 es es ee SM HOAMOLONAMO Nea
O3FE 57 DATA $57 tT 5 ! | t ! BCOHKONOANADROONAWO
O3FF 48 DATA $48 8 4 r6:7:8:! OO Gh ODN ENO AN «gf 10
. t ’ ! t 7
: ee ert eee AAAS OORO AO HORS
NOt KODNOMOHOWRON
NADVOAMEHOHRORAE
SOHODLONAT AUB
HEXPAWN HEX DUMP
AKRN BONN RMOMAWOAQMNIN
O123456789ABCOD EF Raat tee anita a aR
9100 A2 6E BD 7E 01 95 21 CA 10 F6 85 19 4c 00 02 43 OnKOKKMOOARRORNOS
110 OB OB O38 OB 43 OB 43 OB C3 40 OB 40 C3 OB 43 48 Be
0120 03 43 03 48 08 C3 43 C8 43 43 C3 08 43-43 43 CB KAHANHANOMOROOOS
mene 4B 03 43 40 40 43 08 43 03 43 00 OB CO co 43 43 229990880990090900
0140 40 40 CO 43 40 40 43 CO C3 CO 40 43 08 C3 00 43 NNUANAMNAROMN OR
0150 OB 40 CO C3 CO 40 03 40 C3 00 00 C3 40 OB 00 43 SOOSDODODGODCOGCOOCOS
0160 00 40 C3 OB 40 C3 03 4B 43:43 CB 43 00 43°00 C3
0170 40 00 3E 00 38 3F 6D 79 00 54 1c 78 6D 00 00 00
0180 O01 03 03 03 00 00 00 O1 O1 01 31 41 52 30 41 51
0190 30 40 00 40 42 63 31 52 74 40 42 52 31 41 51 51
O1A0 64 74 51 42 00 63 73 00 4O 31 00 31 41 51 42 00
01B0 00 42 52 00 52 00 00 63 74% 00 40 00 00 51 63 00
0100 31 85 00 63 74 00 75 85 00 42 52 00 74 85 00 63
O1D0 42 52 74 31 00 74 51 00 30 00 00 42 85 00 30 4O
O1EO 85 30 40 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 63 4a 00
page 5
page 6
“TMM
2
ZPAG
A2
RTI
PHA
Ba ee
-8 PLP
ROLAA
PLA SEI
RTS
DEY
ROR“A____TXA
i
yp:
BRANCHES —-O
. oe | = = . | — = ar
TYA
US
TAY
TAK
CLV
ISK
INY
DEX
SINGLE-BYTE Op Copes -0, -&, -A
Another OP-CODE chart? Yes,
there is a reason.
but
This chart groups the codes logic-
ally. This way, you get three benefits.
First, you get to see how the codes
are classified and decoded. A glance at
the chart shows that LDA and ADC, for
example, are close cousins: same address-
ing modes, same timing, and quite similar
OP-CODES; on the other hand, LDA and LDX
are noticeably different. The classifica-
tion idea can be useful to those who want
to dig into op-codes, say to write an
assembler or a disassembler,
it's handy for Looking up
an OP-CODE-maybe easier than an alpha-
Secondly,
betical list. You'll very quickly learn
to look at the right box and spot the
code you want right away. As you get used
to the groupings, you'll also develop a
feel for the addressing modes that are
allowed.
Thirdly, you'll find it convenient
for identifying an unknown op-code~--
("What the heck is CE, enyway?")
Jim B.
EDITORS NOTE: TI have found this chart to
be extremely useful in designing opcode
decode algorithms etc.
cassette
TAPE VERIFY (II) Dr. Barry Tepperman
. 25 St. Mary St., #411
Toronto, Ontario M4&Y 1R2
Canada
The only major disadvantage apparent in James
Van Ornum's "Tape Verify" routine (from "First
Book of KIM") is that, located as it is in the KIM
monitor's "volatile execution block" of RAM, it
must be manually loaded for each use rather than
loaded from tape or relocated for use in ROM. The
following is a modification of thia routine that
treats "Tape Verify" as a block of data loaded as
an array into VEB; it also appropriately zeros the
checksums, so that (apart from loading this rou-
tine and starting it up - in this example at 0200)
the only manual loading required is to make sure
that the correct file ID is in 17F9. TAPE VERIFY
II can be loaded from tape, or, being fully relo-
catable, be put into PROM for those of you (like
me) whose expansion plans. for KIM include an ex-
tended firmware operating system. As you might
expect from description, data array PROG is a hex
dump of the original TAPE VERIFY routine.
VERIFY CLD 0200 D8
LDA $#00 01 A9 00
STA CHKL 03 8D E7 17
STA CHKH 06 8D E8 17
LDX $#0C 09 A2 OC
LOADP LDA PROG,X OB BD 17 02
STA VEB,X OE 9D EB 17
DEX 11 CA
BNE LOADP 12 DO F?7
JMP S$#188C 14 4C 8C 18
BRK 17 00
data array: PROG
0218 CD 00 00 DO 03 4C OF 19 4€ 29 19 O00
comapre with original TAPE VERIFY:
VEB CMP START 17EC CD O00 O00
BNE FAILED EF DO 0Q3
JMP LOADT12 Fl 4C OF 19
FAILED JMP LOADT9 F4 4C€ 29 19
Daniel Gardner
11825 Beach Blvd.
Stanton, Ca 90680
RADIO TAPE FEEDBACK
Here is an interesting way to verify that KIM
has found your program when loading from audio
tape. All you need is an A.M. transistor radio
( a KIM and a cassette recorder would be helpful
too ). Place the radio somewhere close to KIM and
tune to a frequency where you can hear the "whine"
of KIM's displays. Now, if you have already load-
ed the I.D. of your program, you are ready to ver-
ify a load. Enter AD 1 8 7 3, GO, and start your
tape. You ahould now hear a buzz coming from the
radio (you might have to fine tune it until you
hear the buzz), mixed with the buzz are “clicks"
as the microprocessor reads the synch. bytes. Af-
ter awhile (100 synch bytes to be exact), if KIM
ahs found your program the clicks will become more
distinct, but if KIM didn't find your program the
clicks will disappear. If you have ever waited 2
Minutes for KIM to load a long program and found
"she" didn't see it at all you'll appreciate this
little trick. Thanks go to Scott Ogata for this
idea.
interface stuff:
PB
PB
RELIABILITY HINT John Watney
24133 Young Court
Los Altos, Ca 94022
1 have a hint that might be of interest to
your readers. My cassette recorder gave unreli-
able results (on KIM) which were traced to low
frequency noise, 60Hz and the like. Reliability
was greatly improved by cutting the low frequency
response with a 100 ohm load on the audio input
coupling capacitor C6. It was conveniently sol-
dered to the board between the junction of C6 and
R8&8 and VCC at the junction of R14 and R15. In my
system the attenuation of the 2.4 KHZ component
of the play back signal brought it to the same
level as the 3,7 KHZ component.
Mike Firth
104 N. St, Mary
Dallas, Tx 75214
HELP relay package fixit
If you purchased the HELP Relay package from
THE COMPUTERIST, you should know that the veraion
of the circuit which has three relays will prob-
ably not work as shown in the wiring diagram, (An
early version used two, until it was determined
that a signal exists on the output to the record-
er, which has to be interrupted.)
The diagram supplied with the set of parts
ahows a 7404 driving two relays. The relays I
received draw about 1l4ma each, while the 7404 has
a maximum rating of l6ma. The golution is to get
another 1N914 for the third relay and follow the
changed wiring below, which simply uses another
buffer in the 7404, Other solutions using other
chips are also possible. I have made the change
(after burning out a 7404) and my unit now works.
READ REMOTE
WRITE REMOTE
AUDIO OUT LO
A et ee
CASSETTE
page 7
TAPE FILE RECOVERY ROUTINE
Joel Swank
4655 SW 142nd #186
Beaverton, Or 97005
Ever have a tape file with a dropout? One
that fails on the same byte every time. There
must be good data behind that dropout, but how to
get at it?
The normal tape read routine quits when it
gets an invalid character. Instead the recovery
routine flags the error by storing an asterisk({*)
in memory, and begins reading bits looking for a
valid character. When it gets one it wvesumes
reading the file. The only problem is that there
is no way of telling whether the first valid char-
acter is the first half of a byte or the last half
of a byte. To overcome this problem the routine
uses an external flag byte (HALF) to determine
what to do with the first valid character after a
dropout. A bit is ahifted out of the high order
end of HALF each time a recovery is attempted.
If the bit is zero the first valid character is
ignored, If it is ome the first valid character
is used to form the first valid byte. Upon each
entry into recovery mode the counter ERRC is in-
cremented. If it wraps to zero the program is
aborted.
To recover a file initialize $17F5-$17F9 as
usual and set HALF ($C8) to $00. Start the pro-
gram at $200. When SFFFF appears look at ERRC
($C7). If the count is low then examine the data
to find the errors marked '*' ($2A). Determine
where the data is a half byte out of sync and set
one bits in HALF accordingly. Rerun the program
and the data, minus the dropouts should be in mem-
ory. I have recovered files with two dropouts,
it should work for as many as 8.
If you have a file that has a dropout in the
Sync pattern and won't sync-up it may be recevered
by using SCAN ($298) as entry point, effectively
starting in recovery mode. You must first initial-
lize VEBB (S$L7EC) with $8Dnnnn60, where nnnn is the
address where the data is to be stored. Also zero
ERRC. The ID and start address will be read and
stored like data. It is also possible to begin
reading files in the middle in this manner. The
routine also performs the special tape read func-
tions (ID=00 or FF). Thanks to Jim Butterfield
for use of his synchronizaiton code.
1298 ZERO PACE STORAGE
1782 :
1112 HALF .OL #@8C8
1128 FRAC .DL @eC7? ERROR COUNT
1138 INH .OL @BF9
1148 :
1158 : EXTERNAL LABELS
1168 ‘
1178 VEBB .fL 17EC
118B SAL ,DL 17F5
1198 SAH .DL 17F6
1208 EAL .DL 17F7?
12128 EAH .DL 17F8
1228 ID 2OL 17F9
1234 INTV .DL 1932
1248 FNO@ .DL 1925
1250 ENDF .CL 1929
1268 INVE .OL 1932
12768 RDSY .DL 19F3
1280 ROCH .DL 1A24
1298 CHKT .OL 194C
1308 INCt .OL 19EA
1318 SED .DL 1742
1328 PAKT .DL 1A00
133¢ ROBT .OL 1AQ41
1348 CHKL .DL 17E7
1358 CHKH .CL 1768
1360 :
1378 : ENTRY POINT
1380 Hs
1398 B@20B2B AS ESC RECV LDA BC OPCONE FOR STA
1408 @28@2 8D EC 17 STA VE@B INTO VEBB
14128 B285 AO BB LCA @@
1426 B28? 85 C? STA *ERRC INIT COUNT
14308 82289 C9 FF CMP QFF
144@ @2p6 28 32 19 JSR INVE INIT VESB
1458 B28E AD B? LDA @7? CIRECTIONAL HEG
146@ 6218 80 42 17 STA SBO
1470 @213 20 41 1A SYN’ JSR RDBT CET A BIT
1480 8216 46 F9 LSA *INH
1498 @218 £5 F9 ORA * INH SHIFT INTC LEFT OF INH
15@0 @21A B85 FI STA * INH
1518 #@21C C9 16 TST CMP 16 SYNC CHAHACTER?
15208 P2116 OB F3 RNE SYN NO = KEEP LOOKIN
1538 9228 28 24 1A JSR HOCH GET A CHARACTER
1542 90223 C6 FI DEC * INH COUNT 22 SYNCS
1558 @225 18 FS PPL TST
1568 @227 C9 2A CNP ‘°* * FLAGS STAKT OF RECORD
1578 0229 DB F 1 HNE TST IF NOT - THEN MUST RE SYNC
1588 #226 20 F3 19 JSR ROBY CET BYTE
1598 @22F Cb FIX 17 CVvP ID CORRECT RECORD?
1688 9231 FB 18 FEQ LGAD YES = READ IT
1618 £233 AD F9 197 LDA ID IDeQ?
1626 86236 FO 13 BEQ LOAD YES = HEAD IT ANYWAY
163@ 86238 C9 FF CMP BFF IDeFF?
164B 923A £28 C7 APNE SYN NO TAY NEXT
1658 @23C 28 F3 19 JSR BRDBY YES IGNORE SA OF TAPE
1668 623F 28 4C 19 JSR CHKT
1678 @242 26 F3 19 JSR ROBY
1680 8245 26 ac 19 JSA CHKT
1698 €248 38 SEC
1760 #2249 £8 12 ecs PYTE HELATIVE JUMP
17128 @248 28 F3 19 LOAD JSR ADEY READ START ADDHESS AND SAVE
172B @24E BD ED 17 STA VEBER+01
1738 0251 286 aC 19 JSR CHKT
1742 8254 28 F3 19 JSR ACBY
eee 1758 8257 8D EE 17 STA VEPB+22
176B B25A 28 4C 19 JSR CHKT
177@ B25D Ae Be OYTE 1OX #2 INDUCX TG BFAD 2 CHAR BYTES
1782 @25F 28 24 1A CHAAR JSR HPCH CET A CHAHACTER
1979@ @262 79 2F CMP °/ / FLAGD END OF RATA
1022 B264 FB 13 hEQ CHEK
1810 @266 22 @O 1A JSR PAKT CONVERT TO HEX NYPBLE
192B 8269 08 21 INE PADC INVALID CHAHACTER
1932 826C CA MEX
1848 B826C CB F1 PNE CHAR
1850 B26E 28 4C 19 JSA CHKT COMPUTE CHECKSUM
1868 #271 28 FC 17 JSR VEEN STORE PYTE
1872 #274 20 EA 19 JSA INCt NEAT. RYTE
1688 @277 2B F4 ENE CYTE
1898 : GET CHECKSUM AND COMPARE TO COMPUTED VALUE
190B #279 2@ F3 19 CHEK JSR ROBY
1918 @27C CO £7 17 CMP CHKL
192@ @27F DE 2n ENE [TADS
193B @2€1 28 F3 19 JSR ROBY
1948 8284 CO FB 17 CMP CHKH
1958 @287 08 25 BNE ‘ADS
196B #289 4C 25 19 JVP ENCO NORVAL EXIT
1978 ATTEMPT AECOVERY AFTOA FAROR
198@¢@ @28C AD 2A CADC LDA '* FLAG MAD IYTE
19908 @28—E 2B EC 17 JSR VEBR
2028 £291 28 CA 19 JSR INCt
2012 B294 E6 C? INC *ERAC CDUNT ERROR
28028 8296 FB 16 REQ PADS ERROR COUNT CVERFLOW
2832 @298 28 41 14 SCAN JSA ACBT SET A MIT
2048 8298 46 F9 SR *INH
2852 2290 BS FO CRA * INH SHIFT IR
2068 B29F 85 FY STA *INH
2078 B2A1 2B OB 1A JSR PAKT COT A VALIO CHARACTER YET?
2982 A2A4 Of F2 PNE SCAN NCO KEEP TRYIN
2098 B2A6 B6 CB ASL *HALF TEST NEXT SKIP BIT
2108 @2A8 90 2 PEG CYTE IGNORE THIS CHAHACTER
2118 @2AA K2 Bl (OX B61 ELSE USE IT AS FIRST HALF
2128 B2AC 0B F1 PNE CHAR AND CO READ 2NN HALF
2138 @2AE 4C 29 19 PADS JMP ENDF SHCW FRRDR
2148 ENDS .EN
tm
AIM
tm
KIM
om
SYM OWNERS ! USE YOUR OWN BUS: {
FELEFEFEEEEEEEEE EE EE EEEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EF EEE FEF HF
+ PREMIUM 8K RAM AT BELOW S - 100 PRICES +
FEEEEEEFEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE ELE EE FEE EEEE EEE EEE EEE TEE E TH
cfsttrs HR HIE HE KH EK ettectereinrs
$ 169 ! HDE 8K STATIC RAM 3 for $ 465 !
ress HHRRH RRR R RR EK EEE Sea a ees
HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (HDE ) DM 816-M8-8k
Fully assembled industrial/commercial quality : 100
hour high temperature burn-in 3; 90 day parts/labor
warranty low power : KIM bus compatible pin for pin
Super quality and reliability at below S-100 prices
(COMMERCIALLY rated S-100 8K hoards cost 25-75% more).
When you expand your system, expand with the bus opti-
mized for 8 bit CPU's, the Commodore-MOS 22/44 pin KIM
bus, now supported by Synertek, MTU, Rockwell, Problem
Solver Systems, EDE, the Computerist, RNB, and others !
KIM-1 COMPUTER $ 179 = = = = KIM-4 MOTHERBOARD $ 119
HYDE Pile Oriented Disk System (FODS) for KIM &
other 6502 systems Powerful editor/disk commands :
two pass assembler & text editor compatible with ARESCO
source files KIM bus compatible interface board :
Simple, powerful disk interface uses parallel ports
Fuli size flcppy disks - NO speed limitation whatsoever
in data transfer rate - 6502 handles transfer at maxi-
mun speed with well over 100% safety margin. Single
density IBM format for high reliability. The best 6502
developement system available. Patches to BASIC.
single drive $ 1995 ; dual $ 2750 (45 day delivery)
MC/Visa, COD's, check, orders - add 5% for shipping.
Irree shipping on orders prepaid with cashier's check !
P,: O-. Box L712
- Plainsman Micro Systems :
Phone (205) 745 - 7735 -
~ Auburn, Alabama 36830
Commodore HDE OSI Altos
Compucolor
WARE ON CASSETTE
Here, by popular demand, are the first of a
series of cassette software offerings by the
NOTES. Many of you have asked that some of the
longer programs which are published in our news-
letter be made available on cassette so that your
time could be spent doing things besides punching
in programs.
All cassettes will be original recordings
(not copies) dumped directly from memory using the
standard KIM recording format.
Besides HEXPAWN (our software feature) we al-
so have KIMATH which is a 2K math subroutine pack-
age which was to be released in ROM from MOS Tech-
nology a couple of years ago ~ and wasn't. The
KIMATH manual, which includes a complete source
listings of the $F800 version (same as the $2000
version ‘cept for the addresses) is available for
$15.00 from sources that I know of.
Johnson Computer
P.O. Box 523
Medina, Ohio 44256
216-725-4560
AB Computers
Box 104
Perkasie, Pa 18944
215-257-8195
The KIMATH manual is not included with the
cassette and must be purchased separately from one
of the above sources.
An errata sheet will be included with each
cassette with some corrections for the manual,
By the way, we have the ability to reassemble KIM-
ATH anywhere in memory for $5.00 extra.
Each cassette will have a 30 second "SYNC"
leader which can be used for aligning your head
(no, the one on your cassette) or PLL. The heads
of the machines which will be used to record your
cassette have been aligned from a Recording stud-
io cassette which was set up with an alignment
"standard",
KIMATH (specify $2000 or $F800 version) $12.00
HEXPAWN CSO1O0O—SOSFF ) in civ ese sae eee tied $.00
U.S. funds only. Overseas customers please
include $1.00 extra for postage. page 9
LANGUAGE LAB:
focal
At this point in time, FOCAL is the most doc-
uméented of the high level languages which run on
Our beloved 6502. Having a complete source liat-
ing is definitely invaluable,
This openness on the part of the implementor
has made it so easy to fidget around with FOCALs
internala and even fix a problem or two.
One of the things that did sort of annoy me
was the almost 1 character delay encountered when
typing in FOCAL program text from a hard-copy term-
inal, {I have the Aregco version).
As it turns out, thanks to the source listing,
I found that FOCALs author did some elaborate arm
which has been input to the TTY port. No small
feat, I might add, since KIM echoes the tty input
in hardware (not software!).
(If you're wondering how = FOCAL makes the
terminal think that the character getting echoed
is a RUBOUT character - which the terminal ignores).
Anyhow, I don't quite know why FOCAL bothers
to do this ~ the character ends up getting echoed
in software anyway. (There is a function which
does enable to echo to be shut off completely).
Make the following changes to FOCAL. This
patch was found in the FOCAL User Manual ($12.00
from the 6502 Program Exchange) and was apparently
an update for FCL-65E.
34AA 84 A5 OUT STY SAVYR
; save "yy"
34AC 20 AO ILE JSR OUTCH
34AF A4 A5 LDY SAVYR
;restore "Y"
34B1 18 CLC
; indicate success
34B2 60 RTS
; return
34B3 E6 76 IN INC HASH
;bump random seed
34B5 2C 40 17 BIT SAD
: ; test input port
34B8 30 6FY BMI IN
; loop ‘til start bit
LDA ECHFLG
; get echo flag
34BA A5 6B
34BC DO 03 BNE NOECH
; branch for no echo
34BE 4C 5A LE JMP GETCH
; get character with
echo
34C1 AD 42 17 NOECH LDA SBD
>; Bet port status
3404 29 «FE AND #FE
; turn off bit
34C6 8D 42 17 STA SBD
34C9 20 SA IE JSR GETCH
34CC 48 PHA
; save character
34CD AD 42 17 LDA SBD
; get port status
34D0 09 Ol ORA #01
> turn on bit
34D2 8D 42 17 STA SBD
; make echo a rubout
34D5 AQ9 00 LDA #0
; get a null character
34D6 20 AQ 1E JSR OUTCH
» echo it
34D9 68 PLA
; restore input char.
34DA 18 CLC
; indicate success
34DB 60 RTS
5 return
Page 10
28F2 EA EA EA was 20 02 29
35B4 B3 was A5
Faster typists will really notice a difference.
A really neat feature of FOCAL is the fact
that you can add specialized functions.
Function calls consist of four (or fewer) let-
ters beginning with the letter "F" and followed by
a parenthetical expression which may contain an
argument to be passed to the function,
There are a number of functions which are in-
cluded in FOCAL, such as:
FINT - returns the integer portion of a
number
FABS - returns the absolute value of a
number
FMEM - allows one to examine or deposit
into a memory location.
FOCAL decides which function is being called
by performing a "HASHING" of the function name and
searching for that value in a function dipatch
table. Using hash codes simplifies the lookup
table design structure quite a bit. It may even
speed things up a bit also.
If you wish to install your own functions, the
hash code for the particular function name and the
function address must be installed in the extra
space provided in the lookup table.
Figuring out the hash code for your function oO
is not so easy, however, unless you use FOCAL it- :
self to do the computation,
In version 3D, place a BRK or JMP KIM at lo-
cation $29EF. Then execute the following command:
SET X = F2??7(1)
where F??? is your new function
name (FADC for example) and (1)
is there because you need a par-
ameter of some sort.
Program control will then be returned to KIM,
or wherever your BRK vector pointed, and the hash
code will be found in location $0065 as well as
the Accumulator and the "X" register.
Several readers are preparing articles on FO-
CAL additions and modifications, so we have alot
to look forward to in this section.
I just saw the latest Dr. Dobbs Journal at
the newstand (computer store newstand, that is)
and noticed that they published a rather large
FOCAL program. (I don't recall the issue number).
Do YOU have any FOCAL articles or programs
that you'd like to see in print? Then send ‘em in.
I highly recommend the $12.00 FOCAL USER MAN-
UAL from the 6502 Program Exchange to those who
are learning to program in this language as well
as those who are just curious and perhaps want to
see how FOCAL compares to BASIC,
At the present time, FOCAL for the 6502 is
available from two sources. Write to them for
pricing and availablity.
ARESCO 6502 Program Exchange
PO BOX 43 2920 Moana
Audobon, PA Reno, Nevada 89509
19407
basic
Microsoft a-little-over 8K Basic is available
from two sources for about $100.
Johnson Computer Micro-Z Company
P.O. Box 523 Box 2426
Medina, Oh 44256 Rolling Hills, Ca
90274
Both outfits are basically handling the same
package except Micro-Z has added a facility to
save data as well as programs through Basic and,
has Hypertape built-in. I don't know if this in-
creases the size of the Basic interpreter or not.
Neither of there two Basics is promable but
Johnson Computer has indicated they have a prom-
able version available for about $100. You have
to give up SIN, COS, ARC and TAN though. This
gets the size down to below 8K.
BASIC 1/0 MODS
Marvin L. DeJong
The School of the Ozarks
Point Lookout, Mo 65726
I had to agree with much of what Don J.
Latham had to say about Microsoft Basic. The pro-
gram modifies itself and that is a real pain as
far as I am concerned, because if you want to do
anything else, or if you blow something, you have
to reload it. Once you get it running its nice,
but I sure hate to sit around waiting and hoping
for a tape to read.
Johnson Computer publishes some documentation.
I wanted to convert Microsoft Basic to run on my
KEM and MVM 1024 Video module, and without listings
it can be difficult. For others who may want to
sue Microsoft with a parallel ASCII keyboard and
a CRT as opposed to a TTY system, you should be
aware that changes must be made. I.wrote a little
routine following the suggestion of Gene Zumchak
of Riverside Electronics, to find all the I/O lo-
cations in the program. For the 9 digit version
these are:
INPUT $2AE5 and $2456 (call KIM-1 input routine)
OUTPUT $2A51 (call KIM-1 output routine)
which must be changed to call the users’ own rou-
tines for his keyboard and CRT.
Also, there is a break routine at about $26DF.
To be precise, address $26DF must be changed from
30 to 10. (ED. NOTE:Thia mod did'nt work on my KIM)
Now, if someone could tell me where to look
to make the program list 16 lines of a program at
once, rather than whizzing X number of lines past
my CRT and showing me only the last 16, I would be
grateful,
P.S. The Johnson Computer people have been very
cooperative in working out some of my tape
problems with the BASIC tapes.
A BASIC QUESTION from the Editor
Does anyone know how to make Basic always
come up in the SIN, COS, & TAN mode without having
to answer the question with a "Y" everytime? As
you may know, if you plan on saving programs, BASIC
must be in the same mode when you load a program
as when you saved it.
KkKKKKKK
Got a note from Joe Donato, (193 Walford East,
Sudbury, Ontario Canada P3E 2G8) who says he has
subroutine for KIM 9 digit Basic (Microsoft) which
permits the user to store programs on tape using
I.D. numbers (Basic doesn't normally permit this).
This subroutine contains HYPERTAPE and runs from
O2EF to O3E3. It is available from Joe for $4.00.
KIM BASIC HINT
BASIC TIMING
F. E. Kempisty
1149 Garner Ave.
Schenectady, NY 12309
I have Johnson Computer's Microsoft 9-digit
Basic. I disassembled it and found 2 extra com-
mands GET and STEP which were not listed.
To speed up SAVEing programs. At location
$275C change 4C 00 18 to 4C 00 02 and then locate
Hypertape at $0200. Microsoft uses page one
($0100). My benchmark timing comparisons of Micro-
soft 9-digit Basic and Tom Pittman's Tiny Basic
using the programs from Kilobaud #10.
Pittman’s Tiny Basic
noe am eT OR RON we amare Hy LRN ERS Na te NN,
Aah RA Sh SCR RA rE a
Program 1 - 1.5 seconds 2 seconds
Program 2 - 10.3 ” i 28 seconds
Program 3 ~ 18.5 4 51 " 46 ij
Program 4 - 20.5 i 53 ae 47 "
Program 5 - 22 " 62 ie
Program 6 - 31.7 “
Program 7 - 49 si
Speed is in the Top 5 - Good Huh!
from the MICRO-Z CO,
The standard KIM BASIC will cause your BASIC
program to stop running, and an "OK" to be typed,
if you only hit "RETURN" in response to an INPUT
query ("?"),. Sometines, this can be annoying be-
cause the program must be re-run, or a “CONT must
be typed, if only the “RETURN" key is pressed in-
advertently.
However, this can be changed by adding the
following line early in your program:
XXXX POKE 10920, 169
With this change, when only the "RETURN" key
is pressed in answer to a "?", a zero (0) is in-
serted in the variable and your BASIC program ad-
vances to the next line just as if you had entered
a number. Of course, if you wish to leave your
program in the middle, and go back to BASIC, you
can always press the "ST" button on the KIM and
re-enter through the “warm start" location (press
space bar to get 0000 4C, then press “G").,
Incidentally, don't forget to insert the fol-
lowing command near the end of the program, to put
BASIC back the way it was:
YYYY POKE 10920, 165
The first command inserts and A9 (169 decimal)
into location $2AA8 Hex (10920 decimal), and the
second command replaces the A5 (165 decimal) that
was originally there.
Since I last wrote you, we have modified our
BASIC "DATA/SAVE" commands to record and playback
both ‘strings’ and ‘data’ that are inserted while
running a program. Previously, we only recorded
the numerical data,
We are in the process of contacting all those
who purchased our BASIC and are supplying them
with the updated commands. However, I would ap-
preciate a note in the USER NOTES: 6502 - asking
those who purchased their BASIC from us to write
Micro-Z, Box 2426, Rolling Hills, Ca 90274 - if
they haven't heard from us as yet.
These commands will only work with the Micro-
Z version of the Microsoft KIM BASIC so it would
not be of any value to those who purchased their
BASIC elsewhere. We are thinking of providing a
package of the User Manual and a cassette of the
added data for those who are not using our BASIC-
page 11
BASIC RENUMBER PROGRAM from
Harvey Herman
2512 Berkley Pl.
Greensboro, NC 27403
The following BASIC renumbering program may
be of interest to your réaders who use Microsoft
8K BASIC (9 digit version) on KIM. It is an adap-
tion of a PET program which appeared in PET User
Notes (Vol. 1 #5, July/Aug. 1978). RENUMBER, as
it's name implies, renumbers the current program
in memory. It converts both statement numbers and
references in GOTO, GOSUB, and THEN statements.
The program can be utilized in severai dif-
ferent ways. It can be loaded before beginning
program development (an example follows). It can
be loaded at any time using paper tape, if avail-
able, or even by hand (ugh!). It can be appended
at any time if BASIC is modified (send SASE for
details). I have written the program so that only
the renumbered program remains after running. If
this is not desired eliminate the POKES in lines
63950 and 63955.
The program: has one restriction which I am
aware of. When the new number in a reference has
more digits than the old one, the first character
or token preceding the old number will be replaced
by the first digit of the new number. Line numbers
present no problem as they always occupy two bytes.
However, line number references have no specific
number of characters (one thru five) and it is poss-~
ible that tokens or commas, not spaces will be re-
I have used another program which has no re-
strictions but requires a paper tape punch for
intermediate storage of the renumbered program,
Since many people are using KSR type terminals,
without punches, {I felt the following program
would be more useful. @
Program Notes (underlined letters were typed
by the user):
1. DIM L% can be decreased if space is a
problem. Decimal 120/121 (hex 78/79) is
the pointer location for the start of
BASIC programs in this version of BASIC,
2. L% (0) was used to store the new pointer
to the end of BASIC programs as it was
Ht
not “iost" after the first POKE in 63955.
3. The renumber program is deleted by POKE
ing )'s at the end of the renumbered pro-
gram.
4. The last two POKE's reset the pointer to
the end of the renumbered BASIC program.
CLEAR resets all other pointers.
5. In this example we see that the pointer
at hex 7A/7B was set properly to hex
$4078, two more than the 3rd zero at the
end of the renumbered program.
(Editors Comment - Maz, Heaman also mentioned
that he has put together an enhancement package
for 9 digit MicazoSo§t KIM BASIC which includes
fast save & Load, a rzeak time clock, the GET com-
placed, Where this occurs the lines will have to mand, paper tape contazokl etc. He's asking $15.00
be manually re-entered. Remember to leave some for the package ox a SASE for more detatka, 1'L2
space in front of each line number references and nevaew 4% fon the next 4s4ue.
you won't have any problem. (see the example).
OK RENUMBER
4.QAD
KIM
0000 4c g a
L@ADED
AIST
@) 63900 CLEARrDIML2(500) :DEFFNRCX)=PEEK (CX) +256ePEEK (X41) 8L=FNRC 120)
6390) INPUT "STARTING LINE # AND INCREMENTS STs IN
63902 DEFFNMCX)SINTCCST+IN&X) £256)
63905 N=FNRCL) tX=FNRCL42) ts IF X<63900THENA=A41 tLZ2CABXItLaNn1G@TB63905
63907 ENZ#L2EHZ=INTCCL4+3) 256) tEL 2 =L4+3-2564EH%
(2) 63908 L%¢0>=EHZ
63910 L=FNRC120) tF ORB=OTBA-12N=2=FNRC(L) tPQOKEC(L4+3) oF NMCB)
63912 POKECL4+2)5ST+IN*B-256aF NMCB)
63915 F=O08tF ORC=L+4T@N-1 tP=PEEK(CC) 2 IF P=1360RP=1 400RP=161 THENF=121G68T96395*
wo.
63920 IFF<>OTHENIFP> 47ANDP<58 THEND= 1 0%D+P- 48 1G=G+ 1 2G8T@63950
63925 IFF=O0RD=0G80T@63950
63930 FORE=1 TOA: IFD=L2¢(E2G@TB639 40
63935 NEXTE:D=0:G=0:G8T@63950
63940 D=Oz2ES=STRSEC CE-“1)#4IN+ST)+" *sH=LENCES)=4:8C=C-GtIFH>GTHENC#C-1
63942 IFH>GTHENGSH
63945 FORI=1TO@GtPOKECsASCC(CMIDS CES, 14+151))>2C=C4+1 1NEXTI#G=0
63950 NEXTCEL=NtPRINTBs tNEXTBtP@KEENZ,0:PQKECENZ419.0
63955 POKE1L22,EL%2:POKE123,L2¢(0) sCLEARIEND
-RUN 6.3900
STARTING LINE # AND INCREMENT? 100210
0 1 2 3 4
OK
KIM
List 0000 4C 7A.
(5) OO7A 78
100 REM 007B 40 4073.
110 G@T@100 4073 80
120 G@SUB110 4074 00
190 BN A THENIO0,1102120 4075 00 be
ai40 END 4076 00 @
page 12
tiny basic
Michael E. Day
2590 DeBok Rd,
West Linn, Or 97068
Tom Pittman's TINY BASIC TB651K V.1K may have
a bug!!!
The following program has the ability to lock
you out of your computer:
1 RUN
What happens, is that when you type RUN, TINY
begins execution, and the first statement it sees
is RUN; which causes TINY to begin execution again.
During all of this there is no test for a BREAK,
which leaves the computer running away happily ig-
noring you.
This is no big deal, unless your computer
happens to be located in a remote location (Like
across town!), then it becomes a pain.
I found this bug late one night when nothing
else was going right, (MY keyboard has not been
the same since) and I typed it in by mistake.
Normally, I wouldn't care about it, but due
to the circumstances it ‘bugged’ me, so I decided
to do something about it. The following is the
cure, and is located in the execute routine (XQ).
053F A5 2A LDA 2A Get IL pointer (ADL)
0541 85 C4 STA C4 Save it
0543 A5 2B LDA 2B Get IL pointer (ADH)
0545 865 C5 STA C5 Save it
0547 4C OF 05 JMP OSOF GOTO NX routine
054A EA NOP Not used
O54B EA NOP Not used
This replaces the previous data, and allows
a break test on execution.
The multiple statements per line modifica-
tions consists of changing the address of the
Branch End routine to the new address, changing
the name of the old NX IL code to NS (address re-
mains the same), and the addition of the new NX
IL code and address. NX retains the old meaning
and description of Next Line. The new NS code
searches for the Next Statement by looking for a
colon (:) or carriage return, and passing control
depending on what it has found.
The ML routine for the NS code is a modifi-
cation of the old NX routine with a subroutine
located at SOAE8. This routine causes execution
of the next statement if a colon igs found, it goes
to the next line if a carriage return is found and
in the run mode, otherwise it returns to the com-
mand mode,
The new ML routine for the BE code tests for
a carriage return or colon to indicate statement
end,
A modification to the IL is needed at SO9B4
in order to use the colon (:) as a terminator, as
this character is used to produce an X-OFF (DC3)
after a print statement. This is modified to pro-
duce the X-OFF on an exclamation point (!) instead,
Another modification to the IL must be made
at $O9F5. This is required to make TINY begin
execution on the next line rather than next state~-
ment following GOSUB RETURN. This is required due
to the fact that TINY only remembers the line num-
ber for the return link, so if the GOSUB was not
the first statement in the line, a hard loop would
be set up. With this modification however, exe-
cution will begin on the next line, and not the
next statement after a GOSUB has been executed.
_ A modification is made to the IL at $0A26
which causes execution to begin on the next line
after a REM statement. instead of beginning with
the next statement. This allows colona to be in
REM statements. It allows for more powerfull IF
THEN statements. I.E.: IF A@0 THEN REM: LET
A=1: PRINT A,: GOTO 20. In the above example
if A is equal to 0, then execution begins on the
next line, otherwise the rest of the present line
1s executed,
The colon may not be used in a print state-
ment that is the second part of an IF THEN state-
ment, since if the test is not true, then a search
for the next statement is begun, and termination
of the search will be prematurely done upon de-
teciton of the colon in the print statement. The
colon may be in any other print statement however,
even on the same line as the IF THEN statement.
It just can not be used as the second part of an
IF THEN statement,
The GOSUB will always be the last statement
executed ina line, I.E.:
IF A=0 THEN GOSUB 20: LET Al: PRINT A: GOTO 10
In the above example if A is equal to 0, then the
GOSUB 20 is executed, and execution continues with
the next line following the example upon RETURN
from the GOSUB. If A tits not equal to 0, then the
GOSUB is skipped, and the rest of the line is exe-
cuted.
IL ADDRESS CHANGES
CHANGE TO WAS
022C F2 FD
022D OA 03 Branch End (BE)
025A EO 9F
025B OA 05 Next Line (NX)
Old IL code NX now becomes NX (Next Statement)
there is no address change however.
IL ROUTINE CHANGES
O9B4 83 Al t X-OFF On (!) exclamation
(3) BC O9B8 point instead of (:) colon
O9F5 IE NX NX on Return instead of NS
ML ROUTINE ADDITIONS
NEW NX ROUTINE
OAEO 20 14 04 JSR 0414 Search for "CR"
OAE3 DO FB BNE OAEO Con'tt until found
OAES 4c OB 05 JMP O50B Get new line
NEW NS ROUTINE
OAE8 201404 JSR 0414 Search for terminator
OAEB FO O4 BEQ OAF1l Return if "CR"
OAED C9 3A CMP #3A Return if “:"
QOAEF DO F?7 BNE QAE8 Otherwise try again
OAF1 60 RTS
NEW BE ROUTINE
OAF2 20 25 0&4 JSR 0425 Read BASIC character
OAF5 CS OD CMP #0D Lf 1t is: a: “CR”
OAF7 FO FB BEQ OAF1l Return
OAF9 C9 3A CMP #3A or: a. s"
OAFB FO F4 BEQ OAFl Return
OAFD 4C 64 03 JMP 0364 Otherwise go branch
ML ROUTINE CHANGES
NS ROUTENE
0506 20 E8 OA JSR OAE8 Find terminator
0509 BO OC BCS 0517 End line?
OSOB A5 BE LDA BE
o50D FO 23 BEQ 0532 Run mode?
page 13
RAMBLINGS ABOUT PITTMAN TINY BASIC by
Lew Edwards
Bought Tom Pittman's TINY BASIC, also his
"“Experimenter's Kit". Perhaps you might be inter-
ested in the following comments.
Things "not in the book" or at least not too clear.
Saving and loading basic programs using KIM
cassette routines---Use the values in $0020 & $0021
for SAL & SAH and use the values in $0024 & $0025
for EAL & EAH when dumping to cassette. When load-
ing the saved programs, transfer the values in
S17ED & $I7EE to $0024 & $0025 and enter TINY via
the "warm start", Of course before loading the
tape, you should have previously done a "cold start"
to initialize the basic pointers, etc. Expect your
whole system to crash if you try to make program
changes without setting 24 & 25 to the correct
values. You can append a second program to the one
in memory if the second program has line numbers
higher than the first. I have written a line re-
numbering program if anyone is interested. The
second program is loaded in starting at the address
in $0024 & $0025 minus four. Again, transfer values
from $17ED & EE to $0024 & 25. I am using a tape
loading subroutine callable as a USER function,
which directly uses 24 & 25 as a pointer for stor-
ing recovered data so that it is automatically set
up as end pointer for user programs.
HOW TINY STORES PROGRAMS:
User programs start at the address stored in
$0020 & $0021 and lines are stored exactly as en-
tered from the keyboard. The line number is stored
as two hex bytes, all the rest as ASCII, ending with
the carriage return, OD(hex). All lines are stored
in sequence as numbered, with TINY doing the edit-
ing as each line ia entered (or deleted, or replaced),
TINY stores a ZERO line number in the two bytes
follwoing the CR in the last line of the program,
When TINY responds to a CLEAR command, it puts the
zero line number in the first two bytes of the user
forth
We're going to be hearing alot more about
6502 FORTH. Looks like an ideal "hackers" lan-
guage.
That rumor I mentioned in #12 about there be-
ing a FORTH User Group newsletter was true. I've
received two issues of FORTH DIMENSIONS and they
are quite informative. You won't believe how sinm-
ple it is to make FORTH understand German.
FORTH DIMENSIONS is available for $5.00/6
issues from: Forth Interest Group, 787 Old County
Rd., San Carlos, Ca 94070.
I've been informed that the Decus Forth man-
ual now costs $12.00. This manual provides the
most implementation information I've found yet.
Order manual 11-232 from DECUS, 126 Parker St.,
Maynard, Ma 01754.
There seems to be a bit of controversy grow-
ing over some of the versions of FORTH which are
beginning to crop up. This controversy purportedly
stems from the contention of the FORTH Interest
Group that some of the languages which use the
name "FORTH" don't implement all FORTH features.
According to FIG, complete versions of FORTH
should contain:
1. indirect threaded code
2. an inner and outer interpreter
3. standard names for 40 major primitives
4. words such as; CODE, BLOCK, DOES),
(or 3:), which allow increased
performance,
FORTH is especially useful for real-time con-
trol-type applications. Some of the programming
examples I have seen indicate that programs tend
to get very modular and structured because of the
way FORTH operates,
page 14
Program space and initializes the pointers. If you
Should accidently clear, say be using the "cold"
start to re-enter basic, after having entered a
Program; you can salvage the program by loading a
value in the first byte of user memory equal (in
hex) to the original line number of the first line.
Of course, if the number is over 255, you'll have
to put the high order value into the second byte.
This will let you list and run the program, but if
you want to make any changes, you'd better restore
the pointer at 24 & 25, You can search through
memory to find the right address using the follow-
ing rules. First, line numbers are contained in
the two bytes immediately following a carriage re-
turn (ODhex). The last CR is followed by two zero
value bytes. Add 5 to the address of the last CR
Fe att atten
and load the result into 24 & 25.
MACHINE LANGUAGE SUBROUTINES:
These can be used by calling a USER functions.
If you want an ML subroutine to be included with
your TB program, it can be “contained” within REM
statements placed after the last line of your pro-
gram. Make one or more REM statements using enough
characters between the first REM and the last CR to
accomodate your subroutine, The result will be
garbage on a LIST, but that's immaterial. The ML
subroutine can then be called by: X=USR(USR(S+20,
36)+USR(S+20,37)*256-n) where X is the result re-
turned from the subroutine in the A & Y registers,
S is the starting address of TINY BASIC, and n is
the number of bytes reserved for the machine lan-
guage code +6. Ef the ML subroutine is to be called
more than once, a variable may be set to the value
within the opening and closing parentheses. Sec~
ond and third arguments may be included to pass
parameters. The line renumber program I wrote in
TB uses this technique to locate the line numbers.
I had at first written it using only the TB built
in USER routines for "peek" and "poke", but it ran
too slowly to suit me. No, the renumber program
does not renumber the goto's and the gosub's.
ese CEH NEP
KEEKKKEKEKKEEEE
At the present time, there are at least 6 im-
plementations of FORTH, or "forms" of FORTH on the
6502. As for as I know, most of the 6502 FORTH
implementations were done independently which in-
dicates tremendous interest in this language from
the 6502 fraternity.
We'll be trying to keep up with this “FORTR"
explosion and will report on these different inm-
plementations when/if they become available,
FORTH COMMENTS & EXAMPLE
John P. Oliver
P.O. Box 12248
University Station
Gainesville, Fl 32604
I am currently running FORTH from Programma
Consultants, 3400 Wilshire Blvd., LA, in my PET
2001. I am convinced that FORTH is the ideal lan-
guage for the hardware havker who needs to be able
to program drivers for interfacing. FORTH 18 an
interpreter, compiler, and assembler all at the
same time. You can use a higher level language to
do loops, blocks, arithmetic, and imbed assembler
code or machine code at any point. Normal FORTH
code runs about 50% of the speed of optimum ma-—
chine code...much faster than BASIC. If FORTH 1s
too slow in some time critical routine, simply
imbed machine code. The following is an example
of a FORTH program to point a telescope, select a
blue filter, make a 20 second integration of the
star brightness, store the result in the array DATA,
and print the result:
12 30 15 RA +72 36 12 DEC POINT BLUE FILTER
20 SECS INTEGRATE DUP DATA ()©= PRINT
I have routines in FORTH which access the PET in-
ternal clock so that I can store the time and/or
print it out etc. I expect to implement FORTH in
my AIM-65 as soon as it arrives...I probably will
not put FORTH in any of my KIM systems since it is
not well adapted to the keypad and hex display of
the KIM.
KIM users who read a little german should be
aware of the 65xx Micro Mag published by Raland
Lohr, Hansdorfer Strasse 4, 2070 Ahrensburg, West
Germany. The first two issuea have had a lot of
very good systems software for KIM systems. Re-
locatable loaders, fancy tape operating systems etc.
The price appears to be DM 46 by surface mail to
the US but Herr Lohr may also have an airmail rate
for US. Amazingly, both issues have had discus-
sions of the AIM-65 although I have not yet seen a
discussion in a US hobby magazine.
assemblers
TWO PASS PATCH TO ARESCO ASSEMBLER
John Eaton
1126 N 2nd St.
Vincennes, In 47591]
Here is a patch to the ARESCO resident assemb-
ler that will convert it into a two pass assembler.
This change will give you source listings that
contain all the program addresses (no**) and will
even make the object code more efficient. The patch
consists of the following code:
257A 4C FO 30
30FO Bl 52 AO 03 29 1F C9 10
DO O1 88 AX O1 4C 7D 25
MODS TO THE MICRO-SOFITWARE SPECIALISTS ASSEMBLER
Richard M. Bender
Box 276 RD 1
Ebensburg, Pa 15931
I am successfully using MSS's resident Assem-
bler/Text Editor (ASM/TED). There is no compar-
ison between this program and their previous re-
lease as many of you may have experienced. Since
I only have a TVT and no hard copy output I did
have some difficulty in correcting errors in my
source programs because of the lack of the ability
to list single lines only. However with addition
of the routines listed on the next page the ASM/
TED will now have this capability. One precaut-
lon-~be sure to define the symbol table and text
file sufficiently above the end of the ASM/TED
program to allow room for the added routines.
(listed in TED/ASM format)
0100 ~OR 26F7
0110 JSR NUMB
0120 .OR 26AE
0130 JMP REQT
0200 :
This will work in the version assembled at address
$2000. You will have to change the absolute ad-
dresses if you have the version at $EOOO.
To use this patch you assemble a source pro-
gram using the “A" command as normal. The printed
listing you receive will probably contain several
errors. That's all right since all the run did
was to set up the symbol table. Now rerun the same
program again starting the assembler at the warm
start address of $2011. This time you will get a
correct listing with no **'s, You may also notice
that you can also use forward referencing with
arithmetic operations which you can't do with the
original assembler.
The second pass through the assembler does not
reset the error count or reenter any of the OPT's
so if you want to disable the first printing and
enable the secand one then you have to manually
reset the flags that were set in page zero.
Also, if you have the $2000 version of the
assembler then change address $321A to 50 and
$258D to 2D. That prevents the assembler from
printing the line numbers as one plus their actual
value,
NOTES: This addition for the TED/ASM that is
loaded from $2000 up. For ather locations you
will have to change line numbers 0100, 0120, 0250,
0270, 0300, 0320, 0460, 0470 and 0570 for proper
relocation.
I would recommend that lines 0100 thru 1030 be
omitted until the assembly completes successfully,
with no errors, then enter these four lines and
reassemble. During assembly the object code is
generated and LOADED into memory even though
errors may be detected. Obviously an "R" command
is not needed. Happy assemblying.
area in TED/ASM to be changed
extract desired line number
another patch
is current line the desired one?
0210 ; ROUTINE EXTRACTS NUMBER FROM LINE REQUEST
0220 : IN. LIST COMMANC
0230 : (e.g. to list line 142, type LOQ142 and carriage rtn)
0240 :
0250 .OR 282D
0260 NUMB LDY 01
0270 JSR $245B
0280 STA $0109
0290 INY
0300 JSR $245B
0310 STA $0108
0320 JMP $269F
0400 :
end of TED/ASM program
get first two digits of line number
convert to packed decimal form
save in TED/ASM line buffer
get pair of digits
and do the same conversion
-into line buffer also
back to normal LIST command processing
0410 : ROUTINE COMPARES CURRENT LINE WITH DESIRED LINE
0420 : NUMBER AND IF THEY MATCH,
0430 :
0440 REQT LDA $0104
0450 BNE HERE
0460 PRNT JSR $27FA
0470 JMP $26B1
0480 HEKE LDY O00
0490 LDA (LOCA),Y
0500 LOCA .DL OOD5
0510 CMP $0108
0520 BNE NOPE no match
0530 INY
0540 LDA (LOCA),Y
0550 CMP $0109
0560 BEQ PRNT
0570 NOPE JMP $26CF
PRINT THIS LINE
does a requested line number exist
branch if yes
no, print this line after a CR/LF
to normal list operations
lets match line numbers
get current number from TED file
TED file base address stored here
against desired line number (2-digits)
yes, check next 2-digits
do they match too?
yes, go CR/LF and print line
no, go get another line in TED/ASM
0589 PGEN .EN that's
page 15
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page 18
COMPONENT SIDE
GROUND
SYNCH
RDY
TRQ
~16 Vv. UNREGULATED
RST
DATA BIT 7
DATA BIT 6
DATA BIT 5 1 O
DATA BIT 4 11
DATA BIT 3 12
DATA BIT 2 13
DATA BIT 1 14
DATA BIT @ 15
—«BDSEL *** (WC) AG
+16 V. UNREGULATED 17
OONOGAAND —
” 18 |
° mee oo
+8 V, UNREGULATED 20
+5 vy, *** (N/C) ? 1
GROUND 99
HERE IT 1S! THE 44 PIN STANDARD “KIM-
BUS". THIS BUS DEFINITION IS APPLICABLE TO
THE KIM-4 FRom MOS TECHNOLOGY AS WELL AS THE
NEW BACKPLANE BOARD FROM HDE Inc,
Pins 16. 2], and Y HAVE BEEN LEFT UN-
COMMITTED ON ALL PRESENT KIM-4 BoarDs AS
THESE SIGNALS (+5 anp BD SELECT) WERE USED
ONLY WHEN A SINGLE BOARD WAS ADDED TO THE
KIM-1 WITHOUT THE MOTHERBOARD. THESE PINS
DO NEED TO BE DEFINED AS BUSABLE SIGNALS
BEFORE SIGNAL INCOMPATIBLITY PROBLEMS ARISE
N<x<xS<CHwvvuzerxXxcrnmooo>
PINOUT
WIRING SIDE
GROUND
ADDRESS BIT @
ADDRESS BIT 1
ADDRESS BIT 2
ADDRESS BIT 3
ADDRESS BIT 4
ADDRESS BIT 5
ADDRESS BIT 6
ADDRESS BIT 7
ADDRESS BIT 8
ADDRESS BIT 9
ADDRESS BIT 18
ADDRESS BIT 11
ADDRESS BIT 12
ADDRESS BIT 13
ADDRESS BIT 14
ADDRESS BIT 15
@2 CLOCK
RAW
@2 crock
$5 Vp OG)
GROUND
AS DID WITH THE S-l100 Bus. | FEEL THAT CLocK
G1 SHOULD BE ADDED TO EASE THE PROBLEM OF
ADDING DYNAMIC RAM TO THE SYSTEM AND PERHAPS
THE REMAINING TWO SIGNALS COULD BE USED FoR
SOME SORT OF INTERRUPT DAISY-CHAIN (LIKE ON
THE PDP-8 or 11 Bus. THATS MY IDEA,
ACCORDING TO souRCcES AT MOS TECHNOLOGY.
A KEYWAY WILL BE INSTALLED BETWEEN PINS 18
AND 19 TO ELIMINATE THE POSSIBILITY OF PLUG-
GING BOARDS IN BACKWARDS. (GREAT IDEA})
VIDEO & GRAPHICS
VIDEO DISPLAYS: ERIC
STANDALONE vs MEMORY MAPPED
It seems that there are a number of us who
have purchased memory mapped video displays such
as Polymorphics VTI-64 or Processor Tech's VDM
boards for one reason or another and are quite
shocked to find they need to write some software
to get the thing to talk to KIM. This is unfor-
tunate as it makes for a very frustrating time.
Perhaps we should talk about what the KIM can &
cannot do in the way of peripherals. And what is
needed to hook up to a video display device.
First of all, KIM is configured to communi-
cate with a ASR-33 Teletype *™ which has a 20 ma
loop and talks serially (which means that the data
bits march down the wire one after another). Of
course anything else that can fake KIM into think-
ing it's a teletype will also work. This includes
most standalone video terminals (such as made by
Hazeltine and Lear~Siegler) and some other hard-
copy terminals such as DECwriter etc. If it isn't
serial and doesn't use a 20 ma loop - Forget it!
You'll have to do sone converting to get your
whatzit to talk to KIM. Oh yeah, your whatzit term-
inal HAS to speak ASCII.
A memory mapped video display, on the other
hand, is a totally different animal! There's
nothing parallel or serial about it. Except per-
heaps the fact that its got a parallel address &
data bus. To the computer, the video board looks
like a block of memory - NOTHING MORE!!
Some computers, such as PET, APPLE, and SOL,
have programs built in to make these memory-mapped
displays look like output devices - but the KIM
DOES NOT! You would have to write programs to:
clear the screen by initializing every screen lo-
cation to an ASCII “space” character; form a cur-
sor (usually a white square); and prudently place
ASCII characters on the screen to make some sense;
make sure the display does the proper thing in re-
sponse to a carriage return; etc.
Not an easy task for most beginners!
And if you expect to be able to operate the
KIM ROM monitor program from your memory-mapped
display, FORGET IT!! There's no straightforward
way to do it. You'd have to rewrite a completely
new monitor program around your new display device.
reece ate
Sound like alot of trouble? Youre right! If
you arent prepared (or able) to write a complete
new monitor from scratch, or perhaps modify an
existing monitor, such as XIM (Pyramid Data Systen,
6 Terrace Ave, New Egypt, NJ 08533) to work with
your display then I'd suggest you hold off this
ambitious project at least until you can get some
help.
On the other hand, memory mapped video dis-
plays are so much more versatile than serial dis-
plays that the extra trouble to bring up this type
of peripheral may be worth the extra trouble to
you if you are at all talented in the software
dept. Immediate access to any position in the dis-
play area makes it possible to run real-time games
such as Chase, animated LIFE generations, Break-
out, Pong etc etc.- as well as performing double-
duty as the more mundane video terminal style out-
put device.
Other possibilities for memory-mapped video
include split screen displays where you effectively
have two output devices. In a 64x16 video board,
you could have two 64x8 scrolling displays each
fully independent of the other. This could, of
course, be extended to provide a number of such
"windows" on your screen. Remember the cliche
"you're only Limited by your imagination"? Well,
it holds true here.
If you're not into fun and games, then how
about a fancy string edition (word processor) which
could immediately display updated text as fast as
you can modify it?
I recently had an opportunity to play around
with the "Electric Pencil" string editor (on an
8080 system) and really enjoyed watching the text
file open up right on the screen when new charac-
ters were inserted and close up when characters
were deleted. It must be seen to be appreciated.
By now, it should be apparent that there are
tradeoffs involved in any decision and this one's
no different. It is hoped that by now, you'll have
some idea of the pros and cons of each approach to
video displays, and will be able to make an intel-
ligent decision,
nd rm
video displays: RAMSEY ELECTRONICS Box 4072P,
Rochester, NY 14610 716-271-6487 ( I've seen this
64x16 display running and can recommend it)} OTTO
ELECTRONICS P.O. Box 3066, Princeton, NJ 085405
MICRO-~TERM INC P.O. Box 9387, St. Louis, Mo 63117
314-645-3656
a OARD
COMMENTS ON THE. BOARD
Lew Edwards
“VISIBLE MEMORY'! VIDE‘
from
I promised some comments on Hal Chamberlains
“VISIBLE MEMORY" which I have running as a video
display along with a parallel keyboard. The board
(Micro Technology Unlimited K-1008) has worked
perfectly since I first hooked it up back in April.
The documentation is excellent as is the software
for it from MTU. The VM board includes decoding
to enable the KIM interrupt and reset vectors, s0
you dont have to worry about that incase you want
to add more memory.
Had to wait about 5 weeks for the software,
but that's no problem now. The software package
is a beautiful job alao. The only drawback was
that I had to program around the ROR instruction.
Wrote a HEX dump routine that prints a page
at a time on the screen and am using Steve Wozniak
& Allen Baum's disassembler as published in Dr.
Dobb's in Sept. ‘76.
TVT-6 ADVENTURE
Dennis Chaput
Rockwell Hobby Computer Club
12851 Olive St.
Garden Grove, Ca
714-892-2703
I ordered my TVT-6 laat October and received
it about ten days later. The assembly instruc-
tions were a re-print of the article in "POPULAR
ELECTRONICS", where I first read about the TVT-6.
The unit went together OK. I mounted a 16 pin IC
socket near C15 on the KIM-1 for the RAM connec-
tions so that I could completely disconnect the
KIM module,
I loaded the 16 line by 32 character per line
program and started the program, My old PENNY-
CREST tube type TV came alive and locked-in with-
out any adjustments. I have an RCA phono jack
mounted on the rear cover with a slide switch to
select TV or external input.
Problem number 1. The right hand column of
dots were missing on every character. I had to
change C5 to a gmaller value. It took about three
tcies before it worked right. Using an ASCII to
HEX chart and the KIM keyboard, I could load any
character I selected. Now I was ready for the
cursor program.
Problem number 2, I loaded the 16 by 32
Full Performance Cursor Program and the IRQ in-
terrupt vector address. With my ASCII keyboard
connected, I was ready, but my system wasn't. No
matter what I did, I could not interrupt KIM to
get into the cursor program. After much time and
in desperation I wrote a long letter to PAIA Elec-
tronics explaining everything. I received a two
line reply to enter the interrupt vector at 17FE-
00 and 17FF-01. I had entered it at least 100
times before,
page 19
I know very little about programming but can
usually follow through one copied from "KUN" or
"FIRST BOOK OF KIM", so back to the books. I ran
across a code "CLI 58" Clear Interrupt Disable
Bit. I hunted ali through the program but could
not find one. I changed address 1780 NOP EA (two
cycles) to 1780 CLI 58 (two cycles) and that fixed
it. I've had no problems with IRQ interrupt since.
Problem number 3. This one was much easier.
The Erase to End of Screen (EOS) was dead, I
changed the following address: O13E CMP C9 13 to
013E CMP C9 12 and now it worked. This also made
it agree with the chart at the top of the page.
Also note that “SPARE HOOK" is also wrong. It
should be: O13A CMP C9 13.
Problem number 4, SCROLL UP would not work
properly. It worked just enough to shew that it
was close. It would give multiple cursors, repeat
lines, modify characters and worst of all would
"blow the program” very often, Change the follow-
ing: 0184 LDA A9 01 to 0184 LDA A9 03, now it
works OK.
I imagine these problems would be obvious to
most people but were very difficult for me. Maybe
they will help another beginner. KEEP UP THE GOOD
WORK.
TVT-6 RAM EXPANSION, Michael Allen
6025 Kimbark
Chicago, Il 60637
My article in User Notes #12 has prompted a
number of inquiries regarding how I added S.D.
Sales 4K memory board to KIM/TVT-6. The following
description is how I did it. I stress the I be-
cause I am not @ hardware expert. There may be a
better way and I am unsure how to add more memory
for addresses above 2000H.
The S.D. Sales 4K board should be modified
exactly as per the article in Kilobaud #4, KIM-1
Memory Expansion, by: Bob Haas. -~ Except the —
jumper between IC37 (pin 5) and 1C33 (pin 6)
should be omitted. Instead connect a jumper from
TVT-6 (pin 15) to 1¢37 (pin 5) and a jumper from
TVT-6 (pin 16) to 1033 (pin 6). (Of course it is
best to bring these connections to an unused pin
on the RAM board edge connector to avoid direct
jumpers. )
Then TVT-6 pins 7 through 14 (VD7-VDO) should
be connected to each pin 12 of IC's 25 through 32
on the RAM board. This is most easily accomplish-
ed as tabulated below:
TVT-6 Contact; 4K RAM PIN:
(VD7) PIN 14 1043
8 (VD6) PIN 12 I1C43
9 (VDS) PIN 4 IC43
10 (vD4) PIN 6 IC43
11 (VD3) PIN 2 1043
12 (vbD2) PIN 10 IC43
13 (VD1) PIN 14 IC38B
14 (VDO) PIN 12 IC3B
All other connections between TVT~-6 and KIM
should be as per TVT-6 instructions, including the
removal of the ground connection to Application
connector contact K (decode - enable).
Fig. 1 is from Bob Haas‘ article:
Cy ret & hed go set
IL ad AZO SECTIONS: f ' ’ '
Te) is
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JUMPERS
Page 20
14 JOENOTES APPLICATION
COMME tol Pin
POLYMORPHICS VIDEO BOARD MODS ERIC
VTI-64 owners! Now you can have your cake
and eat it too!
After using the Poly video board for a time
it became obvious that for some applications it © }
would be nice to have the facility for reverse %
video in lieu of the graphics capability. As you
know, the normal Poly board uses bit 7 to choose
between alphanumerics and graphics, (The polarity
of bit 7 is reversed from normal also, but we'll
discuss that later).
Fortunately, the solution to the problem was
already at hand. It was in the form of a piece of
documentation from the Solid State Music video
board. This board uses a similar method of gen-
erating graphics as the Poly card but also includ-
ed the option to change from graphics mode to re-~
verse video mode by the flick of an on board
switch.
It then became a simple matter to transfer
the mode switching logic over to the Poly board,
and that's just what I did.
Two traces on the board must be cut. One
that goes from the data latch IC40 (74273) pin 19
to the data multiplexess IC 33 & 36 pin 1 and the
other one which runs from the shift register IC35
(8274) pin 6 to the video output buffer IC 31
(7407) pin 9.
The circuit below is then connected to the
Poly board (Rev F)
connects to IC40 (74273) pin #19
connects to 1035 (8274) pin #7
connects to I1C35 (8274) pin #6
connects to 1033 (74LS157) pin #1
connects to IC31 (7407) pin #9
MoO WwW Pp
This mode also corrects Poly's design "acci-
dent" of needing bit 7 set to "1" for normal ASCII
and set to "0" for graphics. If you don't want to
modify your board for the reverse video option but
still want to have bit 7 act normally - no sweat.
On the Rev F board there is a spare gate in U5
(74LS132) that can be used to invert the signal
coming from IC19 (74273) to 1€33 and 36 pin l,
(Don't forget to cut the trace).
Next issue will have a mod to adapt the Poly
Video board to the KIM bus, It's not as easy as
you might think, but, thanks to one of our readers,
I now have the board running in my KIM-4 system.
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SLOW STEPPER IV by Lew Edwards
Slow stepper will automatically step through
a program in the same manner as KIM's SST rou-
tine. The stepping rate is under keyboard con-
trol, and the program may be stopped at any point
for examination and modification of registers,
flags and memory data. Slow stepper is relocat-
able if the NMI vector is re-directed to the new
NEXT location by changing locations 0100 & 0105
to the proper values. Slow stepper will fit into
the RAM area starting at 1780 if the initializa-
tion of 0100 to 0113 is performed manually or sep-
arately, and the program is loaded starting at
HALT,
To use SLOW STEPPER, PB? (A-15 terminal)
Also the current stack pointer is saved in its
designated location. All of these stored values
may be examined or changed via the monitor pro-
gram using the KIM keyboard. Normally, when "GO"
is pressed, the monitor will load the values in
the storage registers into the 6502's registers
and appropriate stack locations using the instruc-
tions starting at 1DC8 (GOEXEC), jumping into the
user program via the RTI instruction at 1DDA con-
mencing at the location displayed on the address
portion of KIM's display. If the SST switch is
on, KIM's hardware will create an interrupt dur-
ing the fetch of the first opcode after leaving
the monitor progran. “This single instruction will
be executed and with 1C00 as the NMI vector, con-
trol is returned to the monitor program. KIM's
hardware prevents interrupts from occuring while
in the monitor program. To create a slow stepping
routine, we must duplicate the SST action on a
recurrent basis. Using the SST circuitry is not
possible without hardware being added as the ex-
must be jumpered to NMI (E- 6 terminal). To run isting hardware will interrupt every instruction
SLOW STEPPER, enter the starting address 0100, not in the monitor, and there is no way to auto-
press "GO", dievlay remains unchanged. Enter the matically return from the monitor. Our solution is
starting pddvews of the program to be executed,
press "ST" key and after a short delay the pro-
gram will begin to run at the slowest speed.
Pressing “AD” will stop execution and all the KIM
monitor functions will be available. Pressing '0'
will slow execution rate and pressing any other
key (except "ST" & "RS") will speed up operation.
"ST" will resume execution at whatever address is
on the display, so be sure to hit "PC" to restore
the program count to the display, first. Of
course, you must be sure your program's use of
memory does not conflict with SLOW STEPPER's
(also timer use). Terminate your program with a
BRK (00) instruction so it will stop when done.
HOW IT WORKS
When an interrupt occurs, the 6502 will com-
plete the current instruction then save the pro-
gram counter high byte, PC low byte and the pro-
cessor status (flags) register on the stack in
that order. The 6502 then jumps to the location
specified by the interrupt vector and begins ex-
ecuting instructions at that address. At the
1C00 (SAVE) KIM monitor NMI entry point the moni-
tor program will save all the processor registers
in fixed zero page locations, including pulling
and storing those that were pushed onto the stack.
to use an interrupt vector pointing to a routine
which duplicates the KIM monitor action in stor-
ing registers, then waiting out a delay loop.
Following this delay, a timer interrupt is set to
go off immediately following the time interval it
takes to jump to the monitor routine at 1DC8
(GOEXEC) which restores the registers and then
executes an RTI instruction. We set the timer for
a 40 microsecond delay, which is exactly the cor-
rect time for all of this to occur and create an
interrupt on the next opcode fetch exactly as the
SST hardware would do it. The instruction is ex-
ecuted, the processor does its interrupt thing and
jumps to 0119 (NEXT) in SLOW STEPPER which dupli-
cates the KIM monitor "SAVE" procedures, complet~-
ing the cycle. During the delay loop the program
looks for an input from the keyboard, escaping to
regular monitor functions in response to an "AD"
key, slowing the step rate in response to a "Q"
key or speeding up in response to any other key
(except "ST" or "RS"), The rate of stepping is
determined by the number of loops it takes to
decrement "WAIT" to zero from the "SPEED" value,
which varies from its initial value of FF (slow-
est) to 01 (fastest). This value is changed by
either dividing or multiplying by 2 in response to
key entry.
0100 AJ 19 START LDA #19 Set NMI vectors to halt address w
0102 8D FA 17 STA NMIL bi
0105 AQ O1 LDA #01 re)
0107 8D FB 17 STA NMIH nd a a
O10A A2 00 LDX #00 Initialize port to enable timer Pc e o 8 —
010C 8E 03 17 STX PBDN interrupt * an ff
010F 86 ED STX HOLD Start delay oS te Ss 8
0111 CA DEX Sn ners Eee
0112 86 EC STX SPEED Stepping speed count ae > as @ WE
0114 C6 ED HALT DEC HOLD Negative is start/restart mode e és i ee jee ee
0116 4c 16 1c JMP NOSAV To KIM without saving registers 2 c Sa oe aan eee =
0119 2C 04 17 NEXT BIT RDCLK Timer interrupt, clear timer latch on @ FN Xd, had &
011C 24 ED BIT HOLD Test for start or step mode S eos S ae eae
O11E 10 06 BPL STEP Positive is step Sage cele ae ear a
0120 68 68 68 PLA PLA PLA Negative is start, adfust stack Prone Be £ cd w Oo
0123 38 SEC Ses easee § wou pone
0124 BO 16 BCS NOSTEP Unconditional branch eux gars © te noos
0126 85 F3 STEP STA .ACC Save all the reristers fust like Ae ee em ag aL
0128 68 PLA KIM monitor Core fe ea: Ses. sae
0129 85 Fl STA PREG go Bee ee nad a eae
012B 68 PLA SH 8 SH heS fF De oo
012C 85 EF STA PCL Beoataek c BS SoA
012E 85 FA STA POINTI, mC" an 7
0130 48 PLA
J131 85 FO STA. CH a An aa
0133 85 FB STA POINTH Hh Oe apa Snerd oxm
0135 84 F4 STY YREG A AM CHOO<AZE wC
0137 86 F5 STX XREG YQ De ee es
0139 BA TSX MEM Ie A EO <
eH 86 F2 STX SPUSER SAmaton4 hema aos
013C A5 EC NOSTEP LDA SPEED Transfer value to counter for
013E 85 EE STA WAIT controlling stepping rate .
0140 A5 ED LDA HOLD Test mode =
0142 10 07 BPL NODEC Skin delay if step oO Oo
O144 20 19 1F XDELAY JSR SCAND Display and delay if start A 2
0147 C6 ED DEC HOLD ae
0149 DO F9 BNE XDELAY Wait out the count a a4
014B D8 NODEC CLD Binary mode for keys OS: we HORROR BaAd- wos
O14C 20 19 1F SPDLP JSR SCAND Display address & opcode HM CT OA hHARE NOOO
O14F FO 19 BEQ NOKEY. No key, skin key routine INHTOAAHANDOCGCONO NMRAOH
0151 20 6A 1F JSR JSR GETKEY Kev down HOMHZOOCNAOLEA AR aor
0154 C9 10 CMP #10 AD key? AMOMCAMNnDAAONO NTH
0156 FO BC BEQ HALT Yes, stop stepping & enter Monitor ee eee eee eek.
0158 AA TAX For later test SSS Pee oes 2] SPO: Page et
letters & comments
John F. Cowan
1150 Polk Ave.
Dear Eric, Sunnyvale, Ca 94086
I have been reading the KIM User Notea for
some time now and enjoying them. Here are some
ideas and comments which might be of interest to
you and your readers.
I purchased a 4K memory board from Solid State
Sales in Cambridge, Ma and was very disappointed
with it. 2 built it without sockets for the mem-
ory chips, half of which later proved to be defec~
tive. I would discourage anyone from buying this
board. If the board is purchased, sockets should
definitly be used for all chips.
I have purchased a 16K memory system, mother-
board and KIM interface from Katherine Atwood Assoc.
in Santa Ana, Ca and am very pleased with it. The
4K memory boards are only $89, assembled, tested
and guaranteed, a beautiful. idea. I have been run-
Ning with the four boards for two months now and
have yet to drop a bit. The motherboard kit costs
$30, but is free if you buy four 4K boards. The
KIM interface kit costs $24.50 and plugs right in
to the KIM expansion connector. It allows memory
addresses to be assigned at will and provides for
memory protect. It is also a real bargain. I
thought long and hard before purchasing this sys-
tem rather than a KIMSI and I have not been dis-
appointed. I am most happy with the fact that the
system is compact (cards are 4%x7"), the bus is
simple and straightforward and the system compon-
ents are of industrial quality. Numerous other
beards are uvailable, including 8K Prom, Prom
burner, Analog in, Analog out and Digital out
(64 lines using AMI 6820's for $56!). I highly
recommend this system to all KIM users.
Last, a few words about my activities. I
have just Finished implementing a word processor
system after interfacing a KIM to a Selectric I/0
Writer; a tour de force lasting two and a hlf years.
I have liked the KIM since day one. and grown to
like that strange programmable beast, the 6502.
This letter was written and edited with the word
processor. If am considering making it available,
perhaps via the 6502 Program Exchange.
KKK KRERE
RANDOM COMMENTS ABOUT KIM & SYM from-
Bob Leedom
14069 Stevens Valley Ct.
Glenwood, Md. 21738
Pet peeve -- Having to go through each line
of a well-written, very useful "utility program"
to determine where the program's variables are lo-
cated in memory. lt has happened more than once
that a utility program sneakily altered a location
or two of a user program's variables. Moral -
Document all memory used by a program!
I was finaily able to play the ASTERUID game
in First Book of KIM the other day! I circum-
vented my bouncy keyboard (disastrous in ASTEROID!)
with the super-cheap A/D in KUN #4 (p. 9) and a
slide-type variable resistor, giving me a neat
“spaceship controller". (My three little ones,
aged 6, 4, and 4, are now veteran pilots.) But
1 discavered an awful bug in the program as put-
lished. Since only the ADL of the pointer is in-
cremented at $2B), and since the asteroid field
croésses a page boundary, there is a point at which
the asteroids you're dodging are made up from the
program code itself, and the field is impassable!
In other words, the pointer is now pointing into
the program, rather than at the stored field pat-
tern. Easy fix (though to be honest, I haven't
tried it -- I patched up the code) -- relocate the
field entirely in page 3 and change 2CE and 2CF
to point there.
Dear fellow programmers, I will if you will:
instead of referring to their location in memory.
It makes your program much easier to read, dis-
cuss, understand, modify, and/or relocate. JSR
$Q1B2 drives me buggy: JSR DESPLAY makes me think
I know what you're doing.
page 22
If. nobody else has mentioned it, I would like
to say many thanks to Timothy Bennett for the in-
dex to Volume 1 of KUN -~ I use it all the time,
I hope that between Eric and Timothy, this will
not be the last of the indexes (indices?).,
Has anybody else had the unbelievably depres-~
sing j}0b of trying to help a friend with a SYM
(formerly ViM)? A guy I know invested his bucks
in the SYM, thinking he would get all the power
of SUPERMON and the dual cassette outputs and the
plug-in expansion memory, etc. plus the ability to
use all the currently available KIM programs sim-
ply by changing a few subroutine addresses accord-
ing to the list in Appendix E of the SYM manual.
Let me quote from paragraph E.2 of this manual:
"Many of the routines do not perform identically
in the two systems, however, and you should check
their operat:on in Table 9-1 before using them."
Folks, I'm here to tell you, it ain't all that
simple. One little example: SYM's GETKEY returns
ASCII code for the key depressed. That means ev-
ery KIM program that uses a key from $6 to $F as
an index or as a number has to have several extra
lines of code patched in for SYM use so that the
$30 can be stripped off of 30 through 39, and $36
can be subtracted from the A through F keys. Don't
get me wrong, the SYM-1 is a super little machine:
but KIM compatibility is not straightforward.
R. Bruce Harvey
52 Spruce Drive
Truro, N. S&S.
Canada B2N 4X6
COMMENTS ABOUT SYM
"I bought my KIM-1 in August and have really
been enjoying it since then. As I teach Physics
in grade ll and 12 here and have had an electronics
club in the school we decided this year to purchase
ad micro computer for the electronics club. I de-
cided to purchase the SYM-1 board and have it now.
The advertisements were a bit deceptive to me and
I thought that the KIM programs J] had prepared,
mainly. from your notes were going to be easily mod-
tified to work with the SYM.
I have had no trouble in getting the programs
to load and after altering them according to the
conversion chart supplied with the SYM-1] manuals
I still have not been able to get the programs to
run. J realize that I am new at this, although I
have been in amateur radio for a little over seven-
teen years, and there are others who have probably
not encountered my problems. 1 wonder if you would
have any information that would help me to get
these programs to run. [I had hoped that the pro-
grams I have on tape could be used although it now
seems that I will have to modify the written pro-
grams before loading them into the SYM~-1] by hand.
The information supplied with che SYM-] appears to
be incomplete with regards to the use of KIM soft-
ware, In particular the monitor does not seem to
be operating. The clock program that was in the
last issue of Micro is working well as well as are
the varlous samples in the SY¥YM-l manual. Any in-
formation you could provide me with would be very
much appreciated."
(EDITOR'S NOTE - I'm aware of the problems
anvokved tn taying to convert KIM programs over
to the SYM. At 444454 gkance, 4 seems that new
scan noutines would have to be waitten to simu-
Late KIM 1/0 on the SYM, but that's fuat my first
observation (Aomewhat hurrced at that). Maybe one
of our readers has already sgkved this problem.
HOW ABOUT IT 77? HERE'S ANOTHER ARTICLE IDEA YEE!)
ENVELOPE ARTWORK
FROM DAVE HOLLE
ale _
NPP OA
[ ib Q22P 10 FI
software library ies
New RG Oa
ae A231 19 9¢
Here's a useful addition to your software 0233 38
Library. Now you don't need to spend $50 for that 0°%, A2 FD
TI programmers calculator. Can you convert this 0236 A9 00
to aun on a teamina£l ?77..... er 0738 FS DD
_ 023A 95 DD
MULTI-MODE ADDER 0230 £8
Jim Butterfield 023N 20 F7
Toronto 023F AS n2
O?}:1 FO Ol
This program adds and subtracts, in either decimal 0243 F8
or hexadecimal... and will convert between the two O24 AO 17
number systems. So if you hit keys DA (for set O26 06 DA
Decimal), 123, AD (for set Hexadecimal), you'll O76 26 DR
see the hex equivalent of 123 which is 7B. Hit O2hA 26 DC
DA again and you're back to 123 decimal. O20 A? FD
O2)E BS FC
Negative numbers are held in complement form; s0 0250 75 Fc
FFFFE9 is equal to minus 17 hexadecimal, or 999972 0252 95 FC
would be minus 28 decimal. You can reverse the 025 £8
sign On a number by hitting GO (for Clear) followed 0255 30 F7
by PC (for subtract). 0257 88
: . 0258 10 EC
Meaning of the KIM keys is as follows: O25A AS D3
GO = Clear ..set the total to 000000. oe a os
AD = Hexadecimal mode .. convert display to 0261 10 9D
Hexadecimal 9263 C9 1D
DA = Decimal mode .. convert display to Decimal 0266 90 62
PC = Subtract .. subtract last number entered 0267 C9 15
from total 0269 FO 9%
+ = Add .. add last number entered to total 026B Al, Tl
0260 FO 71
The Add and Subtract keys "chain" ..80 you can add O26F AS D2
a number repeatedly if you wish .. or if you have 0271 FO 6h
added an incorrect number in error, pressing Sub- 0273 AS FB
tract (PC) will subtract it again. 0275 69 30
: 0277 8&5 D3
You should always begin by pressing GO (Clear) fol- 0279 10 05
lowed by AD or Hexadecimal or DA for Decimal 0275 F8
otherwise you won't know what wmode you're in. The 027C 20 3F 03
Program does not warn of overflow, so be careful O27F D8
if you're dealing with large numbers. 0289 AJ 00
; 0282 A2 02
All numbers are held in 24-bit binary in the com- O28) 95 D7
puter .. they are translated to Hexadecimal or 0286 CA
Decimal for the display. The program for trans- 0287 10 FB
lating this is quite compact, and may be found at 0289 AO OS
addresses 0243 to 0259, For converting Decimal q28R AY OO
input to binary, a much longer program is located O28" 20 32 03
at 0280 to 02C2. 0290 85 DE
Example: a program starts at hex 0200 and goes to oe =
0352. How many decimal locations does it occupy? 0297 RS D7
GO (clear) AD (Hex) 0352 + 0200 PC (-); eee i
display shows 0152; 029C 10 F9
DA (Decimal); display shows 338 029E 20 LC 03
1 + (since the numbers are inclusive); display 02A1 20 Le 03
shows 339 locations. o2Al A2 FD
O2A6 BS DA
Note that the program uses Polish notation, i.e., O2A8 75 DD
enter the number first, then the add or subtract Q2AA 95 DA
code. : O2AC E68
O2AD 30 F7
The Clear (GO) key sets the total to 000000, and OPAF A2? FE
transfers the previous total to the "chaining" 0281 AS D?
register. Thus, you can restore the total by hit- 02E3 65 DE
ting +, double the previous total by hitting + O2R5 8S D7
twice, or complement the previous total by hitting 02B7 BS DA
Subtract (PC). Q2B9 69 00
0200 D& START CLD 02BB 95 DA
0201 20 1F 1F JSR SCANDS - light display O2BD E8
O20L 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY O2EE 30 F?
0207 cS DO CMe LAST same as last key? 02c0 8&8
0209 FO F5 BEQ START yes, nothing . do 02C1 10 C8
020B 85 DO STA LAST save new key ID
020D C9 13 CMP #$13 GO=clear? oe - re
O20F DO 52 BNE NOGO 0207 38
0211 A2 02 LDX #2 02c8 A? FD
0213 AO 00 Lny 40 —O2CA AY 00
0215 BS Dl ML? LDA TOT,X move total to.. O2cc FS DA
0217 95 D7 STA INC,X -.inmout area O2CE 95 DA
0219 9 Dy STY TOT ,X and zero total 02D0 E8
0218 CA DEX O2D1 30 F7
021C 10 F? BPL MLP 02D3 10 OB
O21E A900 HEXIC LMA 0 convert TOT (hex) to display ggns 99 11
0220 85 Dl STA DISP displav-total flae 02D7 A2 02
0222 A2 02 LOX #2 clear display... O2D9 BS F9
022) Bh Dy DLP LDY TOT,X ~.and conv TOT to WORK O?2DB 95 D7
0226 94 DA STY WORK,X O2DD CA
0228 9 F9 STA INH zero display area O2DE: 10 F9
vee ' P
Wu?
HEX OUT
SWING
HUFF
BPL
TOGO
2077
CL?
NIG
ILP
ZL?
FLAP
NUML
HEX IN
HL?
ney
mr DL
LMA TOT 42
STA STAN
PPT yp
5%
IDX 487)
A #0
SRC WORK+3,X
STA WORK+3,X
INX
BMI WL?
LOA MODE
BEQ HEXOUT
SED
LOY #23
ASL WORK
ROL WCRK+1
ROL WRRE+2
LnX #8FD
LMA
ADC
STA
TNX
PMI
NEY
RPI,
LOA
BPL
JSR
HUFF
SWING
STGN
START
FLIP
START
#810
NUML
As
START
DIS?
OK
MODE
HEXIN
POINTH
#$30
SIGN
P07Z
CMP
ACS
CMP
BEC
LDY
BEQ
LMA
REQ
LDA
ADC
STA
EPL
SED
JSR FLIP
#0
#2
INC,
cL?
LbDY #5
LNA 40
SeTn
DIGIT
ROLIN
Inx 42
TNC ,X
VOR K .X
ILP
ROLIN
ROLIN
#$FD
INC+3 ,X
INC+3,X
TL?
4 FE
INC
DIGIT
INC
INC +3,X
#0
INC+3,X
BMI
NX
LDA
Ane
STA
LDA
ADC
STA
INX
BMI ZL?
DEY
BPL DIG
LDA SIGN
PPL. Ox
SEC
LDX #$FD
LDA #0
SBC
STA
INK
BMI FLAP
BPL OK
BCC NUM
LOX #2
LDA INH,X
STA INC,
DEX
3PL: HL?
>OINTH+1,%
>OTNTH+1,X
POINTH+1,X
WORK+3 ,X
INC+3 ,X
INC+3,X
test sipn
invert WORK
-.3 Gifits
hex display
decimal. display
2 bits to translate
get most significant bit
»-into carry
Operation or Numeric?
No key?
already converted input?
hex mode imut?
decimal sign test
positive number entered?
invert negative input
Dec-Hex conversion starts here
Clear Hex innut area
Six decimal digits to come
Get highest dizit
Multiply INC by two...
.-and copy..
-»INCx2 into..
ORK;
Multiply INC by four,
eeGiving INCx8
«then add INCx2 from WORK
giving. .
«+ INCx10
Now add the new digit..
»»to INCx10
» -propogating anv carrv
»-into the higher digits
on to next decimal digit
~eif any
STGN OK?
no, re-invert
Hex innut:
copy to INC
page 23
O2EO A2 FD OK LX ASFD
O2E2 AS DO LDA LAST
O2E 29 OF AND #0F
O2E6 C9 02 CMP #2 AD (Hex) or TA (Nec) key?
O2E8 BO 10 RCS ACT mo .. must be PO or +
O2RA 85 D2 STA MODE set mode to ‘lex or Nec
O2EC AS Dl LMA DIS® total or entry?
O2FE FO 07 ja mo OD total, do nothing
O2FO BS NA TGP LDA INC+2,¥ entry, move to +otal
O2F2 95 N7 STA TOT+2,X
Nor =8 INX
O2F5 30 F9 RMI TL?
O2F7 hc 1E O02 EXIT JM! HEXDC
O2FA NO OC AGP PN= NAN not + .. must he P> f/f.)
O2Fc 18 CLe
O2FD BS D7 Al, IDA TOT+3,X
O2FF 75 DA ADC INC+3,¥ add (binary)
0301 9 D7 STA TOT+3,X
0303 EB INX
030, 30 F7 BMI AL?
0306 10 EF BPL EXiIt
0306 c9 Oh NADD cM? #h
0304 DO EB BNE. SXIT
030C 38 SEC
0300 BS D7? =6SLP ODA TOr+2,X
O30F FS DA SBC INC+3,X subtract (binarv)
0311 95 D7 STA TOT+3,X
0212 E8 INX
O31h 30 F7 BMI SL?
0316 10 DF Bel EXIT
0318 Al) Dl NUM LDY PISP first digit?
O31A DO OA BNE ROLL no, shift it in
C31lc 8 FA STY POINTL - zero into disnlav..
O31E 8) FB STY POINTH .-excent..
0320 85 F9 STA INH » new dipit
0322 C6 Dl De Doe
932 30 99 RT OUT unconfitional exit
0326 20 32:03 ROLL JSR G®tTn make snace for new digit
0329 AS DO LNA LAST -eand insert. it
O32P Of F9 OFA TNH
032D 85 FO STA INR
O32F WC 00 02 OUT JUMP START
3 subroutines
0332 A2 03 GETD LDX #3
0334 06 F9 GLP ASL INE
move four bits
through display
0336 26 FA ROL POINTL
0338 26 FB ROL POINTH
O33A 2A ROL A
033B CA DEX
033C 10 & BPL GL?
033E 60 RTS
3
033F 38 FLIP SEC complement,
0340 A2 FD Lox ABFD the
0342 A9 00 FLP LDA #0 contents
O3hh FS FC SBC POINTH+1,xX of
0346 95 Fc STA POINTH+1,X the
0348 E6 TNX ad display
0349 30 F? BMI FLP area
O34B 60 RTS
5
0345 06 D7? = ROLIN ASL TNC maultioly
AWE 26 DE ROT, INC+1 TN
0350 26 n9 ROL INC+? bv
0352 60 RTS e
9203 and
A PSEUDORANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR
H. T. Gordon
641 Paloma Avenue
Oakland, Ca 94610
This is the 6502 code of my 8080-coded pro-
gram that will be published in BYTE. I am copy-
righting the 6502 version with this "free-diffu-
sion" clause: Any and all uses are authorized if
(and only if) all software associated with the
whole or any part of the following coding is de-
clared to be equally available for unrestricted
use by everyone.
Subroutine MIXRND will generate 65K binary
8-bit numbers before repeating. It uses 3 zero-
page locations (in this case Cl, C2, and C3, but
any other locations will do and they need not be
in sequence), that need no initialization. The
subroutine is fully relocatable.
0110 E6 C3 MIXRND INC RND+2 (one of 256 se-
quences)
BNE SEQUEN (same sequence)
ENC RND+1 (increment addend)
12 DO 02
14 E6 C2
page 24
0116 A5 C€l SEQUEN LDA RND (load seed)
18 OA ASL A (X 2)
19 OA ASL A (X 4)
1A 18 CLC
1B 65 Cl ADC RND (xX 5)
1D 18 CLC
l1E 69 28 ADC #$2B (add for next hs
seed, S6B, SAB, @)
or SEB also work) ae
0120 85 Cl STA RND (store next seed)
22 18 CLC
23 65 C2 ADC RND+1 (add sequence ad-
dend)
25 24 Cl BIT RND (seed bit 7=N, bit
6=V)
27 30 03 BMI TESTV (N=1)
29 50 05 BVC EXIT (V=0)
2B B8 CLV (reset V)
2€ 70 02 TESTV BVS EXIT (bypass comple-
menting)
2E 49 FF EOR #SFF (complement output
in A}
0130 60 EXIT RTS (pseudorandom # is
in A)
Subroutine SELBIT can be used to screen the
MIXRND output and yield sequences of non~binary
numbers. E.g., if RND+3 is pre-set to $A0O and
RND+4 to $OA, SELBIT will exit with the carry
clear if MIXRND has output one of the 100 BCD
numbers from 00 to 99. If the carry is set, MIX-
RND can be repeatedly called until it outputs a
BCD.
0131 c5 c4 SELBIT CMP RND+3 (compare hi nyb-
ble)
33. BO 06 BCS SELOUT(reject or =)
35 48 PHA (save # in stack)
36 25 OF AND #SOF (retain lo nybble)
38 ¢5 ¢5 CMP RND+4& (compare)
3A 668 PLA (restore # in A)
013B 60 RTS (accept if carry
clear)
By using $DO and $0D, one would get a pair
of "tridecimal" numbers to simulate playing cards.
The "suit" could be established by using the 2
low-order bits of the output for the high-nybble
card, and of RND for the low-nybble card, with
additional logic to eliminate duplications.
ASCII DUMP PROGRAM
Jim Zuber
20224 Cohasset #16
Canoga Park, Ca 91306
This program is written for the KIM-1 to
SWTPC PR-40 printer interface I described in issue
#11 of the User Notes. This program will dump
ASCII data from memory, decoding carriage returns
(HEX OD) and a special end of data character that
can be defined by the user. I am using this pro-
gram to print mailing lists and have used this
program as a subroutine in larger programs. (Just
change location O0DO0 to 60)
To use the program jsut do the following:
t. Store the starting address of the
ASCII data in OOOA and OOOB (low
order first)
2. Set the last character in the ASCII
string to "@" (HEX 40)---Note:if you
. Want to use a different character
for the end of data marker set lo-
cation OO8F to the HEX equivalent of
the ASCII character you want to use.
3. Start the program at 0080 and you
will get an ASCII dump.
emis kc aed aaa
0080 A9 FF 8D 01 17 AX O01 8D 03 17 AD
0OO8B OO Bi OA C9 40 FO 3E C9 OD FO IF
0096 8D 00 17 AX O1 8D 02 17 CE O02 17
OOAl EE 02 17 18 A5 OA 69 O1 85 OA A5
OOAC OB 69 00 85 OB AX OO FO D7 AY OD
OOB7 8D 00 17 A9 O1 8D 02 17 CE O02 17
O00C2 EE 02 17 AD O02 17 29 02 FO FO AY
OOCcD OO FO D& 4C 4F 1C
MELODIES FOR THE MUSIC BOX
KEYBOARD DEBOUNCE ROUTINE
Thomas J. Rubens 125 Stratton Rd.
851 California St. New Rochelle, N.Y. 10804
San Francisco, Ca 94108 Everyone who owns a KIM should also own The
First Book of KIM. If they don't, they should get
one, 1t's worth it. On page 88 of the book you
The following code performs seeming miracles will find Jim Butterfield's Music Box program,
on nolsy keyboards. The standard implementation Load it. Mr. Butterfield wrote this program real
of the KIM-1 monitor code wrongly assumes that well but he didn't include enough music for us
inexpensive keyboards are not inherently noisy. music buffs! So hoad the following into KIM and
ne! st you should get 1. Pop Goes the Weasel 2. Happy
The code wee np i re? by Allen Anway's Pro-~ Birthday 3. London Bridges Falling Down 4. Ten
ram Branch from "Notes 9 & 10. Little Indians and 5. a short version of the Ma-
. . rine Hymn. The second hex dump is a more jazzed
CTR 16 any convenient page zero address. up version of the Marine's Battle Hymn I'm sure
you'll enjoy it.
AQ 05 SCNO LDY #05 Set up safety net
84 EE STY CTR s ;
: 0020 2F A9 CO 80 80 80 FB 22 FC 02 FD 01 FE 56 56 CD
C6 EE DEC CTR Make sure it
' 0030 D6 CO @8 56 56 CD D6 DI CO 56 56 AI B2 CO E8 CD
DO F? BNE SCNl Wasn't noise 0040 2F 2 2 0 80 80 80
20 19 1F | SCN2._ JSR SCAND New key pressed? fae ee OU Be Oe ae ee 2) re oe ye ene vere
eo FE BEQ SCNI” No 0050 FF SD 32 AF 39 32 AF 39 32 2F 29 AF B9 2F 29 2F
aka ae JSR. SCAND: Yeo = check aveda 0060 32 39 32 AF 40 39 B2 39 32 AF 2F 29 2F 32 39 32
are me Sircrcr mae 0070 AF CO AF 39 C8 00 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 FB 20
pO) Bk AG ISR GETKEY Yeo-get key immage 0080 FC 02 FD 01 FE FF C8 48 48 C8 48 48 B9 2F 2F 39
0090 40 C8 CO 40 40 CO 40 40 CD 40 40 4D 56 E2 CB 48
OOAO 48 C8 48°48 B9 2F 39 4D C8 AF 32 32 39 39 CO C8
STAR WARS BATTLE 0080 80 80 80 80 FB 30 FC 02 FD 03 FE FF 62 48 CO CO
Sara pee 00CO CO CO CU 2F CO 4D 48 CO CO 48 D6 E2 E2 62 48 CO
a Tuber 00D0 cO c0 CO CO 2F CO 4D 48 CO CO 48 D6 E2 E2 FF 00
20224 Cohasset #16
Canoga Park, Ca 91306
Jazzed Up Marine's Hymn
Want some wild sound effects for your KIM?
I have combined Ron Kushniers space wars phaser
sound program with Jim Butterfield's random num-
ber generation to create sound effects from an en-
tire battle scene out of Star Wars!! Interesting
variations can be obtained by changing the mask
byte for the random number. Location 0247 con-
trols the number of repeats and 0254 controls the
time of the phaser pulse. The program starts at
0241 and the sound output is at PA-0O.
0000 FB 30 FC 02 FD 03 FE FE 62 48 CO CO cO CO CO 2F
0010 Cv 4D 48 CO CU 48 D6 E2 E2 62 48 CO CU CO CO CO
0020 2F CO 4D D6 CU CO 48 D6 62 62 AF 32 B9 CB BI AE
0030 CU 4D CO DF 32 B9 C8 39 AF CO 62 4D cO cO CO CO
0040 cO 2F CO 4D 98 CO CO 40 AB AF 80 80 80 80 80 FF
0050 OO.
"DO LOOPS" FOR KIM
Dave Skillman
0200 AO 03 AJ 00 85 BE AQ 11 8D 06 17 9514 48th Ave.
020B A9 01 8D 01 17 EE 00 17 A6 EE CA College Park, Md.
0216 DO FD 2C 07 17 10 F3 E6 EE A5 EE
0221 C9 FF FO 02 DO DF 88 FO 02 DO DA There is often a need to repeat a section of
022C 60 D8 38 A5 13 65 16 65 17 85 12 code a given number of times. The following in-
0237 A2 0& B5 12 95 13 CA 10 PY 60 20 structions show one way to perform the "do loop"
0242 2D 02 A5 12 29 03 8D 01 O02 EF O01 function by executing a block of code N times.
O24D 02 20 2D 02 A5 12 29 13 8D 07 02
0258 EE 07 02 20 00 02 4C 41 02 LDA #00 load zero
STA I ready do loop variable
LOOP INC I increment loop variable
LDA N get loop iteration limit
SOUND EFFECTS PROGRAM CMP I compare to present value
| BCC OUT branch away if I is greater
Bob Carlson WA6QXX than N
Block of instructions
= : , 7
I have been using KIM’S cassette audio out bu be exernead N £imee
put port (SBD at $1742) for outputting music and
modern programs. No external hardware aside from
@ cassette player and an earphone or speaker are
required, Simply plug the earphone or speaker into
the monitor jack and push down the record button
and high fidelity output will result. On my cas-
sette player the tape doesn't even have to be mov-
ing. I think this is the simplest interface for
audio experimenting yet.
JIMP LOOP loop back until done
OUT BRK stop if job is done
In complex programming situations it is often
clarifying to code in a high level language first,
and to translate that to assembly code as a second
step.
I came up with the following program which
makes quite an interesting noise - similar to a
police siren aor an alarm, using the above men-
tioned output method.
MORE ENVELOPE ART
from T. Mc Fadden
0100 A2 FF START LDX #S$FF Send 1's to
0102 8E 42 17? STX SBD Output Port
0105 A6é 00 LDX #$00 Load Freq Parameter
0107 CA LOOP1 DEX Wait Loop For
0108 DO FD BNE LOOP1 Waveform High Time
Q10A A2 00 LDX #$00 Send 0's To
010C 8E 42 1? STX SBD Output Port
Ol1O0F A6é 00 LDX #$00 Load Freq Parameter
0111 CA LOOP2 DEX Wait Loop For
0112 DO FD BNE Waveform Low Time
0114 Cé O00 DEC DEC Freq Once Each
Loop
@116 4c 00 Ol JMP. Start
interface —
CAMERA SPEED TESTER Toma oe aes
Dallas, Tx 75214
While it would probably not be a terrific
idea to buy a KIM-1 just for use of the display,
some projects can be carried out for a lot less
money once you own one.
A good example is the camera speed tester
that eppeared in Popular Electronica. When you
own a KIM-1, construction of this device is so
triviel that it can be an instant breeze. You
can do all the timing in software and not kuild
the display, using KIM for that.
The only piece of hardware you have to have
is the photocell and a guarantee that the input
will be logically on orf off. This can be done
with a photo transiaster and a 7414 Schmidt trigger
invertor. I bought a small photo transister from
Radio Shack (276-130), wired a 330 obm resister in
line, put glue on the leads for insulation and,
after reaming out the hole a bit, slid it into the
back end of an empty Bic pen. I used some black
ink to darken the plastic. This is my general
purpose phototransister tester. For the camera
tester, I drilled a hole in a piece of wood the
right size to take the pen and to fit where the
film goes on the back of the camera. The circuit
below shows the 7414 in use, the output simply
being taken to one of the porte on KIM.
Basically the programming consists of loading
the timer when the shutter is openned and getting
a value when the shutter closes. Because it is a
countdown timer, the recovered value must be sub-
tracted from the original. The program shown here
will (in theory) measure from 1/1000 to & second.
It outputs a hexadecimal value. Additions program
(which I don't care to do, since I don't care
aobut my camera speed that much) would go for spe-
cific accuracy and conversion to decimal,
After you have positioned the camera, with
the photocell replacing the film, under a fairly
bright light, push the GO button. The program
sits in a loop, waiting for a change in the input
value. Using bit 7 of the input port, as soon as
the light hits the transister, we load the time
and go into a new loop. When the light goes out,
we unload the timer, subtract, store in F9 and
loop through SCANDS., Hitting the reset button
will automatically place you at the start of the
program again. If the display does not come on,
test the photocell by covering with your finger;
it may not be getting enough light to switch.
(Note that it is much more sensitive to incandes-
cent than floreacent.)
LDX FF
A LDA PORT
BPL A LOOP UNTIL MSBIT=1/NEGATIVE
STX TIMERX1024 (SHUTTER OPEN)
B LDA PORT
BMI B LOOP UNTIL MSBIT=0
LDA TIME (SHUTTER CLOSED)
STAZ F9 TEMPORARY STORE
TXA
SBCZ F9 SUBTRACT END VALUE FROM START
STAZ F9
C JSR SCANDS LOOP IN DISPLAY
CLC
BCC C
+$
7 B17 7
MSB
nw 1914 Sexmirr-
A” TRIGGER
TRANSISTOR.
page 26
LOW COST MODEM POSSIB
usually |
Modems aregexpensive, not readily available,
and could be a real pain to get functioning cor-
ERIC
What we 6502 users need is a software approach
to this problem instead of hardware methods. "Do-
ing it in software" makes much more sense for hob-
byists who have more time than money and want to
learn the ins-and-outs of computing.
Well, thanks to some TRS-80 users who seem to
share our views on the software approach, we now
have that alternative.
It's the "MICKEY MODEM" and was published in
the November '78 issue of Kilobaud (peg. 52).
The "MICKEY MODEM" consists of only two I,C.
amplifiers, a VU meter, and a telephone line iso-
lation transformer. (Not to mention some assorted
resistors, capacitors, switches etc).
This low-cost circuit contains none of the
usual modem thingamajigs such as frequency gener-
ators, receiving filters, originate-answer mode
switching etc., but interfaces directly to the
phone line (instead of the usual acoustic coupling)
and relies on the computer to generate the proper
tones to transmit and decode the tones when re-
ceiving. The utmost in simplicity.
The only addition I would make would be a
achmitt-trigger or comparator on the output of the
interface to clean up the waveform and make it
easier to decode.
The driving software is completely open at
this point. Initially I am looking at the Kansas
City format (1200 Hz / 2400 Hz tones, 300 baud)
since it is fairly straight forward to encode and
decode and the high tone is well within the tele-
phones 3000 Hz upper limit.
Perhaps I'll have one of these in operation
by the next issue. Any comments and/or ideas
would be greatly appreciated, Let's hear what you
think of this idea.
RPN CALCULATOR CHIP INTERFACE ERIC
Another interface design for the National
MM57109 has been published, this time in Byte
Magazine, August '78 (pg. 64).
This interface looks like a perfect match to
a 6520 or 6522 1/0 chip.
The software driver presented was for the
8080.
I will be installing one of these calc chips
on my 6522 1/0 board (see elsewhere in this issue)
using this interface.
This calculator interface would make an excel-
lent addition to Tiny Basic or Focal since they
do not have built in trig functions.
Anyone up for the job???
POWER-ON_ RESET
George W. Hawkins, NY
A very simple power-on reset can be added to
KIM by connecting a .68uf tantalum capacitor be-
tween the bottom end of resistor R& (+), and the
bottom end of resistor R13 (-). This was the
smallest value that would work for me. The capac-
itor is connected across the RS key when connected
as described above. See page B-l to find the re-
Bistors, which are to the left of the keyboard.
i Donia oy gees eS
ERIC
When connecting KIM to outside world systems
that have their own power supplies - it makes
good sense to isolate the two systems and avoid
ground loops and other problems. I have been us-
ing a MONSANTO MCT-2 optoisolator to perform this
task but other opto-isolators may work as well,
3 Sea
(6) nfe ALTK
TO tN PuT
PORT
4
(Oe fn (2)
im
KIM
GROUND
MoT]
+V can be any reasonable positive dc voltage with
R adjusted to allow about 20 ma (no more than 50
ma) through the diode when its cathode is grounded.
An open-collector transistor is a convenient
device to trigger the LED.
T@
ct
ee
,
Paira
serow
as
Pe
SEPARATE
K__ @Rounps
Sree all
This circuit has been used to successfully
interface an active-filter RTTY (Radio Teletype)
demodulator to KIM. The demodulator has an open-
collector transistor output to connect to a 5-
level teletype with a 60 ma. loop so hooking it to
the opto-isolator was a breeze.
The circuit may also be used in the output
mode but an open-collector gate should be used to
drive the opto-isolator since the KIM output port
can't sink the required 20 ma.
FeomM Kim
TO OVTsidEe
SNSTEM
OCOPEN- Contecror
As yOu can see, opto-isolators are simple to
use and handy to have around,
Next issue, we'll discuss the 555 IC timer
and see how we can put it to work.
MORE ON THE OPTO-ISOLATOR
Dwight D., Egbert
302 W. 109, #4
NYC, NY 10025
The following KIM-1 TTY to R§&232 converter
circuit has proven to be very reliable, small, and
easy to make. I have used it and KIM-1 with a
DecWriter LA-36 (110 & 300 baud), a Tektronix 4012
(110 through 2400 baud), and a Processor Technology
3P+S 1/0 board (110 & 300 baud). The 3P+S uses the
MC1488 and MC1489 RS232 interface IC's which are
cammon to many devices. This converter should work
with any RS232 device you have.
KiIM-!
A-S
~“iZv
NOTES:
1. If you do not have +/- 12 volts on your KIM-1 |
then your RS$232 device should have +/- voltage
available. I would expect this circuit to operate
properly with anything from about +/- 5 to +/- 15
volts although you might have to adjust R2 and R3,
2. I have not tried the following but it should
work if you only have +5 and +12 volts and if your
KIM-1l ground is not tied to the AC line voltage
ground. IF YOU TRY THIS BE CAUTIOUS! Connect +12
volts as shown. Connect +5 volts to the RS232
ground (pin #7). Connect KIM=1 ground to the
point shown for RS232 -12 volts. This makes the
RS$232 output work at +7 and -5 volts relative.
3. Alternatively, circuits are given in the two
following references for conversion circuits which
operate from only +5 volts. I have not tried them
and don't know how reliable they are. With only
+5 volts they cannot meet RS232 specs. even though
they might work with some devices.
BYTE, May 1076, "A DAte With KIM", page 10
EDN, June 5, 1977, “Constructing A Low-Cost
Terminal Interface", page 205
4. Even though I used Monsanto MCT2 opto-isolators
the following all have similar specs, and should
work equally well; MCT12, MCT26@, MCT6 dual, 4N25,
4N26, 4N27, 4N28, 4N35, and 4N37. Also, Darling-
ton types like MCA230, MCA231, MCA255, 4N29, 4N30,
4N31, 4N32, and 4N33 will work just fine. Radio-
Shack offers a grab-bag of opto-~isolators and In-
ternational Electronics Unlimited advertises MCT2's
for 70¢ in June 1977 RADTO ELECTRONICS. I have
recently become a fan of opto-isolators and recom-
mend you experiment with them. They are great for
practically any computer related conversion in-
cluding AC switching when used with SCR'S,
5. RS232 pin assignments as shown are proper if
you want to plug KIM-1 directly into a terminal.
Alternatively, if you want to plug KIM-1 into a
modem you should reverse the connections to pins
2 and 3. page 27
new products
Forethought Products (87070 Dukhobar Rd.,
Eugene, Or 97402) has announced immediate avail-
ability of the 6502 Video Driver Routine (VDR).
This software provides the necessary software
Support for 64x16 random access video display
boards (such as Polymorphics VTI, Kent Moore,
Solid State Music etc) on systems using the 6502
CPU.
According to the literature, this software
allows for complete cursor control, scrolling
speed, line & page control, printer control and
"“partitioning”" of the screen into protected areas,
The package includes a 12 page manual with
full source listing, and KIM compatible cassette.
Two versions are available - one residing at $0200
and the other at $DD00. Both are ROMable and oc-
cupy %K of memory. Price is $9.50. For more in-
fo, contact Forethovught,
Synertek Systems announced a drop in price on
their CP110 Super Jolt CPU boards from $375 to
$195,
This 4.5"x7" board contains a 6502, 1K RAM,
a 6530 (which contains the ROM monitor, a timer
and 1/0) and a Xtal clock. The monitor program ig
identical to TIM (from MOS). Communication is
handled through a serial port.
Get more info from Synertek Systems, 150 §.
Wolfe Rd., Sunnyvale, Ca 94086, phone 408-988-5682
INTELLIGENT EPROM PROGRAMMERS
FOR THE KIM-1
(INCLUDES HARDWARE & SOFTWARE)
EP-2A-K-01 Programs 2708 & 2716 EPROMS,
QuaLITy IC, BURN-IN PROGRAMMING
SOCKET. STock $59,95
EP-2A-K-07 Programs 2708. 2716, TMS
2716 anp TMS 2532 Proms,
TEXTOOL ZERO FORCE PROGRAMMING
SOCKET. Stock $79,95
PROM STARTING ADDRESS. RAM STARTING
ADDRESS AND NUMBER OF BYTES TO BE
PROGRAMMED MAY BE EASILY SPECIFIED,
SOFTWARE INCLUDES VERIFY MODE,
ANALOG 1/0 802
*412-15 V Power REQUIRED
* 8 CHANNEL A/D coNVERTER-8 BITS
* 2 LATCHED D/A CONVERTERS-8& BITS
*
GOLD PLATED EDGE CONNNECTOR:
PRECISION METAL FILM RESISTORS,
* INTERFACES TO 6520 or 6530 1/0
Ports (2 Rea.) Stock-3 weeks $99,
@e errr aapractruneeanrarreteeke nen aeneens
ALL UNITS ASSEMBLED AND TESTED WITH
CONNECTOR. GUARANTEE: our PRODUCTS
ARE IN GOOD WORKING CONDITION WHEN
YOU RECEIVE THEM & 90 DAY WARRANTY
ON ALL PARTS,
OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY INC
BLUE WOOD 127: EARLYSVILLE VA 22936
PHONE 804-973-5482
Page 28
AN 8080 SIMULATOR FOR THE 6502
Dann McCreary is pleased to announce his 8080
Simulator for the 6502. It joins it's predeces-~
sor, the 1802 Simulator, Available now in a KIM-1
version, the 8080 Simulator executes the entire
8080 instruction set, All internal 8080 registers
are maintained ready for convenient examination or
modification of their contents. In it's minimum
configuration on the KIM-1, the 8080 Simulator
supports register single~step, program counter
single-step and run modes. It also offers an in-
put and an output port, breakpoint operation, and
rejection of illegal op-codes.
The 8080 Simulator runs in less than 1K of
memory, leaving up to 224 bytes of 8080 programn-
ming space on an unexpanded KIM-1. The simulator
may be relcnated in ROM and can be adapted to
other 6502 based systems.
Well suited to all but time~sensitive appli-
cations, the 8080 Simulator may be used to assist
in the design and testing of 8080 software, used
as a training aid or used for running most 8080
application software.
A complete 8080 Simulator package is now a-
vailable for the KIM-l. It consists of a KIM-1
format cassette tape, a user manual and complete,
commented assembly level source/object listing.
Priced at $18.00 + $1.50 postage & handling, it
may be ordered from: Dann McCreary
. Box 16435
San Diego, Ca 92116
Both 8080 and 1802 Simulators purchased at
the same time (on the same cassette) are specially
priced at $25.00 + $2.00 postage & handling.
California residents please add 6% sales tax.
EPROM PROGRAMMER
Optimal Technology, Blue Wood 127, Earlys-
ville, Va announces the EP-2A-79, EPROM Program-
mer. Software for programming and verifying pro~
gramming 18 available for the 6800, 8080, Z-80,
8085, 6502 (KIM-1), F-8, 1802, and 2650 based mi-
crocomputers. Packaged in a sloping panel alum-
inum case, the unit connects to microcomputer
with a 14 pin ribbon cable thru 14 I/O ports.
Software, supplied as a listing, requires approx-
imately 256 bytes of RAM and includes instruc-
tions on how to relocate. Personality modules
which plug into the front panel-mounted socket,
are available for programming the 2708, 2716, TMS
2716, 2732, TMS 2708 and TMS 2532 EPROMS. Power
requirements are 115 VAC 50/60 HZ at 15 watts.
The EP-2A-79 is priced at $145.00 which includes
1 set of software. Personality Modules are priced
at $15.00 except the Personality Modules for the
2732 and TMS 2532 which are $25,00. Available
from stock.
EDITORIAL (continued from inside front cover),
For example, their full-size floppy disc sys-
tem was up’and running for almost a year before it
was announced to the world. I had the pleasure of
using one of these systems for several months
while I was still with MOS. This was still. months
before anyone ever heard of HDE.
This professional and responsible attitude on
the part of HDE should be applauded and encouraged,
It was this attitude and the quality of their
products which led me to purchase an HDE disc sys~
tem and memory boards for my system. I will re-
view these products in an upcoming issue,
I. can remember, a while back, wondering what
I was going to do with this micro-~computer now
that I had it running and could successfully add
two numbers together,
Thats a laugh! Now I wish I had more time to
do all the neat things that need doing. There's
those mods to Focal, touch-tone software for that
now music board, an enclosure for those new discs
etc, etc, etc. The list is almost endless. I
guess that's the fate of the computer hobbyist.
ERIC
NOTES FROM JOHNSON COMPUTE Ra wn e ner enwn nn vvcoeved paid ad
MICROSOFT BASIC for KIM is now availahle in a PROMable
version which stores at 2000-3FFF. This is catalog
KB-9P furnished on cassette or paper tape for $99.00,
stock. The PROM version does not include SIN, COS,
TAN or. ATN.. Note that it stores on an 8K PROM board
such as our KM-8KRO board which plugs directly into a
KIM-4 motherboard. The workspace in KB-9P begins at
4000. Most of you have the KB=-9 version, which mins
out of RAM located at 2000-4260, and does provide the
trig functions. Both are. a full ANSI BASIC and hoth
Provide 9 digit accuracy with a floating point math
package.
OHIO SCIENTIFIC's new low priced computer, madel C1IP,
breaks all records for performance/price by offering,
for only $349.00, a 4K fast 6502 system complete with
the Microsoft 8K BASIC in ROM, 32 characters/line
video, a full 53 key keyboard, 32 x 32 character
graphics using (note this) 254 graphics characters,
runs in either BASIC or machine code, has Kansas City
cassette interface, and is housed in an attractive
metal cabinet with internal power supply. Wow. The
graphics are easy to program, fast, and provide an e-
quivalent screen resolution of 256 x 256 lines. Did I
mention upper and lower case? The direct access video
display memory is in addition to the 4K user RAM. We
don’t stop here. You can expand to &K with a 4K chip
kit which just plugs into the same hoard. Switchable
connections are provided for a 300 haud RS-232 modem
port and an RS=-232 interfaced RO printer. And, if
that were not enough, a 610 expansion hoard fits into
the same cabinet with 8K more. And you have roam on
the 610 for an additional 16K, putting you up to 32,
The 610 also provides interface for up to two mini
floppy drives and also opens the door to a Centronics
779 printer interface and a cammunications port. A
620 expansion adaptor plugs into an external OSI
standard 8 slot motherboard for such things as A/D,
More memory andseexa.e20On and on. This is a whale of
a lot for the price. Please note that the $349.00
takes you up through the first 4K only. By the way,
OSI's new monitor/TV is only $115.00. Deliveries of
the C1P will he limited in Decemher but. production is
expected to hit full swing starting January. To be
on the safe side, we are promising February. Color?
Yup. Maybe about February. Prefer a 64 character
line? No problem. Take a C2-4P for $599.00,
RIVERSIDE ELECTRONICS' video board MVM-1024 is another
very fast video system using 128 ASCII characters with
a uniguely implemented blinking cursor, reversing and
blinking screen with special cursor addressing and
position reading. In full gear, this rig looks like
downtown Las Vegas. Just do a STA to the position and
bingo, fireworks. The computer can read the position
of the cursor which is constantly stored on the
MVM~1024. Writing a new cursor position overwrites
the old. No address lines are used for cursor posi-~
tion and no address space of the microprocessor is
used. All operations are controlled hy writing to 3
bi-directional ports. Home? Just store a zero at
ADH and ADL and zip. The MVM-1024 can be plugged
directly into a KEM motherboard which mates directly
to KIM with no special wiring. The KEM also accepts
up to 4 S-100 boards (2 connectors come mounted) and
there is space for 4K of PROM. Just connect a
parallel ASCII keyboard to KEM and some power, then
start punching. The video is 16 x 64 Because of
all the neat contrl, this system is great for indus-
try, labs and education. Write for camplete info.
SUPERKIM by Micro Products is now available. This
enhanced version of a KIM offers the KIM monitor and
interfaces with 1K of RAM plus roam for on-board ex-
pansion of an additional 4K and up to 16K user PROM.
SUPERKIM features power-on-reset, RS-232 or 20 ma.
loop, audio cassette interface, fully buffered address
and data lines, a 6522 with roan for 3 more, 8 indi-
vidually resetable latched interrupts, a high quality
hex keyboard, address and data LED display. A proto
area for your kluges and all of the power supply but
the transformer are included on this 11.5 x 11.5 inch
wonder. SUPERKIM will run all the KIM software too.
$445.00, our stack.
PET? Sure. We have the &K version at $795.00 and
they include the manual. We also carry the CMC prin-
ter interface for PET and the CMC word processor on
cassette.
SYM1 is now available from Johnson Computer. We carry
the power supply also. Our Microsoft BASIC is also
available on cassette for SYM.
P.O. BOL 523 MEDINA, OHIO 44256
(216) 725-4560
HDE FLOPPY DISK for KIM is now available in the 5"
mini as well as the &" version you have heard about.
The single mini is $695.00 and the double is $1045.00.
MNelivery of the mini will begin at the end of January.
They use the Shugart drive and HDE interface, control-
ler and file oriented disk operating system (FODS).
Comes complete with power supply, ready to plug in.
The 8" drives have been popular with our industrial
KIM accounts and universities. The 8" system uses the
very reliable Sykes drive and sells for $1995.00 for
the single and $2750.00 for the double. For a pre-
view, manuals for either system are availahle for a
nominal charge. Interfacing to the KIMSI and the KEM
are also now available. Just plug in, hoot up and
that's it. Software to tie in with Microsoft BASIC is
supplied at no extra cost.
HDE 8K RAM hoards plug directly into a KIM~-4 or can be
wired direct to the expansion connector. The DM816=-8
uses the 1K x 4 4804 on a 4.5 x 6.5 inch card. [ndus-
trial grade design and strict OC plus burn-in makes
the DM816-8 super tough and super reliable. Card
slides mount on the ends of the KIM-4 edge connectors
for ridged suppot. Card guides are available at no
extra cost, on request, one set per hoard. Price? A
new low price will be effective by the time you read
this line. Check with us. We have the boards in
stock. Now you can afford to go to 32K, or whatever.
MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502 in OEM quantities at factory
prices is available from Johnson Computer and so
also for the entire §500 family. Spec sheets on
request.
OHIO SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS SYSTEMS are available from
us along with business software and high performance
peripherals. The. proven Challenger III series offer
3 different software switchable processors allowing
operation of software written for the 6502, 6800,
8080 or 280. Up to 56K of RAM, dual single sided
or dual double sided floppy disk system and an op=-
tional 74 megabyte fixed hard disk system canplete
with a quality CRT terminal and high performance
printer is available for as low as ahout $14,000.00
and up, depending upon your requirements. Software
is additional and starts at $975.00 for a canplete
standard accounting package. OSI is now intro~
ducing a new concept in business software which
provides remarkable flexibility and ease of system
set-up. Contact us for more details.
HAZELTINE 1400 CRT terminals in stock.
HAZELTINE 1500 CRT terminals in stock.
QUME letter quality full char. printers in stock.
CENTRONICS 779 and 703 printers in stock.
VEN-TEL. accoustical couplers in stock.
MICRO TECHNOLOGY UNLIMITED's high resolution visible
memory graphics opens a new challenge to mathematical-
ly inclined programmers, The "visible memory” is an
8K. dynamic RAM (MTU #K-1008, $235.00), the output of
which displays each bit (not byte) as it 1s generated
by the refresh circuit. The monitor is connected
directly to a viden jack on the RAM board. If the
K-1008 is set at 2000-3FFF, the upper left hand corner
of the display is the 8 dots of data at address 2000
and is followed to the right by the & dots of data at
2001, continuing on with 329 dots to the line and 200
dots vertically to fill the screen. Subroutines to
connect any two points with a straight line provides
fast high resolution graphics which are sheer fas-
cination. Now that MTU has developed software to
interface our Microsoft BASIC for KIM, you can program
the graphics in either ASSEMBLY or BASIC and use the
number crunching capability of BASIC to do the heavy
stuff. In addition to personal and engineering
graphics, math, physics, chem and EE profs will find
it an absolute joy. The K~1008 also serves as usable
memory when not dedicated to graphics.- A very low
power 16K RAM noard is available for normal storage.
All. this, plus the KIM, simply plugs into an MTU
pre-wired rack and motherboard (K-1005, $68.00).
Just connect the power to the harrier strip, connect
the recorder, terminal and switches to the applica-
tion connector (same as your present setup if you
already have a KIM) and GO. MTU. provides a test
pattern program with the K~1008 and, for $25.00 more,
you can get a fist full of utility programs and
cassette which provides a fascinating. "Swirl"
program and some of the subroutines such as drawing
a straight line between ay two sets of coordinates,
etc. It saves a lot of key punching. Color is in
the works. Interested in music? Write us for info
on MTU four part harmony music synthesis on KIM,
BOX 120
ff, . ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820
unl INC. 201-362-6574
HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC.
ANNOUNCING
TWO NEW PRODUCTS FOR THE KIM-1
DM816-CC15—MOTHER BOARD
A 15 connector mother board for the KIM-1' microcomputer, with power-on reset and remote
reset, stop, run and single step. Complete with all connectors in place, tested for reliable operation.
The DM816-CC'15 is specifically designed for the HDE 61” X 4%" card and cannot be used
with larger formats. Intended for the serious hobbyist and professional/industrial use.
As above $315.00
W/power supply in 19” card rack $495.00
W/power supply in cabinet $675.00
(Centronics printer interface available at extra cost)
DM816-MD1—MINIFLOPPY DISK SYSTEM
A small, but powerful companion to our full size floppy disk system. Includes the
controller/interface card, power supply, disk drive, all connecting cables, ‘FODS’ software and
manual. Deliveries begin February 1, 1979. Initial quantities limited.
As above $ 695.00
As above-Dual drive | $1050.00
ORDER DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS:
JOHNSON COMPUTER PLAINSMAN MICROSYSTEMS ARESCO
Box 523 Box 1712 P.O. Box 43
Medina, Ohio 44256 Auburn, Ala. 36830 Audubon, Pa. 19407
216-725-4560 205-745-7735 215-631-9052
